History Final

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

What: Gradual accumulation and diffusion of old and new technical knowledge. Inventors and Investors (it was fueled by sophisticated economies)
Where: Britain, NW Europe, NAmerica
When: 1750-1900
Significance:
1. Led to major economic changes around the world
2. Put these countries ahead of the rest of the world in manufacturing and agricultural output and standards of living
3. Led to the rise of the Bourgeoisie.
4. “Time” introduced (work not judged on production but time)
5. New technologies invented/used
6. Women working
7. Child labor
8. Imperialism spreads

Question 2

Bourgeoisie

Answer 2

What: French word that refers to the wealthy, middle class. Refers to the people who own the means of production, who are capitalists and factory owners. The “haves,” a new class of professionals that arose from the Industrial Revolution.
Where: Britain, NW Europe, NAmerica
When: 1750-1900
Significance:
1. Helped drive the industrial revolution forward. Invested in scientists and innovation, which led to the many technological and scientific discoveries of the time. 2. Through exploitation of the proletariats, their actions led to counter capitalist theories such as marxism and other socialistic ideals.

Question 3

Proletariat

Answer 3

What: Defined as the wage laborers who had to sell their labor to live. Published in the Communist Manifesto. Capitalism is the enemy. The “have-nots”. Proletariat & Bourgeoisie were the two sides in the ultimate class war. Did not rebel because in their perspective, they had more money than Bourgeoisie before and had a sense of luxury (example, picture in lecture slide of poor family in tiny room, but have china dishes).
Where: Europe - Germany, I think wherever the Industrial Revolution was occuring?
When: 1848
Significance:
1. The situation of the Proletariat class is one of Marx’s reasons for the corruption of capitalism. 2. Labor union strength increased as a tool of the Proletariat (they were the backbone of the Industrial Revolution).

Question 4

Muhammad Ali (Pasha)

Answer 4

What: Ruler of Egypt who initiated reforms in response to the Industrial Revolution to make Egypt more competitive. Reformer. Built factories, canals, sewers, etc.
Where: Egypt
When: 1805-1848
Significance:
1. Egypt had a more advanced army.
2. Egypt become one of the world’s leading cotton exporters.
3. His work was an example of westernization, adopting western styles and reforms, particularly regarding the economy.
4. The dynasty that he established would rule Egypt, and Sudan until the Egyptian revolution of 1952
5. Embraced western ideology, “went with the flow”

Question 5

Luddites

Answer 5

What: social protest group, hate technology, jobless craftsmen that lost their jobs because of industrialization, smashed up factories and beat up or killed a few factory owners
Where: England
When: 1811-1815
Significance: 1. Led to emigration to America, Canada, and Australia. 2. Shows the dark side of Industrialization- not everyone gained from it; many lost their jobs and livelihoods with the explosion of urbanization and factory jobs. 3. British government clashed w/ Luddites.

Question 6

Lithograph

Answer 6

What: method of printing originally based on the principle that oil and water do not mix. Invented in 1796 by german author and actor alois senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works. It is printing from a stone or metal plate with a smooth surface.
Where: Europe (German creator)
When: 1796-
Significance:
1. One of the first means of mass media which contributed to the rise of Nationalism.
2. Helped increase literacy amongst the lower classes.
3. Contributed to Modernism.

Question 7

Phalanx

Answer 7

What: Type of work unit in which work was distributed on a rational/rotating basis. Idealistic commune created by Charles Fourier. They were collectives of 1500-1600 people and 810 personality types, diversity would be preserved, but efficiency maintained. All members, rich and poor, could work, though not necessarily at the same tasks. All would work in short spurts of no more than 2 hrs, so as to make labor more interesting and sleep, idleness, and overindulgence less attractive. Was a worker’s paradise. It would run without middle men or merchants.
Where: Europe, however many of these colonies were established in the USA
When: 1840s and 1850s when most were established
Significance:
1. This idea was the basis of some of the writings and philosophies of Charles Fourier and Modern Socialism.
2. One of the many responses to the negative aspects of capitalism.
3. Was a catalyst for other radicals to develop their own alternate visions.
4. Was seen as a higher form of Christian communalism. alternative Visions of the Nineteenth Century

Question 8

Charles Fourier

Answer 8

What: Social radical, developed Utopian Socialism, based on planning instead of violence. Planned communities called Phalanx. Believed division of labor and capitalism were destroying mankind’s natural talent and passion. Thought world was ready to collapse. Believed poverty was reason for social/economical disorder. Believed that people should constantly switch roles and have variety in their work which produces the best result.
Where: France
When: 1772 to 1837
Significance: 1. Fourier’s plans for Phalanx communes were seen as a higher form of Christian communalism. 2. Fourier’s writings stimulated other Radicals to write further, including Karl Marx who studied Fourier’s writings before developing Scientific Socialism.

Question 9

Karl Marx

Answer 9

What: Developed concept of Scientific Socialism, based on a materialistic society of producers & exploiters that exploit the wage worker. Published the “Communist Manifesto” calling on all workers in all nations to overthrow capitalism. Marx originally targeted France during the French Revolution, but it was never picked up there.
Where: Germany then Britain
When: 1818 to 1883
Significance:
1. Driving force for communism’s development and was the primary role-model to communist political theorists worldwide.
2. Marxism was adopted in Russia, China, Mexico, and Vietnam as a way to convert common people into a political force.
3. Inspired Vladimir Lenin’s Socialist revolution in Russia.

Question 10

Social Darwinism

Answer 10

What: Belief that Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution (natural selection/survival of the fittest) was applicable to humans and justified the right of the ruling classes or countries to dominate the weak. Europeans used this belief as legitimacy for their imperialistic pursuits and made it seem natural and just.
Where: Europe
When: 1850-60’s
Significance:
1. Led to the development of orientalism, an art portraying non-western peoples as exotic sensuous, and economically backward. 2. Strengthened the cultural gradient that ran from west to east and from north to south and the devalue of non-europeans and non-americans.
3. Inspired Berlin Conference, Holocaust. 4. Motivated ideas like eugenics, fascism, racism.

Question 11

Modernism

Answer 11

What: philosophical movement, the sense of having broken with tradition, came to prominence in many fields from physics to architecture, from painting to the social sciences. It largely originated from the experimental thinking shaped by turn-of-the-century anxieties. A reaction against the Enlightenment, exploring and embracing the darker side of human nature. Modernism in arts and sciences replaced the certainties of the enlightenment with the unsettledness of the new age. It couldn’t have come about without the lithograph and industrialization.
Where: Western society Europe
When: 1890-1914
Significance:
1. Led to technological innovations and increased leisure time. 2. In intellectual and artistic terms, Europe experiences perhaps its richest age since the renaissance.
3. Led to the coming of age of popular culture: change and increase in consumption of the arts, books, music, and sports.

Question 12

Fascism

Answer 12

What: combination of nationalism, militarism, omnipotence of the state. Started by Mussolini.
Where:Italy (invades Ethiopia), Japan (invades China), Germany
When: 1920’s-1940’s
Significance:
1. Inspired Adolf Hitler’s highly successful rise to power.
2. Inspired Japan’s over-reached military presence in WW2 which brought the US into the conflict and ended it.
3. Inspired both German and Japanese brutality in the holocaust and invasion of China (like the Rape of Nanjing).

Question 13

Gandhi

Answer 13

What: Peaceful protester who fought for independence for India through non-violence
Where: India
When: 1920’s and 1930’s
Significance:
1. Led to Indian independence.
2. Demonstrated the ability to have revolution through non-violence with the salt march.
3. Also contributed to decolonization following WWII.
4. Inspired MLK

Question 14

Vladimir Lenin

Answer 14

What: Lead a left wing, socialist group called the Bolsheviks, who, in the aftermath of WWI (1917), seized power of Russia and proclaimed socialist revolution in the name of the soviets. a dictator whose administration oversaw multiple human rights abuses, but supporters have responded to this criticism by citing what they claim to be limitations on his power and have promoted him as a champion of the working class.
Where: Russia, Soviet Union
When: 1870-1924
Significance:
1. He had a significant influence on the international Communist movement and was one of the most influential figures of the 20th century.
2. Paved the way for Stalin to continue socialism in Russia.
3. Fearing the spread of socialism, Britain, France, Japan and the US sent armies to Russia to contain the Bolshevism.
4. Factor in the US declaring its Truman Doctrine.

Question 15

Sigmund Freud

Answer 15

What: A modern thinker emblematic of the new ideas. He was a physician who emphasized the power of sexual drives in the formation of individual character. Founding father of psychoanalysis.
Where: Vienna, Austria
When: 1856-1939
Significance:
1. His vision would become central to the 20th century’s understanding of the self.
2. Freud’s psychoanalytic system came to dominate the field of psychology from early in the 20th century, forming the basis for many later variants.
3. His theories and investigation of human behavior were influenced by other scientific discoveries and theories of his day, including Darwinism.

Question 16

Communism

Answer 16

What: A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. Socialist movement to create a classless social order.
Where: Europe/Asia
When: 20th century
Significance:
1. Was a cause of the Cold War due to the Truman Doctrine, showing the US’s objection of it.
2. Communism was the system that empowered significant global powers who participated in major conflicts such as: World War II, Cold War, Vietnam War, Korean War, division of Germany (Berlin Wall), etc.

Question 17

Meiji Restoration

Answer 17

What: Group of reformers who toppled Tokugawa Shogunate. They showed promise of Japan’s return to “mythic greatness”. Then Emperor Mutsuhito-the Meiji (means “Enlightened Rule”) - symbol of new Japan. Mobilized to face threat of Europeans.
Where: Japan
When: 1868-1912
Significance:
1. Created private economic dynasties (family businesses)
2. Moved to take land surrounding Japan, (to the North and Korea).
3. Centralized power in Japan and modernized their military, agriculture, and economy.

Question 18

Manifest Destiny

Answer 18

What: Belief that it was God’s will for Americans to overtake the entire American continent, pushing boundaries westward. The US acquired territories via purchase agreements and treaties with France, Spain, and Britain and via warfare and treaties with diverse Indian nations and Mexico. As part of the territories taken from mexico, the US gained California.
Where: North America
When: late 1800’s and early 1900’s
Significance:
1. The discovery of gold in California brought migration on an unprecedented scale.
2. Led to the many revolts of the Native Americans such as the one lead by Tenskatawa. 3. Led to tensions over who owned what land– tensions with the Native Americans as well as the Mexicans
4. Eventually taking over the entire American continent

Question 19

Otto von Bismarck

Answer 19

What: Conservative German leader who merged nationalist rhetoric with clever diplomacy to forge united german and Italian politics. Founder of the German Empire. Developed a common currency and a central bank for Germany. Accomplished the unification of northern German states by war with Denmark, Austria, and France.
Where: Germany and Italy
When: In power in the 1860’s
Significance:
1. Was able to unite a highly divided Germany. 2. Italy also was united through a series of small conflicts, many of them engineered to prevent the establishment of more radical republics. 3. Preserved peace in Europe for about two decades.

Question 20

New Imperialism

Answer 20

What: New imperial powers (Japan, United States, Russia) began colonizing places around the world with the belief that they were helping, improving, and civilizing these places by enhancing society with western ideas.
Where: everywhere
When: Early to mid 20th-century (stopped after WWII)
Significance:
1. Connected the world through trade.
2. Led to some of the massacres and genocides in history (Rape of Nanking). Economic exploitation. Colonizing countries felt it was their destiny or God-given right to “civilize” and help these people.

Question 21

Berlin Conference

Answer 21

What: It was a conference held to peacefully divide the territories (amongst the European nations) in Africa in hopes to colonize them. It came to pass because European countries were rushing to the uncolonized continent of Africa in hopes to expand their borders (“The scramble for Africa”). Many countries also claimed parts of Africa without having a presence there which was also ruled out in the conference (you had to colonize to keep your territories). It was written that there would no longer be a slave trade in Africa but it was not put into effect until later. The U.S. did not participate.
Where: Berlin, Germany
When: 1884-1885
Significance:
1. It created more wealth for some of the motherland countries.
2. It resulted in the geometrical division of Africa based on what country claimed each area. These “new” territories/countries were divided in ways that would benefit Europe, not Africa.
3. Many tribes were separated based on these arbitrary lines, which resulted in civil wars and friction among the african tribes.

Question 22

Cecil Rhodes

Answer 22

Cecil Rhodes
What: English business man, politician and diamond miner. British champion of imperialism who brought multiple parts of southern Africa into the British empire. Brought wealth to Britain.
First Chairman of De Beer’s diamond company which is still in dominance in the diamond industry.
Where: South Africa
When: 1870’s
Significance:
1. He’s a popularly cited example of the abuse towards the natives, which showed the dark side of New Imperialism. 2. He and other men like him and their pursuits led to war with the Afrikaners over land where there was a discovery of Gold in the Transvaal.

Question 23

Armenian Genocide

Answer 23

What: the Ottoman government’s systematic extermination of its minority Armenian subjects from their historic homeland. About 1.5 million killed. Ottomans feared Armenian collaboration with Russia because they were Christians.
Where: Turkey
When: 1915
Significance:
1. One of the first modern possible genocides.
2 Dark side of new imperialism.
3. The term genocide was coined to describe these events.
4. Shows the brutalization and level of violence that can occur as a result of war. This was a result of WWI.

Question 24

Herero-Namaqua Genocide

Answer 24

What: Genocide of the Herero-Namaqua tribe by the Germans. Germans killed them because they were protesting Germany’s occupation in Africa.
Where: German controlled Africa+
When: Early 1900s (1904-1907)
Significance:
1. Considered one of the first recorded instances of genocidal behavior in the 20th century.
2. this showed the dark side of new imperialism

Question 25

Opium Wars

Answer 25

What: Emperor of China was angry because British were selling opium to the Chinese people and they were becoming addicted. It was also causing a silver deficit in China. He took action, banned the trade and confiscated and destroyed the opium from foreign firms. This angered the British so they sent some troops to China. The British were superior in weaponry so they forced the Chinese to allow importation of opium. Climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire.
Where: China - Qing Dynasty
When: 1839-1842
Significance:
1. As a result of the treaty of Nanjing (which ended the altercation) Hong Kong was ceded to England.
2. Chinese had to repay for the damages of destroying the opium.
3 Allowed the west to have a foothold in China, because Hong Kong was ceded to England as a result of the treaty
4. Caused social turmoil that contributed to the Taiping Rebellion

Question 26

Taiping Rebellion

Answer 26

What: A civil war in Southern China against the Qing Dynasty led by Hong Xiuquan (who claimed to see visions). The Qing Dynasty defeated the rebellion (in Nanjing) with the help of the French and the British (who supplied opium to China). The rebellion was against the government that they thought was corrupt and causing a lot of poverty in the nation.
Where: Southern China
When: 1850 to 1864
Significance?:
1. Although Taiping’s millenarian vision vanished, the desire to reconstitute Chinese society and government did not. The rebellion, in that sense, continued to inspire reformers as well as future peasant uprisings.
2. The Qing dynasty was so weakened by the rebellion that it never again was able to establish an effective hold over the country.
3. Both the Chinese communists and the Chinese Nationalists trace their origin to the Taipings.

Question 27

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 27

What: Uprising started by Chinese peasantry who were violently against European meddling in their communities. It was also tied to aggressive missionary activities. They started by attacking missionaries and Christian converts, calling for an end to the Christian’s privileges. Slogan was “Support the Qing, destroy the foreign.” Believed that divine protection made them immune to all earthly weapons.
Where: China
When: 1898-1901
Significance?:
1. The Qing empress, because the boxers had become so powerful, eventually embraced their cause and declared war against the foreign powers in June 1900.
2. Revealed the widespread political opposition to westernization and the willingness of local, disaffected populations to resist western programs.
3.This uprising reinforced the Europeans’ belief in the inferiority of other cultures.

Question 28

Sepoy Rebellion

Answer 28

What: Revolt of both the Hindus and Muslims against the East India Company’s rule in India. The Sepoys were Indian native soldiers under the command of British officers. Sparked by “greased cartridge” controversy (Hindus and Muslims have animal sacredness - Rumor of animal fat on cartridges led to revolution)
Where: India (Meerut first, then Delhi, then entire country)
When: 1857
Significance:
1. First time the British felt vulnerable in its Indian colony which empowered Gandhi’s revolution later.
2. British East India Company Ceases to exist, and India is directly governed by the British Crown.

Question 29

Great Depression

Answer 29

What: severe, worldwide economic depression.
Where: Worldwide (began in the US)
When: 1929-early 1940’s
Significance?:
1. Led to widespread unemployment - many lost their jobs and were left in a state of great poverty.
2. It was ultimately the entrance of the U.S. into World War II that ended the Great Depression in the United States.
3. It was one of the causes of WW2.
4. At the time there weren’t unemployment issues in Russia and led many to believe communism was better. 5. It empowered Hitler because people needed his dictatorship to turn the German economy around.

Question 30

Lusitania

Answer 30

What: British Ocean Liner that was briefly the world’s biggest ship. It was run during a time of fierce competition for the North Atlantic trade. She was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat, causing the deaths of over 1000 passengers.
Where: North Atlantic Ocean
When: 1915
Significance:
1. Germans had breached the international laws known as the Cruiser Rulers, and the sinking caused a storm of protests in the United States.
2. It influenced the decision of the US to declare war in 1917 and join WWI.
3. Lusitania played a significant role in turning public opinion against Germany, both in the United States and abroad.

Question 31

Triple Entente

Answer 31

What: The alliance linking Russia, France, and Britain after signing the anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. Constituted the counterweight against the triple alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Where: Russia, France, and Britain.
When: 1914 (WWI)
Significance?:
1. Ultimately ended up tying Russia, France, and Britain into WWI.
2. Was ended by the Russian Revolution in 1917.
3. It provided opposition against Germany in WW1.
4. One of the causes for WWI (making international alliances).

Question 32

Franz Ferdinand

Answer 32

What: Was an Archduke of Austria-este and royal prince of Hungary and Bohemia.
Where: Austria
When: 1863-1914
Significance:
1. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war against Serbia.
2. This caused the Central Powers (including Germany and Austria-Hungary) and the allies of Serbia (Including Russia) to declare war on each other, starting WWI.
3. By the end of the war, the map of Europe was redrawn, with many imperial powers that ceased to exist.
4. League of Nations formed.

Question 33

Treaty of Versailles

Answer 33

What: A peace treaty signed at the end of WWI that ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Required Germany to accept responsibility and pay reparations for the losses and damages of the war. They were also forced to give up some of their conquered land back to the surrounding countries and recognize their independence (Poland, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and others). They also had to renounce their rule over their colonies (ie German Southwest Africa was given to South Africa). It required them to reduce their military.
Where: Signed in France
When: 28 June 1919
Significance:
1. It ultimately angered Germany because of the lengthy demands of the treaty and is seen as a major cause for the rising of Hitler and WWII. 2. Because it resulted in the loss of much of Germany’s land and colonies, it resulted in a severe blow to the German economy
3. It also eliminated a lot of Germany’s military threat for the time being.

Question 34

Nuremburg Laws

Answer 34

What: Antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany introduced at the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.
Where: Germany
When: 1935
Significance:
1. Legally made Jews into second class citizens.
2. Helped culturally condition the people into greater antisemitism.
3. Laid the foundation for the next 10 years of racial policy in Germany.
4. one of the first steps against the jews pre-war

Question 35

Auschwitz

Answer 35

What: The Auschwitz concentration camp complex was the largest of its kind established by the Nazi regime. It included three main camps, all of which deployed incarcerated prisoners at forced labor. One of them also functioned for an extended period as a killing center.
Where: Auschwitz, Nazi Germany (Poland)
When:1940-1945
Significance:
1. Resulted in the death of more than 1 million people.
2. The camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust.
3. The camp was liberated by the Soviets in 1945
4. effect of fascism.

Question 36

Police Battalion 101

Answer 36

What: a unit of the German Order Police that during the Nazi occupation of Poland played a central role in the implementation of the Final Solution against the Jewish people and the repression of the Polish population.
Where: Germany, Poland
When: 1940s
Significance:
1. Many of the actions by these men were a result of the Fascist beliefs of Germany and their deeply ingrained racism against Jews.
2. Participated in the killing of tens of thousands of Jews…
3. Their brutal actions were studied by Browning, and he wrote about how such ordinary men became seemingly heartless killers.

Question 37

Geneva Conventions

Answer 37

What: Human rights Regime; agreements made after World War II that defined the basic, wartime rights of prisoners (civil and military); established protections for the wounded, and established protections for the civilians in and around a war-zone.
Where: Geneva, Switzerland
When: Aug 12, 1949
Significance:
1. Established important p.o.w. rights that still exist today.
2. Led to the establishment of the Red Cross, beginning in Geneva and eventually spreading worldwide.
3. In response to WWII, 4. more conventions were added to reinforce the safeguard of civilians.

Question 38

Hiroshima

Answer 38

What: The first city in history to be targeted by a nuclear weapon when the United States Army Air Forces dropped an atomic bomb on it at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II.
Where: largest island of Japan
When: 1945
Significance:
1. Resulted in the announcement by Emperor Hirohito’s surrender.
2. Killed an estimated 120,000 people in total. 3. Altered the chemical composition of the land itself, poisoning the sources of sustenance of the Japanese who lived there.

Question 39

League of Nations

Answer 39

What: International organization created after WWI to provide a method of resolving international disputes. It was first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points plan for an equitable peace in Europe, but the United States never joined. Replace by the United Nations after WWII.
Where: headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland
When:1919-1946
Significance:
1. Failed in its primary purpose, to prevent any future world war and only lasted 27 years.
2. It was the first time that an intergovernmental organization had come together to try and solve global problems.
3. Precursor to the United Nations
4. led to globalization

Question 40

Pan-Slavism

Answer 40

What: 19th-century movement that recognized a common ethnic background among the various Slav peoples of eastern and east central Europe and sought to unite those peoples for the achievement of common cultural and political goals.
Where: Eastern Europe
When: 1800’s, pre-WWI
Significance:
1.Russian Empire/Soviet Union gained political-military influence and control over all Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948. 2. Russia came to Serbia’s aid when they were attacked by Austria-Hungary after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, because Russia felt obligated to.(check my facts)
3. Influenced WWI alliances.
4. Fell apart during Cold war when countries wanted independence.

Question 41

Prague Spring

Answer 41

What: The term used for the brief period of time when the government of Czechoslovakia, led by Alexander Dubček, seemingly wanted to democratise the nation and lessen the stranglehold Moscow had on the nation’s affairs. A period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II. “Socialism with a human face”
Where: Czechoslovakia
When:1968
Significance:
1. Served as a symbol for dissenters, who were divided between those who still wanted to reform Socialism and those who wanted to overturn it.
2. Inspired much music and literature in the future.
3. The tanks that rolled through the streets of Prague reaffirmed to the West that the people of Eastern Europe were oppressed and denied the democracy that existed in Western Europe

Question 42

Berlin Wall

Answer 42

What: Wall built by the communists in Berlin to prevent citizens of East Germany from fleeing to West Germany. “Iron Curtain”
Where: Germany
When: 1961-1989
Significance:
1. Symbolized a divided Europe and the cold war.
2. Its fall led to the dissolving of East Germany and the dissolving of the Soviet empire into independent states.
3. Led to the end of soviet-style socialism.

Question 43

Truman Doctrine

Answer 43

What: Declaration promising U.S. economic and military intervention whenever and wherever needed to prevent communist expansion
Where: US
When: 1947
Significance:
1. Angered the Soviets, so they banded with other communist nations and formed the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance of their own, what almost brought the world to the brink of a WWIII.
2. Considered the beginning of the Cold War, and the beginning of the containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

Question 44

Shaka

Answer 44

What: African warrior/tribe leader (7 feet tall!) who ruled by an iron fist; very brutal. He challenged people to one-on-one combat.
Where: Zulu Kingdom- Southern Africa
When: 1787-1828
Significance:
1. He unified African tribes under his notorious rule.
2.His reign still influences South African culture.
3. His pursuits were in reaction to the Portuguese imperialist rule on the coasts he wanted the Africans to rule themselves.

Question 45

Ghost Dance

Answer 45

What: A dance, that included ritual garments that Native Americans believed would protect them from White men.
Where: U.S.
When: 1870-1890
Significance:
1. Led to the massacre at wounded knee.
2. Provided a message of false hope to the Native Americans and was one of their last attempts to defend their way of life.

Question 46

Tenskatawa

Answer 46

What: Native American Shawnee visionary who created a coalition of tribes to drive away the white man. Exhorted Indians to reduce their dependence on European trade goods and to sever their connections to Christian missionaries.
Where: U.S.
When: 1760-1830, 1805-1820’s
Significance:
1. Important because it showed an alternate vision of society (remember the alternate visions from the Enlightenment/imperialism). 2. His coalition was actually pretty successful by inspiring anti colonial uprisings and raised anew the specter of a pan-Indian confederacy, and it scared the white man.
3. When he was discredited, it damaged the cause of Indian unity, and by 1815, the Indians had lost the war against the land-hungry American settlers and were outnumbered.

Question 47

Algerian War of Independence

Answer 47

What: war between France and the Algerian independence movements.
Where: Algeria
When: 1954-1962
Significance:
1. Led to Algeria gaining its independence from France.
2. An important example of the widespread decolonization during this time and the lengths the people were willing to go to to gain independence.

Question 48

Maji Maji Revolt

Answer 48

What: violent African resistance to colonial rule in the German colony of East Africa. It was an uprising by several African indigenous communities against the German rule in response to a German policy designed to force African peoples to grow cotton for export. Drank magic potion believing it would protect them from bullets/weapons.
Where: East Africa
When: 1905-1907
Significance:
1. In the wake of the war, the imperial government instituted administrative reforms so that, by the outbreak of WWI, Tanganyika could be said to be among the better-administered European colonies in Africa.
2. Revealed the intensity of opposition to the world of nations and their empires.
3. Because of this rebellion and many others in India and Latin America, the European’s faith in the idea of progress and the superiority of their civilization was shaken.