history final Flashcards
1
Q
what time period was the roman monarcy and early republic from?
A
509 BCE - 258 BCE
2
Q
when did the latins and etruscans emerge in rome?
A
759 BCE
3
Q
what is the “origin” of rome?
A
-there were two brothers
-romulus and remus
-they were sons of mars
-romulus killed remus and became the first king
4
Q
how many kings did rome have before it became a republic?
A
7
5
Q
who was the last king of rome in the early monarchy?
A
tarinquinius superbus
6
Q
what was the first pivot moment in rome?
A
-tarinquinus superbus was a horrible king
-the latins vowed never to have a king again
-they established a republic
7
Q
republic
A
representative government
8
Q
how did the roman republic work?
A
-rome elected senators
-2 consuls ruled the senate
-1 tribune represented the plebeians
9
Q
what were the 12 tables and why did rome create them?
A
-the written law code of rome
-patricians often interpreted laws in their favor
-plebieans forced them to write them down so they couldn’t
10
Q
what were the 3 social classes of rome?
A
-patricians: upper class, held power
-plebeians: lower class, did work
-slaves: had no voice, often outnumbered citizens
11
Q
what were the punic wars?
A
-fought between rome and carthage
-brilliant general for carthage hannibal brought elephants over the alps during the second punic war
-rome ultimatley won
12
Q
when was the civil war time period in rome from?
A
258 BCE- 31 BCE
13
Q
who were the gracchi brothers?
A
-fought for roman plebeian’s rights
-were both assassinated
-their deaths caused civil war to break out
14
Q
who were three powerful generals who took control of rome at different points during the time of civil war?
A
-sulla
-marius
-julius caesar
15
Q
julius caesar
A
-powerful general
-formed the first triumvate
-invaded rome in 48 BCE
-loved by the people
-feared by the senate
-crowned emperor for life in 44 BCE
-assasinated in the ides of march in 44 BCE
16
Q
octavian
A
-caesar’s adopted son
-fought against the senate to avenge his father’s death
-fought and won against marc antony and cleopatra
-takes control of rome and changes his name to Augustus Caesar
17
Q
what was the second pivot moment of the roman empire?
A
-the early empire period and the spread of christianity
18
Q
what was the time period of the early empire and spread of christianity in rome?
A
31 BCE- 300 CE
19
Q
what is pax romana?
A
-aka roman peace
-the period of time when augustus created peace and order
-built aqueducts
-built roads
20
Q
under whose (roman) reign was jesus born?
A
augustus caesar
21
Q
who becomes emperor of rome after augustus caesar?
A
his son tiberius
22
Q
when was jesus crucified?
A
aroudn 33 CE
23
Q
who became the new chief apostles when christianity was launched?
A
-peter
-paul
24
Q
emperor nero
A
-bad poet
-had rome burned to write a poem
-blamed it on christians
-people started persecuting christians heavily
25
bread and circuses
-a way that roman emperors fed the masses of unemployed plebeians
-sometimes christians were killed as one of the events
-had gladitorial contests
26
emperor hadrian
-built a wall in england
-did this to keep celts out of roman territory
27
emperor marcus aurelius
wrote a stoic masterpiece
28
what time period was the late roman empire?
300 CE- 476 CE
29
emperor dicolectian
-the empire under him became so large that he split it into two
-the western and eastern empire
30
emperor constantine
-established a new captial of the eastern empire in constantinople
-converted to christianity and ends persecution of it
31
atila the hun
-stormed across europe
-forced many barbarian forces to flee and go to rome
32
the barbarian aleric
sacks rome in 410 CE
33
when does the roman empire finally fall?
476 CE
34
who were the mongols?
-a group of nomadic tribes
-they lived on the central asian steppe
35
temujin
-united mongol tribes
-accepted title "genghis khan" or universal ruler
-first conquered china
-next conquered muslim west
-brilliant organizer and strategist
-used cruelty as a weapon
36
by when had the mongols conquerored most of central asian and russia?
1225
37
when did genghis khan die and where is he buried?
-he died in 1227 CE
-we don't know where he is buried
38
what happened to the mongol empire after genghis khan's death?
-it was split into four khanates
-golden hordes khanate
-great khanate
-ilkhanate
-chagati khanate
39
what was the mongol peace?
-a time of peace for travelers and merchants on the silk road
-allowed trade between europe and asia to grow
40
kublai khan
-grandson of genghis khan
-fufilled genghis khan's quest to conquer china
-wanted to balance mongol and chinese cultures
-was tolerant of chinese traditions and religions
-established the yuan dynasty
-promoted trade with europe
-hosted marco polo for 17 years starting in 1275 CE
41
how many times did kublai khan try to conquer japan?
-2 times
-he was not succesful (kamikaze winds)
42
what is a kamikaze wind?
-divine wind
-typhoons
-stopped the mongols from sucessfully conquering japan
43
what was kublai khan's palace called?
-xanadu
-abandoned the nomadic lifestyle of the mongols and built it
44
from where did kublai khan rule all of the empire?
the khanate of the great khan
45
what happened to the mongol empire after kublai khan's death?
it began to crumble
46
what happened to the mongols in 1480 CE?
-Ivan II defeated the mongols in the khanate of the golden horde
-he established russia
47
how many islands make up japan? how is the population distributed?
-there are 4,000 islands
-4 hold most of the people
48
where is japan geographically?
-it sits on the ring of fire
-the movement of the tectonic plates there causes a lot of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
49
what were some japanese religions?
-shinto (created)
-buddhism (adopted)
50
who became the first emperors of japan and why?
-the yamato clan
-because they said they were related to the sun goddess
51
feudalism in japan
-it developed
-it made the warriors more powerful than the emperors
-shoguns gave gifts of land to the daimyos in return for loyalty and troops
-daimyos gave land to samurai for loyalty and fighting skills
52
shoguns
-most powerful warlords
-actually held the power in japan
53
what did samurai value most?
-honor
-they wanted to die an honorable death
-(as defined by the code of bushido)
54
mecca
-an important city on the east- west trade route
-birthplace of muhammed
-muslims do a hajj to mecca at least once in their lifetime
55
from what time period was the rise of islam?
620 CE- 632 CE
56
muhammed
-the last and greatest prophet of allah
-angel gabriel appeared to him in 623 CE in a cave
-founder of islam
57
islam
-means submission to the will of allah
58
five pillars of islam
-admission of belief in allah
-prayer facing the kaaba in mecca 5x a day
-charity
-fasting during ramadan
-pilgrimage to mecca/ hajj
59
sharia law
-law muslims are governed by
-based off of the qur'an
-this makes islam a theocracy
60
qur'an
the holy book of the muslims
61
what do muslims believe about their ties to judaism and christianity?
-the believe that they worship the same God as the jews and christians
-views on Jesus and the validity of the old testament differ
62
where do muslims worship?
-with the umma (community) in a mosque
63
what is the first pivot moment of the muslim empire?
-muhammed's death in 632 CE
-he didn't leave a successor or instructions for picking one
64
what is the time period of the rightly guided caliphs?
632 CE- 656 CE
65
who was muhammed's successor?
abu bakr, a friend of muhammed
66
what is a caliph?
the leader of the muslims
67
what happened after abu bakr died?
-he was followed by 2 successors
-each time the umma picked one they skipped over ali, muhhamed's son in law
-when ali was chosen he was assasinated
68
what two groups did islam eventually split into after muhammed's death?
-shi'a
-believe that a successor should be muhammed's direct relative
-sunni
-supported the umayyad dynasty's rule
69
what is the second pivot moment in the muslim empire?
-when the umayyads took control in 656 CE
-this caused a split of muslim groups
-they ruled in excess and luxury
70
from what time period was the umayyad dynasty from?
656 CE- 750 CE
71
the umayyads
-conquered lands in the arabian peninsula, north africa, and persia
-moved the capital to damascus
-eventually defeated and killed by the abbassids
72
what happened between the abbasids and the umayyads?
-defeated the umayyads
-invited them to a dinner to discuss reconciliation
-assasinated 79/80 of the umayyad leaders
-the one remaining leader fled to spain
-he established and islamic kingdom there that lasted until 1492
73
what was the third pivot moment in the muslim empire?
-when the abbasids defeated and murdered the umayyads
-this influenced culture
-it resulted in a change of the location of the capital and changes in government
-a "golden age" of culture happened under them
74
from what time period was the abbasid dynasty?
750 CE- 1258 CE
75
the abbasids
-held lands in iraq, iran, and central asia
-moved their capital to baghdad
-formed strong trade alliances
-dominated trade east and west for several hundred years
-a "golden age" of culture happened under them
76
muslim golden age
-they expierenced this under the abbasids
-literature, art, medicene, and science
-developed caligraphy
-(muslims could not paint pictures of living things so they developed caligraphy instead)
77
what time period was the dark ages from?
476 CE- 800 CE
78
what are conditions like after the fall of rome?
-government and economy fails
-books and buildings are destroyed- warfare and disruption is everywhere
-decline of learning bc barbarians who invaded weren't literate
-loss of common language and unity
-families banded together for protection
79
who invaded the old empire after the fall of rome?
barbarian groups
80
what was the only institution that remained after the fall of rome?
christianity
81
who was the first leader of the franks in the dark ages? what did he do?
-clovis
-unified the franks in 511
-brought christianity to gaul
-he gained control of a large empire in europe
82
what institutions began to restore communities in the dark ages? how?
-monasteries
-self suffecient communitites
-healed the sick
-aided travelers
-gathered copies of books to perserve learning (created illuminated manuscripts)
83
illuminated manuscripts
handwritten books with ornately decorated covers
84
what were the muslism doing in the time of the dark ages?
expanding northward into southern europe
85
battle of tours
-fought in 732 CE by charles martel and muslims
-if charles hadn't defeated them then western europe might've become part of the muslim empire
-martel becomes a christian hero
86
what time period was the
mid- middle ages from?
800 CE- 1100 CE
87
charlemagne
-king of the franks
-crowned emperor of the holy roman empire by pope leo III
-built the greatest empire since rome
-helped spread christianity
-fought off invaders
-expanded territory
-brought order out of chaos
-encouraged education
-reorderd the law code
88
which three groups terrorized europe from 800 CE- 1000 CE
the vikings, magyars, and muslims
89
viking raids (mid-middle ages)
-invaded from the north
-favorite target was monasteries
-quickly raided on their longboat ships (techonoligcaly advanced)
90
where did the vikings colonize in the mid-middle ages?
the volga river
91
describe a magyar raid (in the mid-middle ages)
-they raided for people to sell as slaves, not possesions
-the raided from the east to west
92
what system did people in the middle ages come up with to protect themselves from raids?
the feudal system
93
describe the european middle ages feudal system
-kings gave vassals(dukes) fiefs
-dukes gave land to lords for loyalty
-lords gave land to knights for military protection/ loyalty
-knights protected serfs
-serfs worked on land for protection
94
code of chivalry
-knights developed it in the middle ages
-it talked about serving the knights 3 purposes/ masters
-defend God
-defend his lord
-defend his lady
95
what was the process of becoming a knight like?
-you became a page at around 7
-you them became a squire which was a servant to a knight
-then you became a knight
96
what date was the norman conquest?
1066 CE
97
who was william the conqueror?
-duke of normandy
-conquered england and becaqme king of england in 1066
98
who was king henry II?
-king of england
-descendant of william the conqueror
-married eleanor of aquitane to get territory in france
-strengthened royal courts
99
who is thomas beckett?
-he was murdered in canterbury cathedral
-he didn't want to surrender his own authority to the king
100
the reconquista
-the spanish effort to drive out all muslims and take control of all of the land
-finally accomplished in 1492
101
the inquisition
-the trials that were happening at the same time as the reconquista in spain
-tried heretics and wanted everyone converted to christianity
102
tournaments
-places where knights could practice their tournaments without actually going into battle
103
from what time period was the late middle ages?
1100 CE- 1400 CE
104
what happened to the church in the "age of faith" aka the mid-middle ages?
it became more powerful than the kigns
105
what caused the crusades to be called?
-emperor alexius of the byzantine empire asked the pope for help against muslims
-pope urban II called the first crusades for christians to take back the holy land
106
what happened in the third crusade?
-richard the lionhearted fought against saladin
-the eventually came to a truce that let christians freely enter the holy land but muslims controlled it
107
how many crusades were there? what was the ultimate outcome?
-14
-the christians lost
108
what did the crusades cause to happen?
-encouraged trade east to west
-increase of trade eventually caused the creation of towns
109
gothic cathedrals vs romanesque cathedrals
gothic: pointed arches, high walls, stained galss windows, flying buttresses
romanesque: short, dense, not many windows, thick walls, rounded arches
110
hundred years war
-war fought between england and france
-fought over who had the right to rule france
111
joan of arc
-french peasant girl
-had visions from God to save her people
-fought in the hundred years war
-won the war for france
-tried as a witch in england and burned at the stake
112
the black death
-aka the bubonic plauge
-killed people in europe, asia, and north africa
-caused people who survived to question their faith because the chruch abandoned them
113
magna carta
-signed by king john of england after being forced by nobles
-guarenteed basic political rights for citizens
114
ghana
-west africa civilization
-started in the 700s
-1st of the west african empires
-traded gold and salt
-eventrually (it's leaders) converted to islam in the 11th century
-lost power around 1067 when the muslim almoravids of north africa conquered it
115
when did ghana become an empire?
-became an empire by the year 800
116
ghana's king
-controlled trade
-commanded a large army
-demanded taxes and gifts from surroudning lands
-acted as a religious leader, cheif judge, and military commander
117
how did ghana's king control the value of gold?
-controlled the value of gold by keeping a limited supply of it in society and storing the rest
118
mali
-emerged in 1235
-2nd of the west african empires
-wealth was built on gold
-began declining in the 1400s
119
sundiata
-cruel and unpopular ruler of mali
-became the emperor through a series of miltary victories
-overtook ghana and trading cities of kumbi and walata
-promoted agriculture
-reestablished gold-salt trade
-created a time of peace and prosperity
-died in 1255
120
mansa musa
-ruled mali some time after sundiata
-devout muslim
-ruled from 1312 to 1332
-skilled miltary leader
divided the empire into provinces and appointed governors
-went on a hajj to mecca from 1324 to 1325
-built mosques in timbuktu and gao
-this attracted muslim judges, doctors, religious learders, and scholars who came there often
121
songhai
-arose during the 1400s
-3rd of the west african empires
-largest of the empires
-fell in 1591 when moroccan fighting force used gunpoweder and cannons on them
122
sunni ali
-built a vast empire by military conquest in songhai
-began ruling in 1464 and lasted around 30 years
-built a professional army
-captured the city of timbuktu in 1468
-also took gjenne in 1473
-died in 1492
123
askia muhammad
-led a revolt against sunni ali's son because he did not practice the muslim faith well
-replaced sunni ali's son
-had a 37 year rule
-set up an efficent tax system
-set up a high functioning bureacracy
124
how did peoepl group themselves in africa before ghana emerged?
in family groups
125
what religion did the people in africa orginally worship?
a mix of ancestor worship and animism
126
what technological advancement did the peopel go ghana have?
they were able to smelt iron
127
what river did the people of ghana control?
the niger river
128
what happened on mansa musa's hajj?
he spent so much gold that it's value decreased for 10 yesrs
129
ibn batuta
-moroccan born traveler and explorer
-traveled the islamic world from north africa to china
-spent 30 years travleling
-primary source for much of the information we have about the muslim world in africa
130
how did askia muhammad divide the empire of songhai?
into 5 provinces
131
what did all 5 provinces of songhai have?
-governor
-tax collector
-judges (laws were based off of qu'ran)
-trade inspectors
132
what was axum's religion?
-chrisitianity was thier offical relgion (shipwrecked syrians introduced it)
-viewd Jesus differently
-thought he was 100% divine and not human
-started a new christian church callec the coptic chruch
-after islam spread through trading the government did things to make sure it did not spread further
133
what three things did the governemtn of axum to do prevent the spread of islam among its peopel?
-government reorganized
-monasteries were built
-churches were built
134
what was architechture like in axum?
-used stone instead of mud bricks
-made stelae or pillars to represent king's conquests and the country's greatness
135
how did the shona of the great zimbabwe gain wealth?
-originally herds of cattle
-later found gold
-they also had a convienit location between two trading posts and on the indian ocean
136
what was the greart enclosure?
-massive wall
-4 stories high
-15 ft thick
-protected the king
-no mortar was needed
137
what were cities like in the shona of the great zimbabwe?
-consisted of residence for the elite and residence for the commoners
-elite had houses of stone
-commoners had homes of mud and thatch
138
what eventually happened to great zimbabwe?
-they disappeared for unknown reasons
-left the great enclosure
-historians guess that cattle overgrazed and the shone needed to finda new land to feed it's people
139
how/ when did the native americans get to america?
-they followed herds across a land bridge between asia and north america
-happened 12,000 years ago
140
tribes of the northwest
-engaged in fishign and tree harvesting
-made fishooks of bones
-clothing of tree bark
-homes made of wood
141
tribes of the northwest
-engaged in fishign and tree harvesting
-made fishooks of bones
-clothing of tree bark
-homes made of wood
-had totem poles that represented animals and spirits (practiced animism)
-dance of the bear
142
desert/ anazi tribes
-hunted and tried to survive the heat
-lived in caves or cliffs
-gre vegetables underground
-lived in arizona, colorado, utah, and new mexico
-built dams, reserviors and canals to conserve water
-had pit homes that were 1/2 in the ground and 1/2 out
-turned these into kivas which were spirutal buildings
-built roads for trade and carrying resources
143
tribes of the woodland east/ mississipian
-became farmers an dhunters
-first to domesticate animals
-houses made of wood
-corn created a stable food supply in some cities (ex. cahokia)
-sacrificed women (150 found in a burial mound)
144
how many people lived in cahokia (city of the missisipian tribes)?
20,000 by 1150 AD
145
where did the elite live in cahokia?
mounds
146
the cheiftain of cahokia
-ruler and spiritual leader
-thought to be the sun's brother
147
woodhenge
-48 cedar poles in cahokia
-it was a calendar to track the seasons
148
in what order did the mayans, aztecs, and incans arise?
mayan, inca, aztec
149
where did the mayans live?
-in modern day mexico, guatemala, belize, el salvador, and honduras
-lived in rainforests
150
maya
-had to carve farms and ccities out of the jungle
-reached its height from 300- 900 CE
-one of the most advanced civilizations in the world
-1st civilization to arise
151
how was maya structured pollictically? (and what 3 civiilizations does it relate to because of this)
-it was a group of city states (like ancient greece)
-each city state revolved around a temple/ observatory (like the mesopatamians)
-mayan kings ruled as god-kings (like egypt)
152
what was mayan relgion like?
-mayans were polythesits
-they built large pyramids to honor the gods
-nobles offerd blood sacfricies to repay the price of their creation
-sacrifices included blood, human, and food
153
hat were mayan pyramids like?
-smaller than egpytian or kushite pyramids
-more decorative
-contained arches like the romans
154
what sport did mayans play?
-it was a cross between basketball and soccer
-goal was to get a rubber ball through a raised ring
-winners were sacrificed to the gods
155
what were some mayan accomplishments?
-developed a system of mathematics and numbers
-knew the moon and venus' cyles
-created an accurate calendar with 365 days
156
what was the mayan's calendar like?
-had 365 days
-could accuratley predict eclipses
-teeth of two wheels spun ot record a specific date
-days were recorded again on a long count calendar tha thad thousands of years
-it stopped at december 22, 2012 leading many people to think that was the end of the world
157
what was the mayan writing system liike?
-they had hieroglyphics
-recorded astronomical observations, calendar calculations, and historical information
-was not decpiphered for thousands of years
158
inca
-2nd civilization to arise
-one of the largest and welathiest empires in the world
-began around the mid 1200s
159
where did the incans live?
-on the western coast of south america
-territory extended for around 2,500 miles
-in modern day colombia, ecuador, peru, bolivia, argentina
-covered desrets, mountains, rainforests
160
what were incan farms like?
-they were terraced
-had irrigation systems down mountainsides
-little flat land
161
machu picchu (city)
-vacation city for the emperor
-sonework so precise that they didn't use mortar
162
what were some incan accomplishments?
-no writing system
-had a record keeping system called quipu
-built suspension bridges
-built roads (10,000 miles in roads)
-first civilization to harvest potatoes
163
what was quipu?
-the incan record keeping system
-tied knots on conlored rope
-not sure what it represnts
164
why did inca build 10,00 miles of roads?
-used it to transport food to people
-government controlled all resources
165
aztec
-3rd civilizatoin to arise
-in cnetral mexico
-arose around 1200's - 1300's
166
tenochtitlan
-founded in 1325 by the aztecs
-eventually had a population of 200,000- 400,000 by the early 1500's
-connected it ot eh mainland by building 3 raised roads
-smaller cities ringed around it
167
what two other city states did the aztecs join with in 1428?
-texcoco
-tlacopan
168
who made up the noble class in the aztec empire?
-military leaders
-government officials
-preists
169
who made up the common class of the aztec empire?
-merchants
-artisans
-soldiers
-farmers
170
who made up the lowest class of the aztec empire
slaves
171
how did aztecs rule their conquered lands?
-they excersised loose control over them
-often asked for a tribute from local leadres
-if they didn't pay it then they would slaughter the entire village
172
what was religion like in the aztec empire?
-worshped many gods such as queztzalcoatl
-adopted relgious traditoins and gods from people aroudn them
-had religous festivals with sacrifices, dramas, songs, dances, nad more
-regularly sacrified human blood to the sun god
-carved out thousands of people's hearts each year with obsidian knives
173
moctezuma II
-corwned aztec emperor in 1502
-the empire began to weaken under him
-called for more and more trbute and sacrifice
-caused a rebellion of the provinces
-eventually put the rebellion down by lessing pressure on the provinces and cutting the number of government officials
