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history final Flashcards

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1
Q

what time period was the roman monarcy and early republic from?

A

509 BCE - 258 BCE

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2
Q

when did the latins and etruscans emerge in rome?

A

759 BCE

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3
Q

what is the “origin” of rome?

A

-there were two brothers
-romulus and remus
-they were sons of mars
-romulus killed remus and became the first king

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4
Q

how many kings did rome have before it became a republic?

A

7

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5
Q

who was the last king of rome in the early monarchy?

A

tarinquinius superbus

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6
Q

what was the first pivot moment in rome?

A

-tarinquinus superbus was a horrible king
-the latins vowed never to have a king again
-they established a republic

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7
Q

republic

A

representative government

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8
Q

how did the roman republic work?

A

-rome elected senators
-2 consuls ruled the senate
-1 tribune represented the plebeians

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9
Q

what were the 12 tables and why did rome create them?

A

-the written law code of rome
-patricians often interpreted laws in their favor
-plebieans forced them to write them down so they couldn’t

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10
Q

what were the 3 social classes of rome?

A

-patricians: upper class, held power
-plebeians: lower class, did work
-slaves: had no voice, often outnumbered citizens

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11
Q

what were the punic wars?

A

-fought between rome and carthage
-brilliant general for carthage hannibal brought elephants over the alps during the second punic war
-rome ultimatley won

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12
Q

when was the civil war time period in rome from?

A

258 BCE- 31 BCE

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13
Q

who were the gracchi brothers?

A

-fought for roman plebeian’s rights
-were both assassinated
-their deaths caused civil war to break out

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14
Q

who were three powerful generals who took control of rome at different points during the time of civil war?

A

-sulla
-marius
-julius caesar

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15
Q

julius caesar

A

-powerful general
-formed the first triumvate
-invaded rome in 48 BCE
-loved by the people
-feared by the senate
-crowned emperor for life in 44 BCE
-assasinated in the ides of march in 44 BCE

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16
Q

octavian

A

-caesar’s adopted son
-fought against the senate to avenge his father’s death
-fought and won against marc antony and cleopatra
-takes control of rome and changes his name to Augustus Caesar

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17
Q

what was the second pivot moment of the roman empire?

A

-the early empire period and the spread of christianity

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18
Q

what was the time period of the early empire and spread of christianity in rome?

A

31 BCE- 300 CE

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19
Q

what is pax romana?

A

-aka roman peace
-the period of time when augustus created peace and order
-built aqueducts
-built roads

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20
Q

under whose (roman) reign was jesus born?

A

augustus caesar

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21
Q

who becomes emperor of rome after augustus caesar?

A

his son tiberius

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22
Q

when was jesus crucified?

A

aroudn 33 CE

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23
Q

who became the new chief apostles when christianity was launched?

A

-peter
-paul

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24
Q

emperor nero

A

-bad poet
-had rome burned to write a poem
-blamed it on christians
-people started persecuting christians heavily

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25
Q

bread and circuses

A

-a way that roman emperors fed the masses of unemployed plebeians
-sometimes christians were killed as one of the events
-had gladitorial contests

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26
Q

emperor hadrian

A

-built a wall in england
-did this to keep celts out of roman territory

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27
Q

emperor marcus aurelius

A

wrote a stoic masterpiece

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28
Q

what time period was the late roman empire?

A

300 CE- 476 CE

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29
Q

emperor dicolectian

A

-the empire under him became so large that he split it into two
-the western and eastern empire

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30
Q

emperor constantine

A

-established a new captial of the eastern empire in constantinople
-converted to christianity and ends persecution of it

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31
Q

atila the hun

A

-stormed across europe
-forced many barbarian forces to flee and go to rome

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32
Q

the barbarian aleric

A

sacks rome in 410 CE

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33
Q

when does the roman empire finally fall?

A

476 CE

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34
Q

who were the mongols?

A

-a group of nomadic tribes
-they lived on the central asian steppe

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35
Q

temujin

A

-united mongol tribes
-accepted title “genghis khan” or universal ruler
-first conquered china
-next conquered muslim west
-brilliant organizer and strategist
-used cruelty as a weapon

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36
Q

by when had the mongols conquerored most of central asian and russia?

A

1225

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37
Q

when did genghis khan die and where is he buried?

A

-he died in 1227 CE
-we don’t know where he is buried

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38
Q

what happened to the mongol empire after genghis khan’s death?

A

-it was split into four khanates
-golden hordes khanate
-great khanate
-ilkhanate
-chagati khanate

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39
Q

what was the mongol peace?

A

-a time of peace for travelers and merchants on the silk road
-allowed trade between europe and asia to grow

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40
Q

kublai khan

A

-grandson of genghis khan
-fufilled genghis khan’s quest to conquer china
-wanted to balance mongol and chinese cultures
-was tolerant of chinese traditions and religions
-established the yuan dynasty
-promoted trade with europe
-hosted marco polo for 17 years starting in 1275 CE

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41
Q

how many times did kublai khan try to conquer japan?

A

-2 times
-he was not succesful (kamikaze winds)

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42
Q

what is a kamikaze wind?

A

-divine wind
-typhoons
-stopped the mongols from sucessfully conquering japan

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43
Q

what was kublai khan’s palace called?

A

-xanadu
-abandoned the nomadic lifestyle of the mongols and built it

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44
Q

from where did kublai khan rule all of the empire?

A

the khanate of the great khan

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45
Q

what happened to the mongol empire after kublai khan’s death?

A

it began to crumble

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46
Q

what happened to the mongols in 1480 CE?

A

-Ivan II defeated the mongols in the khanate of the golden horde
-he established russia

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47
Q

how many islands make up japan? how is the population distributed?

A

-there are 4,000 islands
-4 hold most of the people

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48
Q

where is japan geographically?

A

-it sits on the ring of fire
-the movement of the tectonic plates there causes a lot of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

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49
Q

what were some japanese religions?

A

-shinto (created)
-buddhism (adopted)

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50
Q

who became the first emperors of japan and why?

A

-the yamato clan
-because they said they were related to the sun goddess

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51
Q

feudalism in japan

A

-it developed
-it made the warriors more powerful than the emperors
-shoguns gave gifts of land to the daimyos in return for loyalty and troops
-daimyos gave land to samurai for loyalty and fighting skills

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52
Q

shoguns

A

-most powerful warlords
-actually held the power in japan

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53
Q

what did samurai value most?

A

-honor
-they wanted to die an honorable death
-(as defined by the code of bushido)

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54
Q

mecca

A

-an important city on the east- west trade route
-birthplace of muhammed
-muslims do a hajj to mecca at least once in their lifetime

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55
Q

from what time period was the rise of islam?

A

620 CE- 632 CE

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56
Q

muhammed

A

-the last and greatest prophet of allah
-angel gabriel appeared to him in 623 CE in a cave
-founder of islam

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57
Q

islam

A

-means submission to the will of allah

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58
Q

five pillars of islam

A

-admission of belief in allah
-prayer facing the kaaba in mecca 5x a day
-charity
-fasting during ramadan
-pilgrimage to mecca/ hajj

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59
Q

sharia law

A

-law muslims are governed by
-based off of the qur’an
-this makes islam a theocracy

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60
Q

qur’an

A

the holy book of the muslims

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61
Q

what do muslims believe about their ties to judaism and christianity?

A

-the believe that they worship the same God as the jews and christians
-views on Jesus and the validity of the old testament differ

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62
Q

where do muslims worship?

A

-with the umma (community) in a mosque

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63
Q

what is the first pivot moment of the muslim empire?

A

-muhammed’s death in 632 CE
-he didn’t leave a successor or instructions for picking one

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64
Q

what is the time period of the rightly guided caliphs?

A

632 CE- 656 CE

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65
Q

who was muhammed’s successor?

A

abu bakr, a friend of muhammed

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66
Q

what is a caliph?

A

the leader of the muslims

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67
Q

what happened after abu bakr died?

A

-he was followed by 2 successors
-each time the umma picked one they skipped over ali, muhhamed’s son in law
-when ali was chosen he was assasinated

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68
Q

what two groups did islam eventually split into after muhammed’s death?

A

-shi’a
-believe that a successor should be muhammed’s direct relative
-sunni
-supported the umayyad dynasty’s rule

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69
Q

what is the second pivot moment in the muslim empire?

A

-when the umayyads took control in 656 CE
-this caused a split of muslim groups
-they ruled in excess and luxury

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70
Q

from what time period was the umayyad dynasty from?

A

656 CE- 750 CE

71
Q

the umayyads

A

-conquered lands in the arabian peninsula, north africa, and persia
-moved the capital to damascus
-eventually defeated and killed by the abbassids

72
Q

what happened between the abbasids and the umayyads?

A

-defeated the umayyads
-invited them to a dinner to discuss reconciliation
-assasinated 79/80 of the umayyad leaders
-the one remaining leader fled to spain
-he established and islamic kingdom there that lasted until 1492

73
Q

what was the third pivot moment in the muslim empire?

A

-when the abbasids defeated and murdered the umayyads
-this influenced culture
-it resulted in a change of the location of the capital and changes in government
-a “golden age” of culture happened under them

74
Q

from what time period was the abbasid dynasty?

A

750 CE- 1258 CE

75
Q

the abbasids

A

-held lands in iraq, iran, and central asia
-moved their capital to baghdad
-formed strong trade alliances
-dominated trade east and west for several hundred years
-a “golden age” of culture happened under them

76
Q

muslim golden age

A

-they expierenced this under the abbasids
-literature, art, medicene, and science
-developed caligraphy
-(muslims could not paint pictures of living things so they developed caligraphy instead)

77
Q

what time period was the dark ages from?

A

476 CE- 800 CE

78
Q

what are conditions like after the fall of rome?

A

-government and economy fails
-books and buildings are destroyed- warfare and disruption is everywhere
-decline of learning bc barbarians who invaded weren’t literate
-loss of common language and unity
-families banded together for protection

79
Q

who invaded the old empire after the fall of rome?

A

barbarian groups

80
Q

what was the only institution that remained after the fall of rome?

A

christianity

81
Q

who was the first leader of the franks in the dark ages? what did he do?

A

-clovis
-unified the franks in 511
-brought christianity to gaul
-he gained control of a large empire in europe

82
Q

what institutions began to restore communities in the dark ages? how?

A

-monasteries
-self suffecient communitites
-healed the sick
-aided travelers
-gathered copies of books to perserve learning (created illuminated manuscripts)

83
Q

illuminated manuscripts

A

handwritten books with ornately decorated covers

84
Q

what were the muslism doing in the time of the dark ages?

A

expanding northward into southern europe

85
Q

battle of tours

A

-fought in 732 CE by charles martel and muslims
-if charles hadn’t defeated them then western europe might’ve become part of the muslim empire
-martel becomes a christian hero

86
Q

what time period was the
mid- middle ages from?

A

800 CE- 1100 CE

87
Q

charlemagne

A

-king of the franks
-crowned emperor of the holy roman empire by pope leo III
-built the greatest empire since rome
-helped spread christianity
-fought off invaders
-expanded territory
-brought order out of chaos
-encouraged education
-reorderd the law code

88
Q

which three groups terrorized europe from 800 CE- 1000 CE

A

the vikings, magyars, and muslims

89
Q

viking raids (mid-middle ages)

A

-invaded from the north
-favorite target was monasteries
-quickly raided on their longboat ships (techonoligcaly advanced)

90
Q

where did the vikings colonize in the mid-middle ages?

A

the volga river

91
Q

describe a magyar raid (in the mid-middle ages)

A

-they raided for people to sell as slaves, not possesions
-the raided from the east to west

92
Q

what system did people in the middle ages come up with to protect themselves from raids?

A

the feudal system

93
Q

describe the european middle ages feudal system

A

-kings gave vassals(dukes) fiefs
-dukes gave land to lords for loyalty
-lords gave land to knights for military protection/ loyalty
-knights protected serfs
-serfs worked on land for protection

94
Q

code of chivalry

A

-knights developed it in the middle ages
-it talked about serving the knights 3 purposes/ masters
-defend God
-defend his lord
-defend his lady

95
Q

what was the process of becoming a knight like?

A

-you became a page at around 7
-you them became a squire which was a servant to a knight
-then you became a knight

96
Q

what date was the norman conquest?

A

1066 CE

97
Q

who was william the conqueror?

A

-duke of normandy
-conquered england and becaqme king of england in 1066

98
Q

who was king henry II?

A

-king of england
-descendant of william the conqueror
-married eleanor of aquitane to get territory in france
-strengthened royal courts

99
Q

who is thomas beckett?

A

-he was murdered in canterbury cathedral
-he didn’t want to surrender his own authority to the king

100
Q

the reconquista

A

-the spanish effort to drive out all muslims and take control of all of the land
-finally accomplished in 1492

101
Q

the inquisition

A

-the trials that were happening at the same time as the reconquista in spain
-tried heretics and wanted everyone converted to christianity

102
Q

tournaments

A

-places where knights could practice their tournaments without actually going into battle

103
Q

from what time period was the late middle ages?

A

1100 CE- 1400 CE

104
Q

what happened to the church in the “age of faith” aka the mid-middle ages?

A

it became more powerful than the kigns

105
Q

what caused the crusades to be called?

A

-emperor alexius of the byzantine empire asked the pope for help against muslims
-pope urban II called the first crusades for christians to take back the holy land

106
Q

what happened in the third crusade?

A

-richard the lionhearted fought against saladin
-the eventually came to a truce that let christians freely enter the holy land but muslims controlled it

107
Q

how many crusades were there? what was the ultimate outcome?

A

-14
-the christians lost

108
Q

what did the crusades cause to happen?

A

-encouraged trade east to west
-increase of trade eventually caused the creation of towns

109
Q

gothic cathedrals vs romanesque cathedrals

A

gothic: pointed arches, high walls, stained galss windows, flying buttresses
romanesque: short, dense, not many windows, thick walls, rounded arches

110
Q

hundred years war

A

-war fought between england and france
-fought over who had the right to rule france

111
Q

joan of arc

A

-french peasant girl
-had visions from God to save her people
-fought in the hundred years war
-won the war for france
-tried as a witch in england and burned at the stake

112
Q

the black death

A

-aka the bubonic plauge
-killed people in europe, asia, and north africa
-caused people who survived to question their faith because the chruch abandoned them

113
Q

magna carta

A

-signed by king john of england after being forced by nobles
-guarenteed basic political rights for citizens

114
Q

ghana

A

-west africa civilization
-started in the 700s
-1st of the west african empires
-traded gold and salt
-eventrually (it’s leaders) converted to islam in the 11th century
-lost power around 1067 when the muslim almoravids of north africa conquered it

115
Q

when did ghana become an empire?

A

-became an empire by the year 800

116
Q

ghana’s king

A

-controlled trade
-commanded a large army
-demanded taxes and gifts from surroudning lands
-acted as a religious leader, cheif judge, and military commander

117
Q

how did ghana’s king control the value of gold?

A

-controlled the value of gold by keeping a limited supply of it in society and storing the rest

118
Q

mali

A

-emerged in 1235
-2nd of the west african empires
-wealth was built on gold
-began declining in the 1400s

119
Q

sundiata

A

-cruel and unpopular ruler of mali
-became the emperor through a series of miltary victories
-overtook ghana and trading cities of kumbi and walata
-promoted agriculture
-reestablished gold-salt trade
-created a time of peace and prosperity
-died in 1255

120
Q

mansa musa

A

-ruled mali some time after sundiata
-devout muslim
-ruled from 1312 to 1332
-skilled miltary leader
divided the empire into provinces and appointed governors
-went on a hajj to mecca from 1324 to 1325
-built mosques in timbuktu and gao
-this attracted muslim judges, doctors, religious learders, and scholars who came there often

121
Q

songhai

A

-arose during the 1400s
-3rd of the west african empires
-largest of the empires
-fell in 1591 when moroccan fighting force used gunpoweder and cannons on them

122
Q

sunni ali

A

-built a vast empire by military conquest in songhai
-began ruling in 1464 and lasted around 30 years
-built a professional army
-captured the city of timbuktu in 1468
-also took gjenne in 1473
-died in 1492

123
Q

askia muhammad

A

-led a revolt against sunni ali’s son because he did not practice the muslim faith well
-replaced sunni ali’s son
-had a 37 year rule
-set up an efficent tax system
-set up a high functioning bureacracy

124
Q

how did peoepl group themselves in africa before ghana emerged?

A

in family groups

125
Q

what religion did the people in africa orginally worship?

A

a mix of ancestor worship and animism

126
Q

what technological advancement did the peopel go ghana have?

A

they were able to smelt iron

127
Q

what river did the people of ghana control?

A

the niger river

128
Q

what happened on mansa musa’s hajj?

A

he spent so much gold that it’s value decreased for 10 yesrs

129
Q

ibn batuta

A

-moroccan born traveler and explorer
-traveled the islamic world from north africa to china
-spent 30 years travleling
-primary source for much of the information we have about the muslim world in africa

130
Q

how did askia muhammad divide the empire of songhai?

A

into 5 provinces

131
Q

what did all 5 provinces of songhai have?

A

-governor
-tax collector
-judges (laws were based off of qu’ran)
-trade inspectors

132
Q

what was axum’s religion?

A

-chrisitianity was thier offical relgion (shipwrecked syrians introduced it)
-viewd Jesus differently
-thought he was 100% divine and not human
-started a new christian church callec the coptic chruch
-after islam spread through trading the government did things to make sure it did not spread further

133
Q

what three things did the governemtn of axum to do prevent the spread of islam among its peopel?

A

-government reorganized
-monasteries were built
-churches were built

134
Q

what was architechture like in axum?

A

-used stone instead of mud bricks
-made stelae or pillars to represent king’s conquests and the country’s greatness

135
Q

how did the shona of the great zimbabwe gain wealth?

A

-originally herds of cattle
-later found gold
-they also had a convienit location between two trading posts and on the indian ocean

136
Q

what was the greart enclosure?

A

-massive wall
-4 stories high
-15 ft thick
-protected the king
-no mortar was needed

137
Q

what were cities like in the shona of the great zimbabwe?

A

-consisted of residence for the elite and residence for the commoners
-elite had houses of stone
-commoners had homes of mud and thatch

138
Q

what eventually happened to great zimbabwe?

A

-they disappeared for unknown reasons
-left the great enclosure
-historians guess that cattle overgrazed and the shone needed to finda new land to feed it’s people

139
Q

how/ when did the native americans get to america?

A

-they followed herds across a land bridge between asia and north america
-happened 12,000 years ago

140
Q

tribes of the northwest

A

-engaged in fishign and tree harvesting
-made fishooks of bones
-clothing of tree bark
-homes made of wood

141
Q

tribes of the northwest

A

-engaged in fishign and tree harvesting
-made fishooks of bones
-clothing of tree bark
-homes made of wood
-had totem poles that represented animals and spirits (practiced animism)
-dance of the bear

142
Q

desert/ anazi tribes

A

-hunted and tried to survive the heat
-lived in caves or cliffs
-gre vegetables underground
-lived in arizona, colorado, utah, and new mexico
-built dams, reserviors and canals to conserve water
-had pit homes that were 1/2 in the ground and 1/2 out
-turned these into kivas which were spirutal buildings
-built roads for trade and carrying resources

143
Q

tribes of the woodland east/ mississipian

A

-became farmers an dhunters
-first to domesticate animals
-houses made of wood
-corn created a stable food supply in some cities (ex. cahokia)
-sacrificed women (150 found in a burial mound)

144
Q

how many people lived in cahokia (city of the missisipian tribes)?

A

20,000 by 1150 AD

145
Q

where did the elite live in cahokia?

A

mounds

146
Q

the cheiftain of cahokia

A

-ruler and spiritual leader
-thought to be the sun’s brother

147
Q

woodhenge

A

-48 cedar poles in cahokia
-it was a calendar to track the seasons

148
Q

in what order did the mayans, aztecs, and incans arise?

A

mayan, inca, aztec

149
Q

where did the mayans live?

A

-in modern day mexico, guatemala, belize, el salvador, and honduras
-lived in rainforests

150
Q

maya

A

-had to carve farms and ccities out of the jungle
-reached its height from 300- 900 CE
-one of the most advanced civilizations in the world
-1st civilization to arise

151
Q

how was maya structured pollictically? (and what 3 civiilizations does it relate to because of this)

A

-it was a group of city states (like ancient greece)
-each city state revolved around a temple/ observatory (like the mesopatamians)
-mayan kings ruled as god-kings (like egypt)

152
Q

what was mayan relgion like?

A

-mayans were polythesits
-they built large pyramids to honor the gods
-nobles offerd blood sacfricies to repay the price of their creation
-sacrifices included blood, human, and food

153
Q

hat were mayan pyramids like?

A

-smaller than egpytian or kushite pyramids
-more decorative
-contained arches like the romans

154
Q

what sport did mayans play?

A

-it was a cross between basketball and soccer
-goal was to get a rubber ball through a raised ring
-winners were sacrificed to the gods

155
Q

what were some mayan accomplishments?

A

-developed a system of mathematics and numbers
-knew the moon and venus’ cyles
-created an accurate calendar with 365 days

156
Q

what was the mayan’s calendar like?

A

-had 365 days
-could accuratley predict eclipses
-teeth of two wheels spun ot record a specific date
-days were recorded again on a long count calendar tha thad thousands of years
-it stopped at december 22, 2012 leading many people to think that was the end of the world

157
Q

what was the mayan writing system liike?

A

-they had hieroglyphics
-recorded astronomical observations, calendar calculations, and historical information
-was not decpiphered for thousands of years

158
Q

inca

A

-2nd civilization to arise
-one of the largest and welathiest empires in the world
-began around the mid 1200s

159
Q

where did the incans live?

A

-on the western coast of south america
-territory extended for around 2,500 miles
-in modern day colombia, ecuador, peru, bolivia, argentina
-covered desrets, mountains, rainforests

160
Q

what were incan farms like?

A

-they were terraced
-had irrigation systems down mountainsides
-little flat land

161
Q

machu picchu (city)

A

-vacation city for the emperor
-sonework so precise that they didn’t use mortar

162
Q

what were some incan accomplishments?

A

-no writing system
-had a record keeping system called quipu
-built suspension bridges
-built roads (10,000 miles in roads)
-first civilization to harvest potatoes

163
Q

what was quipu?

A

-the incan record keeping system
-tied knots on conlored rope
-not sure what it represnts

164
Q

why did inca build 10,00 miles of roads?

A

-used it to transport food to people
-government controlled all resources

165
Q

aztec

A

-3rd civilizatoin to arise
-in cnetral mexico
-arose around 1200’s - 1300’s

166
Q

tenochtitlan

A

-founded in 1325 by the aztecs
-eventually had a population of 200,000- 400,000 by the early 1500’s
-connected it ot eh mainland by building 3 raised roads
-smaller cities ringed around it

167
Q

what two other city states did the aztecs join with in 1428?

A

-texcoco
-tlacopan

168
Q

who made up the noble class in the aztec empire?

A

-military leaders
-government officials
-preists

169
Q

who made up the common class of the aztec empire?

A

-merchants
-artisans
-soldiers
-farmers

170
Q

who made up the lowest class of the aztec empire

A

slaves

171
Q

how did aztecs rule their conquered lands?

A

-they excersised loose control over them
-often asked for a tribute from local leadres
-if they didn’t pay it then they would slaughter the entire village

172
Q

what was religion like in the aztec empire?

A

-worshped many gods such as queztzalcoatl
-adopted relgious traditoins and gods from people aroudn them
-had religous festivals with sacrifices, dramas, songs, dances, nad more
-regularly sacrified human blood to the sun god
-carved out thousands of people’s hearts each year with obsidian knives

173
Q

moctezuma II

A

-corwned aztec emperor in 1502
-the empire began to weaken under him
-called for more and more trbute and sacrifice
-caused a rebellion of the provinces
-eventually put the rebellion down by lessing pressure on the provinces and cutting the number of government officials

history (2 decks)

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