History Exam Term 2 Flashcards
How were slaves viewed in Canadian society in the early 1800s?
Viewed as property
Could buy and sell them
What challenges did townspeople face in the early 1800s in terms of living conditions?
Sewage treatment and garbage collection
Upper class in Canadian towns during the early 1800s consisted mainly of wealthy people from?
Britain
What were the consequences of the Crown and clergy reserves?
-Settlers felt hopeless
-Couldn’t access goods/services
-Inconvenient from lack of roads
What were “working bees”?
An event that allowed early settlers to socialize while completing large tasks such as building a barn.
Define Crown reserves:
Land which the government kept and sold off sometimes to bring in revenue
What happened to the Beothuk people?
-Fled to the interior away from Europeans, began to starve because no longer had access to food resources from the coast
-Disease spread, and violence occurred
The people and culture did not survive
Define clergy reserves:
Land set aside to make sure that Protestant Churches were present in Upper Canada
In 1787, the British government purchased land from which First Nations group along the northwest shore of Lake Ontario?
Mississauga First Nation
What did some First Nations people focus on to earn a living after moving into settled communities?
Selling goods such as wild rice, baskets, or maple sugar
Impressment
British Royal Navy searched ports and boats to round up American seamen to serve in the navy
Napoleonic Wars
Britain already engaged in war with France, Americans saw opportunity to gain control of North America
How did Laura Secord contribute to the War of 1812?
Traveled over 30 km on foot to tell British Colonel Fitzgibbon about a plan she overheard to attack the British
Trade blockades
France and Britain set up blockades preventing free trading of European goods, negatively impacting American economy
. Why did Tecumseh join forces with the British to fight the Americans? What did he propose?
-He joined forces because he opposed the expansion of American territories into the Ohio Valley
-Proposed the Indian Confederacy to unite First Nations
Challenge to Expansion
Americans wanted to expand into Ohio Valley where First Nations groups lived
Believed british were helping First Nations
Why were the Americans so confident that they would win the War of 1812?
They didn’t think Canadians would have strong defense
Which Treaty ended the War of 1812?
The treaty of Ghent
. Who was the commander of the British forces in Upper Canada? What were his major contributions?
-Major General Sir Isaac Brock
-Led force of British and First Nations in the capture of Fort Detroit
- How did the war impact British North America and its citizens?
-Brought the French, English and First Nations together
-Showed other countries their strength and power
-First Nations lost land
-Trauma from war
What was Tecumseh’s dream?
That his confederacy could establish a territory where his people could live in peace
What was Laura Secord awarded for her heroic actions?
100 pounds
How did the war impact America/Americans?
Surge of patriotism
Prompted westward expansion
2nd successful war of independence
reinforced independent status
When was Tecumseh killed?
During the battle of Moraviantown in 1813
Who helped Laura Secord get to the outpost at Beaver Dams?
Mohawk Soldiers
Why did Isaac Brock need to get support from Tecumseh and his confederacy?
To protect Upper Canada, needed help of First Nations
. Why did Laura Secord have to be the one to warn Lieutenant Fitzgibbon?
Her husband, John Secord had been wounded in battle and could barely walk
What makes a government democratic?
People vote to elect representatives that can make and pass laws
Was Tecmuseh successful with driving Americans out of Upper Canada?
no
. Which government members made and passed laws?
-Legislative council
-Legislative assembly (laws could be vetoed)
What Act divided the province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada?
Constitution Act of 1791
List at least 5 features of the government structure that were undemocratic and could cause problems:
-Appointments were made for life
-Governor always an Englishman
-Executive council did not represent wishes of colonists
-Legislative assembly had no real power for making and passing laws
-Citizens opinions and needs not represented in the government
Which government members represented the King or Queen?
Governor and Lieutenant Governor
Which branch of government was always an Englishman?
Governor
Why did English-speaking people outnumber French-speaking people?
British Loyalists and immigrants poured into Lower Canada
Who wanted to get rid of the seigneurial system and French law?
English merchants
What was the Chateau Clique?
An elite group of friends and acquaintances of the governor who held most power in Lower Canada
Which group of people believed the future was in farming?
The French
. Which party wanted to continue with the Custom of Paris?
Parti Canadien
What were the main differences between the Tory Party and the Parti Canadian? (economy, interests, religious)
-Tory Party supported English businessmen, Parti Canadien supported French interests
-Tory’s were protestant, Parti Canadien Catholic
-Tory - local and international trade instead of agricultural
-Canadien - agricultural, domestic trade and local markets
Which party wanted a culture influenced by Protestant reform?
tories Party
What was the purpose of the Ninety-Two Resolutions?
To present grievances to British government and give ideas for reform
Explain the 4 responses to the Ninety-Two Resolutions:
-Rejected members of legislative council should be elected
-Rejected executive council must be supported by legislative assembly
-Seigneuries must be abolished sometime in the future
-Lower Canada government can control taxes they raise but must pay allowance to British government
Why did the English merchants want to unite Upper and Lower Canada?
Thought it would give them majority of power, could impose their laws on the French
Did Louis Papineau want to unify Upper and Lower Canada?
no
What was the purpose of the Russell Resolutions?
To reject the ninety-two resolutions and put down the protest movement
What were the 4 key points of the Ninety-Two Resolutions?
-Members of legislative council should be elected by the people
- executive council must be responsible to legislative assembly
- seigneuries must be abolished and turned into privately owned farms
- Lower Canadian government should have control over taxes in Lower Canada (not British government)
What effect did the responses have on the reformers?
They were ready for rebellion
Why was the battle of St. Eustache significant to French Canadians?
It united French people from all over to take part in the rebellion
Who were the largest group of people in the Rebellion of 1837?
The French Canadian Farmers
What caused the mass protest that exploded into rebellion?
The adoption of the Russell Resolutions
Why weren’t the Patriots able to win the battle of St. Charles?
Rebels were poorly equipped and not well organized
Which leader organized the group of rebels in St. Denis that forced the government soldiers to retreat?
Wolfred Nelson
Which leader organized the Frères Chasseurs, or Hunters’ Lodges?
Robert Nelson
Which leader tried to bring about change by listing his demands in the Ninety-Two Resolutions document?
Louis-Joseph Papineau
Why was the battle of St. Eustache significant to the British?
Because they were very successful
What was the economy of Upper Canada tied to?
Growing wheat and timber trade
He organized medical training in Toronto:
John Rolph
Why were the people unhappy within their system of government?
Unhappy with the the abuses of power in government and felt powerless to make their lives better
Who were the leaders of the Reform Movement?
Marshall Spring Bidwell, William Warren, Robert Baldwin
What was the purpose of Hunters’ Lodges?
Formed guerilla army to carry out raids in Upper and Lower Canada
Why were the Loyalists upset with the British government?
Felt government was denying them their political rights
hy was the economy growing so slowly in Upper Canada?
Poor transportation system
What are 2 things that caused discontent in Upper Canada?
Government’s land policy, favoritism towards church of England
Why did Mackenzie join forces with the Patriots in Lower Canada?
Hoped it would pressure Britain into granting their reforms
What happened in the protest that Mackenzie organized down Yonge street?
-Did not plan to attack and only carried weapons to defend themselves
-A shot was fired over the heads of protestors, first shot of the rebellion
-Rebels returned fire
-Many rebels lost faith in Mackenzie deserted, were wounded or killed
What happened to the exiled rebels after the rebellion was over?
Some stayed in the U.S., others returned to Canada after being pardoned
Who was the first mayor of Toronto?
Mackenzie
He had two opposing roles during the Rebellion of 1837:
John Rolph
Why did the British government send Lord Durham to Upper and Lower Canada?
To try to find a solution to the problems that started the rebellion
He was hung for treason on April 12, 1838:
Samuel Lount
- What did the English-speaking population think of Durham?
They thought he was a hero who put their interests first
What was Durham’s opinion of the Family Compact?
Thought they were petty, corrupt, insolent Tory clique
How many articles were in the Union Act?
62
Why were the French unhappy with Durham?
He criticized the French and their culture, seen as a traitor
What 2 systems of government did Durham propose for all of British North America?
A federal and legislative system of government
- Did Durham think that Upper and Lower Canada should be united?
yes
How did the Union Act affect English-speaking people? (electoral districts, candidate eligibility, language, number of representatives, revenues & debts)
-More electoral seats for them
-Richer, more eligible candidates
-English language used for all purposes, guaranteeing importance
-Equal number of representatives even though smaller population
-Less revenues and more debt, better side of deal
When did the union of all British North America happen?
1867
After the Union Act of 1840, what were the 2 Canada’s known as?
The Province of Canada
What caused political deadlock after the 2 provinces were unified?
Each province has an equal number of representatives that only cared about their own issues
When was the Durham report finished?
January, 1840
List Durham’s 5 recommendations:
-Upper and Lower Canada should be united
-Power of government in united colony should rest with elected assembly
-Eventually all of British North America should be united
-Municipal government should be created for the towns
Land question on PEI should be resolved
Which colony was the first to be granted a responsible government?
Nova Scotia
How did the Union Act affect French-speaking people? (electoral districts, candidate eligibility, language, number of representatives, revenues & debts)
-Fewer seats for them
-Poorer, less eligible candidates
-French language not used for written records, only for translation
-Equal number of representatives, even though have a bigger population
-Have greater revenues and less debt, but got worse side of deal
What are 2 reasons that the Union Act of 1840 was unfair to the French?
-Tried to wipe out French culture and language
-Did not get equal representation
What were the requirements for someone to run for election?
Must own property worth more than 500 pounds after bills paids
What is a “political deadlock”? How do you break a deadlock?
Occurs when each side holds strong views that they won’t change and no issues can be voted upon or resolved
What is Joseph Howe known for?
Being the most famous politician in Nova Scotia’s history
List the 4 basic elements of responsible government:
-Executive council responsible to the elected assembly
-After an election, Governor would appoint a leader from the party that controlled the Assembly to head the executive council
-They would then be known as the premier or prime minister
-If premier loses support of the Assembly by being outvoted, he must resign, Governor then chooses someone else to be leader or calls an election
- Who was the first politician to become premier under the system of responsible government?
James Uniacke
What are the Corn Laws?
Laws that set custom duties on wheat and other grains imported into Britain
. Who approved the Rebellion Losses Bill?
Lord Elgin
Why did Britain repeal the Corn Laws in 1846? How did it affect Canadian farmers?
-wanted to encourage free trade with other countries
-Negative for farmers as they depended on British market for trading wheat, began to look at US as new trading partner
What was the purpose of the Rebellion Losses Bill?
Created to compensate people in Lower Canada whose property has been damaged in the Rebellions of 1837
How did the Tories react to the Rebellion Losses Bill
-Violently, they threw rocks and rotten eggs at Lord Elgin’s carriage, he was also overtaken by a mob
-Tory mob invaded parliament building in Montreal and set it on fire
-Property of English-speaking reformers who support the bill was also destroyed
How did New Brunswick achieve responsible government? What was the reaction of the general population?
-It was imposed rather than agreed to by the people
-Population was dissatisfied with British system of government
- Who was the leader of the French Canadian Reformers?
Lafontaine
How did PEI achieve responsible government? What was the reaction of the general population?
-Legislative Assembly asked the Queen to grant responsible government
-Population welcomed the change as now the Assembly had more power
Why was Newfoundland the last colony to be granted a responsible government?
-British government didn’t think they were ready for it
-Very volatile relationship between political parties and Protestants and Catholicsin Newfoundland
What was the Amalgamated Assembly supposed to be? Who instituted it?
-Supposed to have 15 elected and 10 appointed members
-Sir John Harvey instituted it
How did the Amalgamated Assembly turn out? Was it successful?
-Ended up being 11 elected, 10 appointed, with a separate Executive Council
-Did not work well and ended up delaying institution of responsible government
Where did the majority of Irish settlers who came to BNA settle?
Kingston, Ottawa, Toronto and along the St. Lawrence River in Upper Canada
Why did the Irish leave Ireland?
Lack of food - potato famine, many people were starving and getting sick
What were the ships that Irish settlers traveled on referred to and why did they get that name?
-Coffin ships
-No bathrooms, Cholera and Typhus killed 20-50% of all passengers
What type of labour did the Irish provide in BNA?
-Cheap labour
-Construction projects such as, building canals
What was the underground railroad and how did it work?
-A secret network of people who helped slaves get their freedom
-Abolitionists worked to take slaves from Southern states to North states into Canada
- What did Canada do to help slaves in the south?
Passed law called “Act to Limit Slavery” any slave who entered Canada was now free
What were escaped slaves referred to as?
Cargo, packages and freight
Why would slave owners in the south post photos of slaves in the newspapers?
Wanted to discourage slaves from running away so they offered rewards to locate them
What was Harriet Tubman most known for?
-Used a secret network of abolitionists known as “Underground Railroad” to escape slavery
-Made 19 trips over 10 years to free over 300 slaves
What were the roles of abolitionists?
They were against slavery and were people who worked to help slaves escape using code words
How many enslaved people were freed by The Slavery Abolition Act in 1833?
800,000 across British colonies
What did enslaved people in BNA receive as reparation once they were freed?
-Nothing, they were discriminated against in future British policies that prevented them from immigrating to the Canadas
-Slave owners receiveed reparations
Why was the invention of steam power so important to BNA? (3 reasons)
It improved trading from different colonies, strengthened economies of Canadas, easier to travel from colony to colony
Why was lumber important to BNA? (3 reasons
-BNA was rich in forests
- sold lumber to U.S. and Europe
-many jobs encouraged immigration to Canada and strengthened the economy
Why did the British government want to build a canal system in Upper and Lower Canada after the War of 1812?
They were worried about another invasion by the U.S.
- Why was the Rideau Canal important for British North America? (2 reasons)
-Was an alternate route to St. Lawrence river for the British navy to travel and be protected from U.S. border
-Connected Canada East and West together - strengthening trading relationships
Explain why it was challenging to make the Rideau Canal?
-It needed to be dug out, was a dangerous job
-Explosives were used to dig out large rocks
-Took over 15 years to make
- land covered in forests and swamps
Who believed that church and school should be separate?
Doctor Egerton Ryerson
How did Doctor Egerton Ryerson change our modern-day school system?
-Believed school and religion should be taught separately
-Trained teachers to educate better - first teachers college
-Created public school system where religion was not taught
-Taxes funded schools and paid teachers
. How were schools and religion closely tied together before the public school system?
-Teachers were often ministers who taught religion as well as math, language, etc.
-Schools built by religious groups
Which disease was the most devastating for the First Nations?
smallpox
How did the Canadian government respond to cholera being brought over by European immigrants?
-Forbade the local population from visiting ships in port
-Set up a sanitation committee and quarantine laws were strengthened
