history II Flashcards
Who criticized Titchener’s structural psychology and argued for a functional approach?
John Dewey
Functional psychology is primarily concerned with
Mental operations
Who developed the paired associate technique for studying memory?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Where did Titchener establish his psychological laboratory?
Cornell University
The first psychological laboratory in a women’s college was established by
Mary Whiton Calkins
Who was denied a PhD at Harvard despite fulfilling all requirements?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Which school of psychology dominated American psychology by 1905?
Functionalism
Who argued that psychology should emulate physics in analyzing mind?
Edward Titchener
The primary method used in structural psychology was
Introspection
Who was the first woman elected as APA President?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Which method was central to functional psychology?
Direct observation
Which psychologist integrated the study of abnormal experiences into introspection?
Mary Whiton Calkins
. James Rowland Angell contributed to the development of
Functionalism
Who was a major critic of Titchener’s reductionist approach?
John Dewey
Functional psychology was influenced by
Evolutionary theory
The concept of “self psychology” was introduced by
Mary Whiton Calkins
Harvard’s refusal to grant Calkins a PhD was due to
Gender discrimination
Which method was used by functionalists to study behavior?
Physiological experiments
The first psychology laboratory was established at Wellesley College in
1891
Who influenced Angell’s functional psychology?
John Dewey
Which psychologist rejected the idea of studying abnormal minds before understanding the normal mind?
Edward Titchener
Functionalists viewed psychology as
A practical discipline
The paired-associate learning technique is used to study
Memory
Who established a graduate program in psychology at Clark University?
G. Stanley Hall
What was Hall’s primary area of interest?
Developmental psychology
. Hall’s recapitulation theory suggests that:
A child’s development mirrors human evolutionary stages
. What was the “Clark method” introduced by Hall?
The use of child-study questionnaires
James Mark Baldwin attempted to:
Integrate genetic accounts of development into psychology
Who measured individual differences using anthropometric methods?
Francis Galton
What type of characteristics did Galton measure?
Physical and mental characteristics
Which psychologist focused on intelligence testing in relation to academic performance?
James McKeen Cattell
What was the major limitation of Cattell’s intelligence tests?
They did not correlate with academic performance
Helen Thompson Woolley’s research emphasized that:
Sex differences were largely influenced by social factors
which psychologist was responsible for establishing clinical psychology?
Lightner Witmer
Who introduced systematic intelligence testing?
Alfred Binet
Morgan’s Canon emphasizes:
The principle of parsimony in interpreting animal actions
Who collected anecdotes about animal intelligence?
George J. Romanes
What was a key criticism of Romanes’ research?
It lacked scientific rigor
C. Lloyd Morgan advocated for:
) The scientific observation of animal behavior
Which of the following did Hall’s recapitulation theory influence?
The study of child development
What term did Cattell use to describe his psychological studies?
Mental testing
. The study of individual differences was initially influenced by:
Evolutionary theory
Which of the following best defines attribution theory?
The tendency to explain behavior by assigning causes to it
what are the two main types of attributions?
Internal and external
What is the fundamental attribution error?
) Ignoring situational influences when judging others’ actions
Which psychological concept is closely related to attribution theory?
Social perception
When people explain their own failures by blaming external factors, they are demonstrating:
Self-serving bias
What can influence the way people make attributions?
Cultural background
b) Past experiences
c) Personal biases
What was the primary focus of animal psychology before Watson’s influence?
The analysis of behavior to understand the mind ✅
who proposed that psychology should be redefined as a science of behavior rather than mind and consciousness?
John B. Watson ✅
What was the main conclusion of Watson’s rat experiments?
Kinesthetic feedback plays a crucial role in problem-solving
Why did Watson face criticism from antivivisectionists?
His experiments involved altering the sensory modalities of rats ✅
Which method did Watson reject in his approach to psychology?
Introspection ✅
What did Watson’s “Behaviorist Manifesto” emphasize?
The prediction and control of behavior
Why did Titchener criticize Watson’s approach?
He believed it turned psychology into a technology
According to Watson, how should psychology be conducted?
Using public, repeatable, and reliable observations
What did Watson propose as the fundamental unit of behavior?
The conditioned reflex
Who publicly defended Watson against antivivisectionists?
James Mark Baldwin
Watson’s shift towards behaviorism was influenced by which field?
Neuroscience and physiology
Who distinguished between sensory and motor nerves at the spinal cord level?
Bell and Magendie
What did Sechenov demonstrate about cerebral processes?
They can influence reflexive action
According to Sechenov, what causes psychological events?
Environmental stimuli
What was the key conclusion of Sechenov’s research?
Only external factors drive psychological phenomena
What was Pavlov’s original area of research?
Digestion
What method did Pavlov use to study digestion
Sham feeding
What observation led Pavlov to study conditioned reflexes
Gastric juices secreted in response to sight of food
What did Pavlov rename “psychic reflex”
Conditional reflex
What was the main focus of Watson’s experiment with “Albert B”
) Conditioning emotional responses
187.What did Gestalt psychology oppose?
Reduction of experience into parts
What concept did Christian von Ehrenfels introduc
Whole-quality (Gestaltqualität
Köhler’s research on chimpanzees suggested that learning occurs through:
- Insight and perceptual reorganization
The Gestaltists disagreed with which two psychological approaches?
. Structuralism and behaviorism
What analogy did Gestalt psychologists use to explain perception?
a) Chemical bonding in molecules
The organization of iron filings in a magnetic field
Which psychologist applied Gestalt principles to social behavior?
Asch
Who extended Gestalt ideas to child development?
198.Koffka
Wertheimer’s work on thinking contributed to:
Field theory
Logical positivism emphasizes:
Observable phenomena in sciences
Which psychologist promoted operationism in psychology?
S. S. Stevens
Operationism requires that concepts be defined in terms of:
Observable and measurable operations
n operationism, hunger is defined based on:
Hours of food deprivation or blood sugar levels
Logical positivism limited psychology to studying
Observable behavior
Who influenced the development of operationism in psychology?
E. G. Boring
Edwin Guthrie defined mind as:
A mode of behavior that changes with practice
Guthrie believed learning occurs through:
a) Insightful problem-solving
Contiguity between stimuli and responses
The “Golden Age of Learning Theory” lasted from:
1930-1950
What is a key difference between neo-behaviorists and Gestalt psychologists?
Neo-behaviorists relied on measurable behavior, while Gestaltists emphasized perception.
Which psychologist emphasized cognitive maps in behavior?
Tolman
Hull’s theory of behavior was based on:
Drive reduction
Who proposed a molar theory of learning in contrast to Guthrie’s molecular approach?
a) Edward C. Tolma
Which theory is associated with Clark Hull?
Logico-deductive theory
Which phenomenon did Hull link to the serial position effect in learning?
Rats making errors in the middle of a maze
What did Tolman’s cognitive maps demonstrate?
Learning occurs through insight and expectations
What was a major limitation of Hull’s theory?
It could not account for learning without reinforcement
What type of psychology did B.F. Skinner advocate?
Empirical behaviorism
Which journal was founded in 1958 to publish research in behaviorism
Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Which psychological approach re-emphasized the study of mental processes?
Cognitive psychology
The shift from behaviorism to cognitive psychology was influenced by:
Information theory
Which field of study provided a new measure for human performance in the 1950s?
Information theory
Piaget’s work primarily focused on:
Language and cognitive development in children
Early child psychology was heavily influenced by:
Behaviorist principle
