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History 202 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Indian Ocean Trade Circuits

A
  • When: Before 1500
    • Significance:
      • 1) led to Roman trade with India
      • 2) led to naval route discovered by Vasco da Gama
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2
Q

Ming Dynasty

A
  • When: late 1300s-early 1600s
    * What: power came from imperial grandeur, marriage, bureaucracy, religion
    * Weaknesses:
       * too many subjects, not enough bureaucrats
   * religious splinter groups
   * lack of maritime trade
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3
Q

Emperor Hongwu

A
  • When: 1300s, beginning of Ming Dynasty
    • What: Zhu Yuanzhang -
      • poor background, Buddhist monastery
      • became commander of Red Turban movement
      • took advantage of noble discontent, drove Mongols out of China
      • founded Ming Dynasty
    • Significance:
      • drove out Mongols
      • unified China under Ming Dynasty
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4
Q

Akbar

A
  • When: late 1500s
    • Where: Mughal Dynasty (India)
    • What: recognizes Europeans on the coast
      • cannot defeat them so trades with them
      • reigns in Zamindars
    • Significance:
      • religious tolerance
      • expanded empire through marriages
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5
Q

Aurangzeb

A
  • When: mid 1600s-early 1700s
    * Where: Mughal Empire
    * What: last powerful Mughal emperor
       * less tolerant 
   * mystical Islam, very strict
   * makes parts of Islamic law state law
   * destroys Hindu temples 
   * bans music

* Significance:
   * raised taxes, ruled by force
      * increasing resentment 
   * had hard time holding onto defeated areas
      * start of British coming in to “help"
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6
Q

Christopher Columbus

A
  • When: late 1400s
    • What: first European in the Americas
    • Significance: Columbian exchange
      • discovered the New World
      • unknowingly wrought major economic, cultural, biological, etc. changes
      • started Encomiendas
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7
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A
  • When: 16th century
    • Where: Portugal
    • What: set out to round Cape Horn (South Africa)
    • Significance: discovers straight of Magellan
      • he dies, but crew is first to circumnavigate the globe
      • intensified naval exploration
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8
Q

Encomienda System

A
  • When: early 1500s
    • Where: agricultural economies in Peru, Caribbean
    • What: started by Columbus
      • indentured labor
    • Significance: justification for exploitation
      • spread of Catholic faith
      • aided settlers acquisition of land
      • crown co-opts it, makes it non-hereditary
      • model for future relationships with natives
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9
Q

Hernan Cortes

A
  • When: early 16th century
    • What: conquer the Aztecs, exploit wealth
    • Significance: conquest was a pattern for other conquests
      • brought much of Mexico under Spanish rule
      • part of first attempts for Spanish to colonize Americas
      • British tried to follow suit
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10
Q

Martin Luther

A
  • When: 1500s
    * What: nailed 95 these on church doors
       * attacked pope’s infallibility, other teachings
* Significance: ended Church’s epistemology monopoly

   * translated Bible for commoners
   * key figure in start of Protestant movement
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11
Q

Mercantilism

A
  • When: 16-1700s
    • What: colonies exist to enrich the Motherland
      • closed to competitors
    • Significance: helped lead to capitalism
      • alliance between state and merchants for mutual benefits
      • revenues helped states continue to wage war
      • gold + silver became common and expected payment for trade
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12
Q

Middle Passage

A
  • When: 16th and 17th centuries
    • Where: Europe to Africa to New World and back
    • What: stage of triangular trade in Atlantic slave trade
    • Significance: largest transport of African slaves to New World
      • attributed to 15% of deaths during slave trade
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13
Q

Suleiman the Magnificent

A
  • When: 1500s
    • Where: Ottoman Empire
    • Significance: longest reigning emperor of Ottoman
      • finishes codification of laws
      • his fleet dominated Mediterranean to Red Sea
      • introduces new schools
      • spread into Balkans, North Africa, almost takes Vienna
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14
Q

Janissaries

A
  • What: European school boys taken from Balkans
    * serve only the sultan
    * owed him direct allegiance
    * Significance: personal body guards of sultans
    * become very conservative, against change
    * overthrow sultan
       * become hereditary 
   * major cause for Ottoman Empire decay
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15
Q

Li Zicheng

A
  • When: 1600s
    • What: peasant/Robin Hood guy bandit leader
    • Significance: overthrows Ming
      • redistributes land, upsets nobles
        • attack against feudalism
        • Manchus + nobles team up and overthrow him
        • =QING DYNASTY BORN
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16
Q

Tokugawa Japan

A
  • When: 1600s
    • What: unification under a shogun
    • Significance: Japan isolates itself
      • limits trade w/ Europe
      • Christianity banned
      • last feudal military govt. in Japan
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17
Q

Enlightenment

A
  • When: mid 1600s-1800
    * Where: Western Europe
    * What: faith in human reason, search for universal laws through reason, experimentation, science is primary epistemology
    * Significance: new ideals and ways of thinking lead to revolutions
       * scientific imperialism
   * new religious splinters lead to religious tolerance
18
Q

Isaac Newton

A
  • When: mid 1600s-1700s
    • Where: UK
    • What: discovered calculus, other discoveries
    • Significance: his discoveries rocked the Catholic Church
      • challenged conceptions of nature, especially those of Aristotle
        • set tone and beginning of Enlightenment
19
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A
  • When: 1700s
    • Where: Sweden
    • What: scientist/explorer
    • Significance: classification of species
      • classification of human race
        • led to racial categorization/discrimination
20
Q

Captain James Cook

A
  • When: 1700s
    • What: famous explorer
    • Significance: first called to explore for science
      • opened Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii to European scrutiny
      • whetted people’s desire to learn of other cultures
        • “cultural colonization”
21
Q

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

A
  • When: 18th century
    • Where: France
    • What: wrote “The Social Contract”
    • Significance: ideals formed basis of modern conception of govt.
      • major influence of French Revolution
22
Q

Napoleon Bonaprte

A
  • When: late 1700s-1800s
    • Where: France
    • What: proclaimed self as emperor of France
    • Significance: major influence in nationalism
      • expands French territory
        • consolidates Holy Roman Empire into dozens of countries instead of 100s
23
Q

Simon Bolivar

A
  • When: late 1700s-1800s
    • Where: Spanish South America
    • What: fighter in Spanish armies
    • Significance: dreamt of Gran Colombia
      • wanted to start a Latin Confederation (like USA)
      • key role in struggle for independence from Spain
24
Q

Toussaint L’Ouverture

A
  • When: early 1800s
    • Where: Haiti
    • What: leader of Haitian revolution
    • Significance: overthrew overseers and freed the slaves in Haiti
      • most successful slave uprising
        • b/c this, embargoes against and led to poverty (modern day!)
25
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
* When: 1793 * Where: France * What: Result of French Revolution * Significance: defined rights of citizens - equality for all * influenced other future European democracies, revolutions
26
Columbian Exchange
* When: 1492- * Where: New and Old World * What: exchanges between Old and New World * Significance: introduced new animals, crops, DISEASES * other European started colonizing elsewhere in New World
27
Social Contract
* When: 18th century * Where: * What: written by Rousseau about relationship between people + govt. * Significance: ideals formed basis of modern conception of govt. * heavily influenced French Revolution
28
Vasco da Gama
* When: 1497 * Where: Portugal * What: control of Indian Ocean * Significance: introduction of cartaz, system of taxing ships, countries * struck fear in other empires, boosted Portuguese economy
29
Ottoman Empire
* When: 1430-1730 * What: Turkish Empire * Significance: center of interactions between East and West for over 6 centuries * controlled major overland trade between Europe and Asia
30
Mughal Empire
* When: 16th century * Where: South Asia * What: founded by Babur, flourished under Akbar * Significance: military advances in Asia (horsemanship, artillery, filed cannons) * shows of splendor to hold power
31
Caravel
* When: late 1400s * Where: Portugal * What: new style of sails/ships * Significance: highly effective at tacking (sailing against wind) * could trade all year round * became base structure of other ships that followed * world trade increases
32
Galileo Galilei
* When: 1600s * Where: Italy * What: Italian nobleman trying to spread Copernican astronomy * also influenced math, physics * findings went against Catholic Church * Church does not have monopoly on truth, were wrong!
33
Entrepôt
* When: 1300-1550 * Where: major cities on Silk Road * Significance: long-distance traders could replenish supplies, mingle w/ different people * enabled Europeans to get access to Asian goods * Asians got access to gold, silver
34
Chinese Civil Service Examination
* When: 605-1905 * What: test given by imperial China w/ purpose of selecting the most intellectual candidates for the bureaucracy * Significance: huge influence on society, govt. * responsible for changes in power balances in China * long-term changes in social structure * diffused wealth from aristocratic families
35
Zheng He
* When: 15th century * What: a general, diplomat, and admiral for China during Ming dynasty * Significance: expanded trade/influence of China * voyage marked a break in traditional Chinese isolationism
36
Forbidden City
* When: 15th century * What: display of splendor! * Significance: influenced subsequent art and culture * symbol of superiority, central power of govt.
37
Red Turban Movement
* When: 1300s, when Mongols controlled China * What: movement that blended China’s diverse culture, religions (Buddhism, Taoism) * Significance: drove out Mongols * founded Ming Dynasty
38
Omai
* When: 1750 * Where: England * What: Polynesian navigator * Significance: helped Europeans navigate Pacific Islands * led to curiosity and study of other cultures
39
Jacobins
* When: late 1700s * Where: France * What: political group of revolutionists * Significance: spread ideals of Dec. of Rights of Man…to all of France * shift in power for poor commoners to participate in govt.
40
Shay's Rebellion
* When: 18th century * Where: MA * What: rebellion in response to depression and difficulties following the Revolutionary War * Significance: showed weakness in Articles of Confederation * prompted Founding Fathers to create Constitution * prompted need for strong federal govt.
41
Estates-General
* When: 1789 * Where: France * What: assembly of French govt. representatives * Significance: redistribution of power to the commoners * fought for greater power as commoners made up majority of French pop.
42
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
* When: 1810 * Where: Mexico * What: clergyman that led revolt * Significance: his revolt eventually led to Mexican “independence” from Spain * other “underdog” nations revolted against nobles

History 202 (2 decks)

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