Exam 1

Question 1

Indian Ocean Trade Circuits

Answer 1

• When: Before 1500
  
  • Significance:
    • 1) led to Roman trade with India
    • 2) led to naval route discovered by Vasco da Gama

Question 2

Ming Dynasty

Answer 2

• When: late 1300s-early 1600s
  * What: power came from imperial grandeur, marriage, bureaucracy, religion
  * Weaknesses:

     * too many subjects, not enough bureaucrats
     * religious splinter groups
     * lack of maritime trade

Question 3

Emperor Hongwu

Answer 3

• When: 1300s, beginning of Ming Dynasty
  
  • What: Zhu Yuanzhang -
    • poor background, Buddhist monastery
    • became commander of Red Turban movement
    • took advantage of noble discontent, drove Mongols out of China
    • founded Ming Dynasty
  • Significance:
    • drove out Mongols
    • unified China under Ming Dynasty

Question 4

Akbar

Answer 4

• When: late 1500s
  
  • Where: Mughal Dynasty (India)
  • What: recognizes Europeans on the coast
    • cannot defeat them so trades with them
    • reigns in Zamindars
  • Significance:
    • religious tolerance
    • expanded empire through marriages

Question 5

Aurangzeb

Answer 5

• When: mid 1600s-early 1700s
  * Where: Mughal Empire
  * What: last powerful Mughal emperor

     * less tolerant 
     * mystical Islam, very strict
     * makes parts of Islamic law state law
     * destroys Hindu temples 
     * bans music
  
  * Significance:
     * raised taxes, ruled by force
        * increasing resentment 
     * had hard time holding onto defeated areas
        * start of British coming in to “help"

Question 6

Christopher Columbus

Answer 6

• When: late 1400s
  
  • What: first European in the Americas
  • Significance: Columbian exchange
    • discovered the New World
    • unknowingly wrought major economic, cultural, biological, etc. changes
    • started Encomiendas

Question 7

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 7

• When: 16th century
  
  • Where: Portugal
  • What: set out to round Cape Horn (South Africa)
  • Significance: discovers straight of Magellan
    • he dies, but crew is first to circumnavigate the globe
    • intensified naval exploration

Question 8

Encomienda System

Answer 8

• When: early 1500s
  
  • Where: agricultural economies in Peru, Caribbean
  • What: started by Columbus
    • indentured labor
  • Significance: justification for exploitation
    • spread of Catholic faith
    • aided settlers acquisition of land
    • crown co-opts it, makes it non-hereditary
    • model for future relationships with natives

Question 9

Hernan Cortes

Answer 9

• When: early 16th century
  
  • What: conquer the Aztecs, exploit wealth
  • Significance: conquest was a pattern for other conquests
    • brought much of Mexico under Spanish rule
    • part of first attempts for Spanish to colonize Americas
    • British tried to follow suit

Question 10

Martin Luther

Answer 10

• When: 1500s
  * What: nailed 95 these on church doors

     * attacked pope’s infallibility, other teachings
  * Significance: ended Church’s epistemology monopoly
  
     * translated Bible for commoners
     * key figure in start of Protestant movement

Question 11

Mercantilism

Answer 11

• When: 16-1700s
  
  • What: colonies exist to enrich the Motherland
    • closed to competitors
  • Significance: helped lead to capitalism
    • alliance between state and merchants for mutual benefits
    • revenues helped states continue to wage war
    • gold + silver became common and expected payment for trade

Question 12

Middle Passage

Answer 12

• When: 16th and 17th centuries
  
  • Where: Europe to Africa to New World and back
  • What: stage of triangular trade in Atlantic slave trade
  • Significance: largest transport of African slaves to New World
    • attributed to 15% of deaths during slave trade

Question 13

Suleiman the Magnificent

Answer 13

• When: 1500s
  • Where: Ottoman Empire
  • Significance: longest reigning emperor of Ottoman
    • finishes codification of laws
    • his fleet dominated Mediterranean to Red Sea
    • introduces new schools
    • spread into Balkans, North Africa, almost takes Vienna

Question 14

Janissaries

Answer 14

• What: European school boys taken from Balkans
  * serve only the sultan
  * owed him direct allegiance
  * Significance: personal body guards of sultans
  * become very conservative, against change
  * overthrow sultan

     * become hereditary 
     * major cause for Ottoman Empire decay

Question 15

Li Zicheng

Answer 15

• When: 1600s
  
  • What: peasant/Robin Hood guy bandit leader
  • Significance: overthrows Ming
    • redistributes land, upsets nobles
      • attack against feudalism
      • Manchus + nobles team up and overthrow him
      • =QING DYNASTY BORN

Question 16

Tokugawa Japan

Answer 16

• When: 1600s
  
  • What: unification under a shogun
  • Significance: Japan isolates itself
    • limits trade w/ Europe
    • Christianity banned
    • last feudal military govt. in Japan

Question 17

Enlightenment

Answer 17

• When: mid 1600s-1800
  * Where: Western Europe
  * What: faith in human reason, search for universal laws through reason, experimentation, science is primary epistemology
  * Significance: new ideals and ways of thinking lead to revolutions

     * scientific imperialism
     * new religious splinters lead to religious tolerance

Question 18

Isaac Newton

Answer 18

• When: mid 1600s-1700s
  
  • Where: UK
  • What: discovered calculus, other discoveries
  • Significance: his discoveries rocked the Catholic Church
    • challenged conceptions of nature, especially those of Aristotle
      
      • set tone and beginning of Enlightenment

Question 19

Carl Linnaeus

Answer 19

• When: 1700s
  
  • Where: Sweden
  • What: scientist/explorer
  • Significance: classification of species
    • classification of human race
      
      • led to racial categorization/discrimination

Question 20

Captain James Cook

Answer 20

• When: 1700s
  
  • What: famous explorer
  • Significance: first called to explore for science
    • opened Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii to European scrutiny
    • whetted people’s desire to learn of other cultures
      • “cultural colonization”

Question 21

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

Answer 21

• When: 18th century
  
  • Where: France
  • What: wrote “The Social Contract”
  • Significance: ideals formed basis of modern conception of govt.
    • major influence of French Revolution

Question 22

Napoleon Bonaprte

Answer 22

• When: late 1700s-1800s
  
  • Where: France
  • What: proclaimed self as emperor of France
  • Significance: major influence in nationalism
    • expands French territory
      
      • consolidates Holy Roman Empire into dozens of countries instead of 100s

Question 23

Simon Bolivar

Answer 23

• When: late 1700s-1800s
  
  • Where: Spanish South America
  • What: fighter in Spanish armies
  • Significance: dreamt of Gran Colombia
    • wanted to start a Latin Confederation (like USA)
    • key role in struggle for independence from Spain

Question 24

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Answer 24

• When: early 1800s
  
  • Where: Haiti
  • What: leader of Haitian revolution
  • Significance: overthrew overseers and freed the slaves in Haiti
    • most successful slave uprising
      
      • b/c this, embargoes against and led to poverty (modern day!)

Question 25

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Answer 25

• When: 1793
  
  • Where: France
  • What: Result of French Revolution
  • Significance: defined rights of citizens - equality for all
    • influenced other future European democracies, revolutions

Question 26

Columbian Exchange

Answer 26

• When: 1492-
  
  • Where: New and Old World
  • What: exchanges between Old and New World
  • Significance: introduced new animals, crops, DISEASES
    • other European started colonizing elsewhere in New World

Question 27

Social Contract

Answer 27

• When: 18th century
  
  • Where:
  • What: written by Rousseau about relationship between people + govt.
  • Significance: ideals formed basis of modern conception of govt.
    • heavily influenced French Revolution

Question 28

Vasco da Gama

Answer 28

• When: 1497
  
  • Where: Portugal
  • What: control of Indian Ocean
  • Significance: introduction of cartaz, system of taxing ships, countries
    • struck fear in other empires, boosted Portuguese economy

Question 29

Ottoman Empire

Answer 29

• When: 1430-1730
  
  • What: Turkish Empire
  • Significance: center of interactions between East and West for over 6 centuries
    • controlled major overland trade between Europe and Asia

Question 30

Mughal Empire

Answer 30

• When: 16th century
  
  • Where: South Asia
  • What: founded by Babur, flourished under Akbar
  • Significance: military advances in Asia (horsemanship, artillery, filed cannons)
    • shows of splendor to hold power

Question 31

Caravel

Answer 31

• When: late 1400s
  
  • Where: Portugal
  • What: new style of sails/ships
  • Significance: highly effective at tacking (sailing against wind)
    • could trade all year round
    • became base structure of other ships that followed
      • world trade increases

Question 32

Galileo Galilei

Answer 32

• When: 1600s
  
  • Where: Italy
  • What: Italian nobleman trying to spread Copernican astronomy
    • also influenced math, physics
    • findings went against Catholic Church
      • Church does not have monopoly on truth, were wrong!

Question 33

Entrepôt

Answer 33

• When: 1300-1550
  * Where: major cities on Silk Road
  * Significance: long-distance traders could replenish supplies, mingle w/ different people

     * enabled Europeans to get access to Asian goods
     * Asians got access to gold, silver

Question 34

Chinese Civil Service Examination

Answer 34

• When: 605-1905
  
  • What: test given by imperial China w/ purpose of selecting the most intellectual candidates for the bureaucracy
  • Significance: huge influence on society, govt.
    • responsible for changes in power balances in China
    • long-term changes in social structure
      • diffused wealth from aristocratic families

Question 35

Zheng He

Answer 35

• When: 15th century
  
  • What: a general, diplomat, and admiral for China during Ming dynasty
  • Significance: expanded trade/influence of China
    • voyage marked a break in traditional Chinese isolationism

Question 36

Forbidden City

Answer 36

• When: 15th century
  
  • What: display of splendor!
  • Significance: influenced subsequent art and culture
    • symbol of superiority, central power of govt.

Question 37

Red Turban Movement

Answer 37

• When: 1300s, when Mongols controlled China
  
  • What: movement that blended China’s diverse culture, religions (Buddhism, Taoism)
  • Significance: drove out Mongols
    • founded Ming Dynasty

Question 38

Omai

Answer 38

• When: 1750
  
  • Where: England
  • What: Polynesian navigator
  • Significance: helped Europeans navigate Pacific Islands
    • led to curiosity and study of other cultures

Question 39

Jacobins

Answer 39

• When: late 1700s
  
  • Where: France
  • What: political group of revolutionists
  • Significance: spread ideals of Dec. of Rights of Man…to all of France
    • shift in power for poor commoners to participate in govt.

Question 40

Shay’s Rebellion

Answer 40

• When: 18th century
  
  • Where: MA
  • What: rebellion in response to depression and difficulties following the Revolutionary War
  • Significance: showed weakness in Articles of Confederation
    • prompted Founding Fathers to create Constitution
    • prompted need for strong federal govt.

Question 41

Estates-General

Answer 41

• When: 1789
  
  • Where: France
  • What: assembly of French govt. representatives
  • Significance: redistribution of power to the commoners
    • fought for greater power as commoners made up majority of French pop.

Question 42

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Answer 42

• When: 1810
  
  • Where: Mexico
  • What: clergyman that led revolt
  • Significance: his revolt eventually led to Mexican “independence” from Spain
    • other “underdog” nations revolted against nobles