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History Term 2 Grade 8 > History Exam Term 2 > Flashcards

History Exam Term 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How were slaves viewed in Canadian society in the early 1800s?

A

Viewed as property
Could buy and sell them

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2
Q

What challenges did townspeople face in the early 1800s in terms of living conditions?

A

Sewage treatment and garbage collection

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3
Q

Upper class in Canadian towns during the early 1800s consisted mainly of wealthy people from?

A

Britain

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4
Q

What were the consequences of the Crown and clergy reserves?

A

-Settlers felt hopeless
-Couldn’t access goods/services
-Inconvenient from lack of roads

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5
Q

What were “working bees”?

A

An event that allowed early settlers to socialize while completing large tasks such as building a barn.

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6
Q

Define Crown reserves:

A

Land which the government kept and sold off sometimes to bring in revenue

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7
Q

What happened to the Beothuk people?

A

-Fled to the interior away from Europeans, began to starve because no longer had access to food resources from the coast
-Disease spread, and violence occurred
The people and culture did not survive

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7
Q

Define clergy reserves:

A

Land set aside to make sure that Protestant Churches were present in Upper Canada

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8
Q

In 1787, the British government purchased land from which First Nations group along the northwest shore of Lake Ontario?

A

Mississauga First Nation

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8
Q

What did some First Nations people focus on to earn a living after moving into settled communities?

A

Selling goods such as wild rice, baskets, or maple sugar

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9
Q

Impressment

A

British Royal Navy searched ports and boats to round up American seamen to serve in the navy

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9
Q

Napoleonic Wars

A

Britain already engaged in war with France, Americans saw opportunity to gain control of North America

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10
Q

How did Laura Secord contribute to the War of 1812?

A

Traveled over 30 km on foot to tell British Colonel Fitzgibbon about a plan she overheard to attack the British

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10
Q

Trade blockades

A

France and Britain set up blockades preventing free trading of European goods, negatively impacting American economy

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11
Q

. Why did Tecumseh join forces with the British to fight the Americans? What did he propose?

A

-He joined forces because he opposed the expansion of American territories into the Ohio Valley
-Proposed the Indian Confederacy to unite First Nations

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11
Q

Challenge to Expansion

A

Americans wanted to expand into Ohio Valley where First Nations groups lived
Believed british were helping First Nations

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12
Q

Why were the Americans so confident that they would win the War of 1812?

A

They didn’t think Canadians would have strong defense

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13
Q

Which Treaty ended the War of 1812?

A

The treaty of Ghent

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13
Q

. Who was the commander of the British forces in Upper Canada? What were his major contributions?

A

-Major General Sir Isaac Brock
-Led force of British and First Nations in the capture of Fort Detroit

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13
Q
  1. How did the war impact British North America and its citizens?
A

-Brought the French, English and First Nations together
-Showed other countries their strength and power
-First Nations lost land
-Trauma from war

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13
Q

What was Tecumseh’s dream?

A

That his confederacy could establish a territory where his people could live in peace

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14
Q

What was Laura Secord awarded for her heroic actions?

A

100 pounds

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14
Q

How did the war impact America/Americans?

A

Surge of patriotism
Prompted westward expansion
2nd successful war of independence
reinforced independent status

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15
Q

When was Tecumseh killed?

A

During the battle of Moraviantown in 1813

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16
Q

Who helped Laura Secord get to the outpost at Beaver Dams?

A

Mohawk Soldiers

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17
Q

Why did Isaac Brock need to get support from Tecumseh and his confederacy?

A

To protect Upper Canada, needed help of First Nations

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18
Q

. Why did Laura Secord have to be the one to warn Lieutenant Fitzgibbon?

A

Her husband, John Secord had been wounded in battle and could barely walk

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19
Q

What makes a government democratic?

A

People vote to elect representatives that can make and pass laws

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20
Q

Was Tecmuseh successful with driving Americans out of Upper Canada?

A

no

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20
Q

. Which government members made and passed laws?

A

-Legislative council
-Legislative assembly (laws could be vetoed)

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21
Q

What Act divided the province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada?

A

Constitution Act of 1791

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21
Q

List at least 5 features of the government structure that were undemocratic and could cause problems:

A

-Appointments were made for life
-Governor always an Englishman
-Executive council did not represent wishes of colonists
-Legislative assembly had no real power for making and passing laws
-Citizens opinions and needs not represented in the government

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22
Q

Which government members represented the King or Queen?

A

Governor and Lieutenant Governor

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23
Q

Which branch of government was always an Englishman?

A

Governor

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23
Q

Why did English-speaking people outnumber French-speaking people?

A

British Loyalists and immigrants poured into Lower Canada

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23
Q

Who wanted to get rid of the seigneurial system and French law?

A

English merchants

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24
Q

What was the Chateau Clique?

A

An elite group of friends and acquaintances of the governor who held most power in Lower Canada

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24
Q

Which group of people believed the future was in farming?

A

The French

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25
Q

. Which party wanted to continue with the Custom of Paris?

A

Parti Canadien

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25
Q

What were the main differences between the Tory Party and the Parti Canadian? (economy, interests, religious)

A

-Tory Party supported English businessmen, Parti Canadien supported French interests
-Tory’s were protestant, Parti Canadien Catholic
-Tory - local and international trade instead of agricultural
-Canadien - agricultural, domestic trade and local markets

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26
Q

Which party wanted a culture influenced by Protestant reform?

A

tories Party

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27
Q

What was the purpose of the Ninety-Two Resolutions?

A

To present grievances to British government and give ideas for reform

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27
Q

Explain the 4 responses to the Ninety-Two Resolutions:

A

-Rejected members of legislative council should be elected
-Rejected executive council must be supported by legislative assembly
-Seigneuries must be abolished sometime in the future
-Lower Canada government can control taxes they raise but must pay allowance to British government

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27
Q

Why did the English merchants want to unite Upper and Lower Canada?

A

Thought it would give them majority of power, could impose their laws on the French

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27
Q

Did Louis Papineau want to unify Upper and Lower Canada?

A

no

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28
Q

What was the purpose of the Russell Resolutions?

A

To reject the ninety-two resolutions and put down the protest movement

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28
Q

What were the 4 key points of the Ninety-Two Resolutions?

A

-Members of legislative council should be elected by the people
- executive council must be responsible to legislative assembly
- seigneuries must be abolished and turned into privately owned farms
- Lower Canadian government should have control over taxes in Lower Canada (not British government)

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29
Q

What effect did the responses have on the reformers?

A

They were ready for rebellion

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30
Q

Why was the battle of St. Eustache significant to French Canadians?

A

It united French people from all over to take part in the rebellion

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30
Q

Who were the largest group of people in the Rebellion of 1837?

A

The French Canadian Farmers

31
Q

What caused the mass protest that exploded into rebellion?

A

The adoption of the Russell Resolutions

32
Q

Why weren’t the Patriots able to win the battle of St. Charles?

A

Rebels were poorly equipped and not well organized

33
Q

Which leader organized the group of rebels in St. Denis that forced the government soldiers to retreat?

A

Wolfred Nelson

33
Q

Which leader organized the Frères Chasseurs, or Hunters’ Lodges?

A

Robert Nelson

34
Q

Which leader tried to bring about change by listing his demands in the Ninety-Two Resolutions document?

A

Louis-Joseph Papineau

34
Q

Why was the battle of St. Eustache significant to the British?

A

Because they were very successful

35
Q

What was the economy of Upper Canada tied to?

A

Growing wheat and timber trade

35
Q

He organized medical training in Toronto:

A

John Rolph

36
Q

Why were the people unhappy within their system of government?

A

Unhappy with the the abuses of power in government and felt powerless to make their lives better

36
Q

Who were the leaders of the Reform Movement?

A

Marshall Spring Bidwell, William Warren, Robert Baldwin

36
Q

What was the purpose of Hunters’ Lodges?

A

Formed guerilla army to carry out raids in Upper and Lower Canada

36
Q

Why were the Loyalists upset with the British government?

A

Felt government was denying them their political rights

37
Q

hy was the economy growing so slowly in Upper Canada?

A

Poor transportation system

37
Q

What are 2 things that caused discontent in Upper Canada?

A

Government’s land policy, favoritism towards church of England

38
Q

Why did Mackenzie join forces with the Patriots in Lower Canada?

A

Hoped it would pressure Britain into granting their reforms

38
Q

What happened in the protest that Mackenzie organized down Yonge street?

A

-Did not plan to attack and only carried weapons to defend themselves
-A shot was fired over the heads of protestors, first shot of the rebellion
-Rebels returned fire
-Many rebels lost faith in Mackenzie deserted, were wounded or killed

39
Q

What happened to the exiled rebels after the rebellion was over?

A

Some stayed in the U.S., others returned to Canada after being pardoned

40
Q

Who was the first mayor of Toronto?

A

Mackenzie

41
Q

He had two opposing roles during the Rebellion of 1837:

A

John Rolph

41
Q

Why did the British government send Lord Durham to Upper and Lower Canada?

A

To try to find a solution to the problems that started the rebellion

42
Q

He was hung for treason on April 12, 1838:

A

Samuel Lount

42
Q
  1. What did the English-speaking population think of Durham?
A

They thought he was a hero who put their interests first

43
Q

What was Durham’s opinion of the Family Compact?

A

Thought they were petty, corrupt, insolent Tory clique

44
Q

How many articles were in the Union Act?

A

62

44
Q

Why were the French unhappy with Durham?

A

He criticized the French and their culture, seen as a traitor

45
Q

What 2 systems of government did Durham propose for all of British North America?

A

A federal and legislative system of government

45
Q
  1. Did Durham think that Upper and Lower Canada should be united?
A

yes

45
Q

How did the Union Act affect English-speaking people? (electoral districts, candidate eligibility, language, number of representatives, revenues & debts)

A

-More electoral seats for them
-Richer, more eligible candidates
-English language used for all purposes, guaranteeing importance
-Equal number of representatives even though smaller population
-Less revenues and more debt, better side of deal

45
Q

When did the union of all British North America happen?

A

1867

46
Q

After the Union Act of 1840, what were the 2 Canada’s known as?

A

The Province of Canada

46
Q

What caused political deadlock after the 2 provinces were unified?

A

Each province has an equal number of representatives that only cared about their own issues

46
Q

When was the Durham report finished?

A

January, 1840

46
Q

List Durham’s 5 recommendations:

A

-Upper and Lower Canada should be united
-Power of government in united colony should rest with elected assembly
-Eventually all of British North America should be united
-Municipal government should be created for the towns
Land question on PEI should be resolved

46
Q

Which colony was the first to be granted a responsible government?

A

Nova Scotia

46
Q

How did the Union Act affect French-speaking people? (electoral districts, candidate eligibility, language, number of representatives, revenues & debts)

A

-Fewer seats for them
-Poorer, less eligible candidates
-French language not used for written records, only for translation
-Equal number of representatives, even though have a bigger population
-Have greater revenues and less debt, but got worse side of deal

46
Q

What are 2 reasons that the Union Act of 1840 was unfair to the French?

A

-Tried to wipe out French culture and language
-Did not get equal representation

47
Q

What were the requirements for someone to run for election?

A

Must own property worth more than 500 pounds after bills paids

47
Q

What is a “political deadlock”? How do you break a deadlock?

A

Occurs when each side holds strong views that they won’t change and no issues can be voted upon or resolved

48
Q

What is Joseph Howe known for?

A

Being the most famous politician in Nova Scotia’s history

48
Q

List the 4 basic elements of responsible government:

A

-Executive council responsible to the elected assembly
-After an election, Governor would appoint a leader from the party that controlled the Assembly to head the executive council
-They would then be known as the premier or prime minister
-If premier loses support of the Assembly by being outvoted, he must resign, Governor then chooses someone else to be leader or calls an election

49
Q
  1. Who was the first politician to become premier under the system of responsible government?
A

James Uniacke

49
Q

What are the Corn Laws?

A

Laws that set custom duties on wheat and other grains imported into Britain

49
Q

. Who approved the Rebellion Losses Bill?

A

Lord Elgin

50
Q

Why did Britain repeal the Corn Laws in 1846? How did it affect Canadian farmers?

A

-wanted to encourage free trade with other countries
-Negative for farmers as they depended on British market for trading wheat, began to look at US as new trading partner

50
Q

What was the purpose of the Rebellion Losses Bill?

A

Created to compensate people in Lower Canada whose property has been damaged in the Rebellions of 1837

51
Q

How did the Tories react to the Rebellion Losses Bill

A

-Violently, they threw rocks and rotten eggs at Lord Elgin’s carriage, he was also overtaken by a mob
-Tory mob invaded parliament building in Montreal and set it on fire
-Property of English-speaking reformers who support the bill was also destroyed

51
Q

How did New Brunswick achieve responsible government? What was the reaction of the general population?

A

-It was imposed rather than agreed to by the people
-Population was dissatisfied with British system of government

52
Q
  1. Who was the leader of the French Canadian Reformers?
A

Lafontaine

52
Q

How did PEI achieve responsible government? What was the reaction of the general population?

A

-Legislative Assembly asked the Queen to grant responsible government
-Population welcomed the change as now the Assembly had more power

53
Q

Why was Newfoundland the last colony to be granted a responsible government?

A

-British government didn’t think they were ready for it
-Very volatile relationship between political parties and Protestants and Catholicsin Newfoundland

53
Q

What was the Amalgamated Assembly supposed to be? Who instituted it?

A

-Supposed to have 15 elected and 10 appointed members
-Sir John Harvey instituted it

54
Q

How did the Amalgamated Assembly turn out? Was it successful?

A

-Ended up being 11 elected, 10 appointed, with a separate Executive Council
-Did not work well and ended up delaying institution of responsible government

55
Q

Where did the majority of Irish settlers who came to BNA settle?

A

Kingston, Ottawa, Toronto and along the St. Lawrence River in Upper Canada

56
Q

Why did the Irish leave Ireland?

A

Lack of food - potato famine, many people were starving and getting sick

57
Q

What were the ships that Irish settlers traveled on referred to and why did they get that name?

A

-Coffin ships
-No bathrooms, Cholera and Typhus killed 20-50% of all passengers

58
Q

What type of labour did the Irish provide in BNA?

A

-Cheap labour
-Construction projects such as, building canals

59
Q

What was the underground railroad and how did it work?

A

-A secret network of people who helped slaves get their freedom
-Abolitionists worked to take slaves from Southern states to North states into Canada

60
Q
  1. What did Canada do to help slaves in the south?
A

Passed law called “Act to Limit Slavery” any slave who entered Canada was now free

61
Q

What were escaped slaves referred to as?

A

Cargo, packages and freight

62
Q

Why would slave owners in the south post photos of slaves in the newspapers?

A

Wanted to discourage slaves from running away so they offered rewards to locate them

63
Q

What was Harriet Tubman most known for?

A

-Used a secret network of abolitionists known as “Underground Railroad” to escape slavery
-Made 19 trips over 10 years to free over 300 slaves

64
Q

What were the roles of abolitionists?

A

They were against slavery and were people who worked to help slaves escape using code words

65
Q

How many enslaved people were freed by The Slavery Abolition Act in 1833?

A

800,000 across British colonies

66
Q

What did enslaved people in BNA receive as reparation once they were freed?

A

-Nothing, they were discriminated against in future British policies that prevented them from immigrating to the Canadas
-Slave owners receiveed reparations

67
Q

Why was the invention of steam power so important to BNA? (3 reasons)

A

It improved trading from different colonies, strengthened economies of Canadas, easier to travel from colony to colony

68
Q

Why was lumber important to BNA? (3 reasons

A

-BNA was rich in forests
- sold lumber to U.S. and Europe
-many jobs encouraged immigration to Canada and strengthened the economy

69
Q

Why did the British government want to build a canal system in Upper and Lower Canada after the War of 1812?

A

They were worried about another invasion by the U.S.

70
Q
  1. Why was the Rideau Canal important for British North America? (2 reasons)
A

-Was an alternate route to St. Lawrence river for the British navy to travel and be protected from U.S. border
-Connected Canada East and West together - strengthening trading relationships

71
Q

Explain why it was challenging to make the Rideau Canal?

A

-It needed to be dug out, was a dangerous job
-Explosives were used to dig out large rocks
-Took over 15 years to make
- land covered in forests and swamps

72
Q

Who believed that church and school should be separate?

A

Doctor Egerton Ryerson

73
Q

How did Doctor Egerton Ryerson change our modern-day school system?

A

-Believed school and religion should be taught separately
-Trained teachers to educate better - first teachers college
-Created public school system where religion was not taught
-Taxes funded schools and paid teachers

74
Q

. How were schools and religion closely tied together before the public school system?

A

-Teachers were often ministers who taught religion as well as math, language, etc.
-Schools built by religious groups

75
Q

Which disease was the most devastating for the First Nations?

A

smallpox

76
Q

How did the Canadian government respond to cholera being brought over by European immigrants?

A

-Forbade the local population from visiting ships in port
-Set up a sanitation committee and quarantine laws were strengthened

History Term 2 Grade 8 (3 decks)

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