History Exam Flashcards
- a term used to describe 1932-1933
- a period of time were 1/4 of the bolshevik party members were framed and excuted
- sent the public into horror
The Party Purges
- In mid 1936 Yezhov becomes head of NKVD
- Stalin drew up a list of 250,000 to be arrested, with 28% shot
- Went out of control arresting 7 million and killing 1 million
- Stalin scapegoated him and replaced with Beria
Yezhovchina
- Public trials of leading enemies of the state, proceedings were filmed so as to be used as propaganda.
- Stalin aimed to eliminating the old, important bolsheviks so Stalin could remove his competiton
- Removed big threats such as Trotsky and Kirov to solidfy his power
Show trials
The agreement to split Poland equally along with an alliance between the two countries, 23rd aug 1939
Nazi Soviet Pact
-German broke the trust of the Nazi-soviet pact and invaded Russia on the 22nd of June 1941
- Russia lost 60% of iron, steel and Livestock along with 40% of usable railway and grain through German offensive
Operation Barbarossa
NEP
- It ended grain requisitioning, replacing it with a fixed tax to be paid in kind,
- Allowed private ownership of small businesses, the return of private trades making goods flow easier
- not very communist
Trotsky theroied that as Industry increases agriculture will drop, became reality in 1928 with Stalin forced to introduce collectivastion in fyp
Scissors Crisis
for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consisted of a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union
5 Year Plan
After supported USA during the GD, Usa lent America $11 billion during WW2
Lend-Lease
- final attempt for German assualt
- attempted a ‘ suprise attack on soviets surronding them, coming from north and south
- only managed to move 10 miles into salient as antitnak and minefeild stopped Germans
- Soviet counter attack ended the war
Battle of Kursk
Framed Trotsky as disrespectful as didn’t show up to funeral
Framed himself as close to Lenin and Hier to the throne
Didn’t let Lenin’s letter out after death
Reasons for Stalin’s rise
War communism
Economic policies during the civil war in response to the ideological and pragmatic demands of consolidating power
nationalised banks,railroads and industry
Grain requestioning
currrency allowed for foreign trade
was a success as allowed army to operate effectivly
- An uproar against from sailors and soviet civilians against bolsheviks due to war communism becoming obsiete
- Lenin changed to NEP after battle
Kronstadt rebellion,
Came after Kerensky in 1917 because he had control of the army, leading Kerensky to let the Bolsheviks free to fight for him, keeping him in power until Oct rev
Kornilov
A Russian assembly with advisory and legislative functions. The first two called by the tsar were unacceptable but the 3rd and fourth were passed.
The Dumas
Place in Russia, had the bloodiest battle from Aug 1942- Feb 1943
-won for USSR by ‘Zukhov offensive’ strategy of surrounding the Germans in Stalingrad
- Russia faced 2.2 million deaths however cam out victourious
Stalingrad
for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consisted of a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union
5 year plan
Higher prestige farmers, went extinct in kulakisation
Kulaks
Opposition to Stalin as an upcoming front runner to be future leader of the Bolshevik party , was assasinated in 1934
Kirov
Soviet International organization established by Lenin that advocated world communism, many countries joined
Comintern
-Axis invaded attack from 1941-1944, ending with Germany being pushed back east after 900 days
- cities perimeter was fortified with 200,000 antitanks and millions of men as defense, leading to victory
Seige of Leningrad
A failed revolution initiated by the people, which became Bolshevik led against the provisional govt seeing Trotsky locked up and Lenin fleeing the country
July days
Lenin-Quote
” A lie told often enough becomes a truth”
Trotsky- Quote
” without Lenin the revolution never would have succeeded
Stalin-Quote
” the death of one man is a tragedy, a million is a statistic”
-heavy industry developed, tech advancements and infrastructure but agricultural decline
-Coal and iron doubled in output
- ‘acheving’ unrealistic goals set with ‘400% increase in industry’
- fabricated numbers to motivate workers
first five year plan
-Industrial and infrastructure continued to grow, growth in education and youth.
- Labour was exploited and agriculture still a problem
- new industries such as chemicals and metallurgy grew alot
second five year plan
- only lasted three years due to WW2
-focus went to armaments,when war began - military and urban developed however faced economic + war distribution challenges and agricultural issues
third five yr plan
surpassed religon
propaganda against religon promoting atheism
clergy’s
initially got land after Lenin introduced communism
forced to lose it and later join collective farms
conform to poor living conditions
peasants
- controlled through propaganda
- improved working conditions and bad turned alright wages
factory workers
- Repression and Persecution/ counter- revolutionists
- Loss of Property and Privilege
-Social Displacement
bourgeoise
- freedom of speech, assembly and religon however limited
1936 consitiuiton
Collectivisation
- state controlled collective farms
- an attmept to increase agriculture as had been struggling in USSR/ food crisis
-famine and kulakisation - grain requisitioning
- most farms in ukraine
- used to USSR favour
- was a propaganda feast for Communism
- communism improved living standards while capitalism struggled
Great Depression
- removed Russia from ww1
- lost railway + farmland roughly 25%
- lost 74% of coal and iron ore
Treaty of Brest-Litvosk
- introduced in 1917
- set in stone a minimum wage
- workers selected as managers
workers decree
people were feed leading to it
around 7 million died
1932-1934 famine
-50% of soviet population lost
- high rise of propaganda + Russian orthodox church reopened
- some of ussr members even supported Ger
- social realism intorduced.
1941
- ministerial leapfrog- govt officials kept changing
- army poorly organised
- fled to eastern from w tsarina left in charge
-focused on military not the people
incompetency of the tsar
portrayed him as a strong, competent leader would defend him from any criticism
cult of stalin
-not one step back
- fight to the last
- order 227
- order 270
- women equal status to men
- granted illegitimate children the same legal rights as legitimate ones
- divorce made easier
- legalised abortion
Family Code of 1918
Church lands were confiscated, civil marriage was introduced, and the traditional link between Church and state was broken
decree on the churches
Describe the impact of the atomic bomb on US-USSR relations.
The atomic bomb caused tension between the US and USSR pressuring USSR into negotiating with USA over eastern Europe and Germany, It forced peace between the two as an atomic bomb being deployed would be a catastrophe.
USA and Britan would open a second front to defeat Germany
Stalin would declare war on Japan when Germany was defeated
USSR could keep some of Poland
Work together to win WW
Key decsions of Tehran
Churchill wanted to open up a second front in the Balkans not West Europe
But Roosevelt sided with Stalin and decided it was best to open up the front in West Europe
Disagreements of Tehran
This conference weakened the relationship between Chruchill and Roosevelt as a result of Roosevelt opting to open up a second front in Western Europe
Tehran confrence impact on relations
Germany would be split into 4 zones controlled by FR,USA,UK and USSR
Germany owe $20B in reparations
UN would be set up + Nazi party banned and war crims on trial
Future governments in east Europe would have free elections
Key decsions of Yalta
Stalin wanted 16 soviet republics to have individual memberships and wanted all of Poland to be communist which both Churchill and Roosevelt didn’t agree on
Disagreements of Yalta
-As a result of Stalin acquisitions being deny tension rose between him and Roosevelt, futher solidifying the west didn’t want communist countries
-Even though they didn’t agree they were still able to do business w/ each other
Yalta impact on relations
Organization of actually splitting Germany, economy however would run as a whole.
Reparations taken from each countries zone
As soviet one was poorest could take ¼ of industrial equipment but had to provide west w/ coal and food from Soviet zone
Potsdam Key Decisions
-Truman, Stalin, Attlee
Truman didn’t want to punish Germany too harshly to avoid another TOV outbreak, agreed on by Attlee
Stalin was outraged due to losing 20 million men and demanded Germany must be crushed in the case of future attacks
Stalin and Truman further had beef over Stalin’s mass control of Eastern Europe
Disagreements of Potsdam
was a breaking point for USSR and the USA as tension rose heavily
and vice versa for the US
Potsdam impact on relations
-Truman, Stalin, Attlee
The Berlin Airlift
Truman sent B-29 bombers to Britan( carried nuclear bombs)
Airlift lasted 10 months, coal, food and other necessities flown into west Berlin
Citizens helped unload planes and supplies, were grateful in return and supported NATO
1000 Tonnes of supplies flown in daily, 170,000 Tonnes of supplies sent over total
Stalin offered west Berlin’s chance to move to east with good supplies, 3% accepted
BAY OF PIGS
On the 15th of April 1961 US planes bombed part of the Cuban Airforce
Second wave of US bombings
1400 Cuban exiles landed in April the 17th with US hoping they would overthrow government
1100 exiled and 100 dead by the 19th
Evil empire- aggressive rhetoric
Increased military spending
Star wars shield
START- 5 stage plan- reduce nuclear warheads
Inferring behind Iron curtain w first Poland then Hungary + Czech
Teamed up with Pope, John Paul
What Regan did
Glasnost( more open)
Perestroika ( communist reforms)
Dropped out of arms race
Geneva 1985 cut offensive weapons by 50%
Gorbachev
In November 1958, Khrushchev demanded the Western countries officially recognize East Germany as an independent country – they refused
He then demanded on 27 November:
Berlin should be demilitarized and Western troops withdrawn
Berlin should become a free city (independent government but controlled by Soviets)
Berlin Ultimatum
why did Khrushchev placed missiles in Cuba?
Khrushchev installed missiles in Cuba as a prelude to an all-out attack on the US.
was a problem in the Soviet Union when Gorbachev came to power
High levels of work absenteeism.
collectivisation succeses
Enforcing collectivization with punishment works- better agricultral production
Motor tractor stations- increasing effiecency
1932 2/3 village are collectivized
Eliminated kulak- stop rebellious
collectivisation failures
Allowance of small plots of land
Kulak(higher up peasants) destroyed crops + animals
1932-1933 ‘man-made’ famine/ 6 mil deaths
By 1939 400 state farms run by government official who were clueless on it, then killed kulak who knew about farming, L
a social, economic and political philosophy that analyses the impact of the ruling class on the laborers, leading to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in the society
Marxism
Why Bolsheviks won civil war
- Disciplined army turned into elite fighting force
- Geographical advantage
- propaganda spread around Russia garnering support
- military upgrades
- took land from church, nobles and landlords and even distrubuted to everyone
- introduced war communism
- increased access to education
- improved labour condtions
- “peace, land, bread” + “ all power to soviets”
Intial bolshevik reforms
sought to provide its members with alternative leisure activities that promote communism and the improvement of society, such as volunteer work, sports, and political and drama clubs.
Komosol
2 17 billlion dollar plans implemented. Stalin accused the US of ‘Dollar Imperialism’. Stalin set up Cominform and Comecon in response.
Truman doctrine- 400M
Marshall Plan- 16B
suggests the cooperation through economic and trade between Germany and France. Proposal suggests that cooperation and unity can be made through economic cooperation.
Schumann decleration
Nikita Khrushchev becomes Secretary General. To distance himself from Stalin, performs his ‘secret-speech’ where by he suggests de-stalinisation. West sees this as a ‘thaw’ in the Cold War
Destalinisation speech
-Building on the success of the Coal and Steel Treaty, the 6 founding countries expand their cooperation to other economic sectors.
-formalised by signing two treaties, creating the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
Treaty of Rome
- Us and USSR agreeed to limit amount of Ballistic missles with ABM treaty
- limited to 2 sites of 100 missles
-no further prodcution of ballistic missles
SALT 1
SALT 2
- Held in Vienna
- Limit on MIRV, ICBM and strategic bombers
-Limit of 2400 missles each side - failed to get through congress as USSR invaded Afgan
created, to promote free trade and economic integration between certain countries not in the EEC: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
Everyone has to agree to a comphremise or else veto vote activated
Luxembrug compermise
Warsaw Pact forces entered Czechoslovakia in a bid to stop the reforms instigated by Alexander Dubcek. When he refused to halt his programme of reforms Dubcek was arrested.
Prague spring
-legal system to ensure fair trials
-Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary;
-Farmers to be allowed private ownership of their land (instead of it being state owned)
-Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact and declare neutrality in the Cold War .
Hungarian Uprising reforms
Shipyard workers in the Polish city of Gdansk, led by Lech Walesa, strike for more rights. Other strikes follow across the country.
Strikes for polish workers rights
-Customs duties were’nt flowing as expected so introduced
- Gives Eu parliment more power
- strengthens European communities in envirimental protection
Single European Act (SEA)
declared independnece in 1991
- Serbia pullec out in 10 days as waste of resources of lack of serbians occupying country
Slovenia
- declared independence in 1991
- due to 12% serbian population, Serbia attack
- Serbia fight hard for four years before NATO threats make them pull out
- 37M in damage w/ 20k casualties
Croatia
- declares independence, most ethnically diverse of the Yugoslav republics, 43% Muslim, 31% Serbian
- Erupted into war
- Process of ethnic cleansing began and moved into cc camps
- By the time peace is achieved in 1995, the country has been partitioned into three areas, with each region governed by one of the three ethnic groups.
Bosnia
-creating the EU
-established the Euro
-Common foreign and security policy
-Enhanced cooperation in home (domestic) affairs and justice
Maastricht Treaty
Provided funding to bodies in all EU regions to reduce economic, social and territorial imbalance
European Reigonal Development Fund (ERDF)
Annual budget deficit not exceeding 3% of GDP
Public debt under 60% GDP
Inflation rates within 1.5% of three lowest inflation rates in the EU
Pillar 1- Maastricht Treaty
-Members undertook to define and implement common foreign and security policies
-Adopt common defense policies
Pillar 2- Maastricht Treaty
-Elimination of border control conflicted with some national immigration, free movermnet between borders
-EU gains three new members Austria, Finland and Sweeden
Pillar 3 Maasrticht Treaty
1985 treaty that led most of the European countries towards the abolishment of their national borders,
Schengen Decleration
Treaty of Paris
- Soviet union wanted Berlin to be designed as ‘free city’- no military
- West was determined to not let USSR influence the West- so disagree
- U2 spy plane shot down in Cuba, US denied claims that had evidence
- leading Krushchev to walk out
- East Germans felt Ostaligie
- GDR went into billions of debt modernizing the east
- dismatnling of Stasi secret police
effects of reunifcation
Hungarian uprising
- protest agianst communist rule
- Nagy comes in november
- tanks amd military withdrawn, Nagy making a new government w/ freedom of speech and religion
- Came to an ned as 500,000 Red army troops invaded
CMC
-John F. Kennedy decided to place a blockade, on Cuba to prevent further Soviet shipments of missiles.
-U.S. forces would seize “offensive weapons and associated matériel” that Soviet vessels might attempt to deliver to Cuba
-As the two superpowers hovered close to the brink of nuclear war, messages were exchanged between Kennedy and Khrushchev amidst extreme tension on both sides
-Krushchev infromed Kenedy on Oct 28th that he was pulling out, Kenedy removed missles from Turkey
The policy of rollback
Intervention to overthrow a communist government in another country
Why did Khrushchev refuse to accept Hungary leaving the Warsaw Pact?
It would leave a gap in the USSR’s buffer zone with Eastern Europe.
Brezhnev Doctrine
- soviet foriegn policy made to establish control over Eastern bloc
-limited independence of the satellite states as only communist parties was allowed - The soviet union defined wheter a part was capitalsit or socialist
Sinatra Doctrine
A doctrine that allowed satellite states to have complete independence as communist parties
Factors that contributed to Detente
Ostpolitik- Trade deals and communications
Sino-Soviet split- USSR and China relations weakened
Domestic Issues- vietnam war
Nucler Non Prolifertation Treaty + Nuclear Test ban Treaty
This policy of normalising relations and openness towards the East, for trades and communications, moving towards reunifcation
Ostpolitik intrdouced by Brandt-1969
- Maintain International peace and detente
- Brandt and USSR used to settle disputes peacefully
- soldified to respect eachothers borders
Treaty of Moscow- 1970
- International cooperation
- agreements of Human rights
- estbalished not being aloud to violate frontiers of other countries
- 33 accrods agreed
- USSR wanted recognition for changes that occured in WW2
Helsinki Accords- 1975
- Between Russia, USA, Britain and France reconfirmed the rights and responsibilities of those countries with regard to Berlin.
- Restablished communications and travel
Four power agreement/ Berlin - 1971
- remove the danger of nuclear war and remove weapons
- stregthen world peace and security
-Infrom the UN security of council negogtiations - 62 countries signed
Agreement of prevention of Nuclear War- 1973
- work to improve relations between East and West Ger
- refrain threat of force and abide by Human rights
- work for peace in Europe as mutuals
German basic treaty- 1972
What events led to the fall of the Berlin Wall?
-Growing financial problems (GDP of east was 40% of West), peaceful demonstrations, and emigration
- Kohl reunifcation progress
- collapse of USSR
businesspeople in the early Soviet Union, who took advantage of the opportunities for private trade and small-scale manufacturing provided under the New Economic Policy
NEPmen
-Both sides put forward their proposals on how Berlin should be run
- Us wanting the East to not be compromised by the West
-USSR wanted a ‘free city’ meaning the West would have to become less captilist to reduce eastern migration
positives of Geneva, May 1959
Eisenhower invited Khrushchev for further talks on Berlin and cold war
Outcomes- Geneva confrence
pos-
Eisenhower and Khruschev met face to face for the first time
neg- Still no agreement on a way forward
Positives and negatives camp David September 1959
Soviets withdrew the Berlin Ultimatum thawing tension
Outcomes- Camp David
-Soviets announced they shot down U-2 spy plane with Eisenhower denying it
-Eisenhower refused to apologize with the pilot admitting it was a spy plane
negatives- Paris May 1960
Relations became worse between the pair over a disagreement about he U2 spy plane
Outcomes- Paris
-Khrushchev renewed Berlin Ultimatum
-Both could still negotiate in the future
positives- Vienna, June 1961
-Kenedy appear weak giving Krushchev the idea he could walk over him
-no decision made
negatives- Vienna
-Meeting ended with no decision made
-Kenedy increased US military spending by $3.5 billion, in return Khruschev increased spending by 30%
Outcomes- Vienna
peace agreement reached on Nov. 21, 1995, by the presidents of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, ending the war in Bosnia and outlining a General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with heavy support from NATO
Dayton peace accords
-Response too late with military force in 1995
-Early attempts were like a slap on the wrist
-1 pillar in Maastricht treaty was collective foreign policy and security- which means they should’ve stepped in. NATO noly stepped with US backing
EU response to Yugoslavia
- revamp to economy that was struggling and ineffeicent
- state control loosened and attempt to introduce competition + foriegn trade
- market orientated economy didn’t work leading to shortages, inflation nd economic hardship
Perestroika
Who said This?- “ the two most powerful nations had been sqaured off, each with its finger on the button”
Krushchev
Who said This?- “It’s insane that two men sitting on opposite sides of the world, should be able to decide an end to civilisation”
Kenedy
- Brest- Litvosk treaty
-Com-intern
-Nazi- Soviet Pact
Soviet foriegn policy( 1917-45)
- banned use of nulcear weapons underwater, in the atmosphere or outer space
- allows underground tests but no debris can fall
-worked towards complete nuclear disarments
Nuclear Test ban treaty- 1963
- no one could further develop nuclear weapons
-can’t transfer nuclear weapons to other states - Treaty would be reviewed every 5yrs
Nucler Non Prolifertation Treaty- 1968
- stationing of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in outer space
-Prohibits military activities on celestial bodies - peaceful expolration of outer space aloud
Treaty of Outer Space- 1967
- the USA was prepared to use force to stop any country from gaining control over the oil rich states of the Middle East.
Carter Doctrine
-eliminated a whole category of nuclear weapons that threatened Europe in the 1980s
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF)
“Star Wars program”,by Regan which proposed a missle defense system to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons.
Strategic Defense Initiative
- Rise of nationalsim, with no military intference
- Glasnost and Perestroika
- Fall of Berlin Wall
- NATO expanding to East Europe
Reasons for the collapse of the soviet Union
- trade agreements
- transfer of techonology and expertise from the USSR
- economic relief after WW2
Comecon 1949
- Response the Marshall AId + TD
- Coordinating actions between
European communist parties under
the direction of the Soviet Union. - Intial goal was to spread communist propaganda
Comintern 1947
- Increased politcal and social opness and transparency with govt
- Allowed freedom of speech,press and political debate
- allowed fro cultral and intellectual exchange and Western ideas
- However freedom led to Soviet republics demanding freedom from USSR
Glasnost (openess)
Truman didn’t want to punish Germany too harshly to avoid another TOV outbreak, agreed on by Attlee
Stalin was outraged due to losing 20 million men
Potsdam disagreements
Stalin wanted 16 soviet republics to have individual memberships and wanted all of Poland to be communist
Yalta disagreements
- Strong believer in autocracy
-Missed oppotunities to bring the liberals on his side - Did not want the Duma or representative body
- Unwilling to share power
Tsar politcal attuitude
Stalin
key role in party, great organiser, working class background,
Trotsky
rival Lenin in intellect, good public skills, major impact in party (similar to Lenin), organised and determine, loyal, accepted decisions
Power struggle- favourable factors
Trotsky
arrogance, aloofness, viewed as an outsider, did not like the business in politics, high minded approach, sickness made him absent
Stalin
disobedient, arrested frequently, hardened
Power Struggle unfavourable factors
- worldwide communism
- coopeation with capitalist governments to stregnthen USSR and diplomacy
- “democratic centralism”- making decsions inside the party
- remove NEP
Trotsky idealogy- left
- “socialism in one country”
- rapid industrialisation + collectivization
- government planned economy
Stalin idealogy
- increase industrialsim, agriculture and military strength
- dont have to West for supplies- self suffiency
- rival the West if upcoming war
Reasons of FYP
-Soviet regime was cruel and repressive
- Soviets were insecure of army and felt West was stronger
-USSR was fanatically hostile to the west but not suicidal
Kennan Telegram
-Stalin ordered all canals, roads, and railways in Berlin to be blocked
-No aid could get into Berlin unless sent by Russia
-Wanted to starve the Allies out of Berlin
- West countered with Berlin AIrlift
Berlin Blockade
- economy was becoming stagnent
- wanted to reduce tensions + military expenditure
- Sino- soviet relations worsening
USSR reasons for detente
- needed to end Vietnam war
- wanted ‘realpolitk’ than a set foriegn policy
- wanted to free up resources to help American economy
US reasons for detente
Democratizatsiya
-the spreading of democratic processes throughout the Soviet system
- holding elections and allowing other parties to consolidate power
- legal refroms = fairer on people
Stalin Quote -death
” death is the solution to all problems”
Stalin Quote- armies
“History has shown there are no invincible armies.”
Krushchev Quote-throat
“West Berlin in like a bone in my throat”
Tsar general qoute
“The army was drowning in its own blood”. - On WW1 under Tsar Nicholas
Lenin qoute 2-breathing
“What is needed now is an economic breathing space.”-
Stalin qoute ww2 radio
“COMRADES, citizens, brothers and sisters, men of our Army and Navy! My words are addressed to you, dear friends!”- Radio broadcast in 1941, WW2.
Stalin on Kulaks
“We must liquidate the kulaks as a class”
-Bolsheviks such as legalising divorce and abortion this improved their position in short term
- Stalinist era in the 1930s women in the workforce in areas for males + had to take care of the household
- In WW2 helped out in army and supply armaments playing role in win
Women
-Lenin through redistribution of land in 1917, but this was quickly followed by grain requisitioning from WC causing a famine
- improvemnt in life with NEP
- Then Stalin collectivsation was bad as may accused as Kulaks and went into famine on collective farms
Peasents
Against Marxist ideal
Lenin - Grain requistioning and the NEP being capatilit
Stalin- economic policies + harsh working condtions faced by peasents and proliteriats
During WW2 Stalin reallowed religon aginast Marxiost athiest ideal
- increased nationalsim
- Bosnia( 2.2 millon disoplaced +100k killed)- dayton treaty
- Serbia conflict (140,000 deaths)
- Kosovo conflict- air strike
Reasons for fall of Yugosalvia
- Nuclear test ban treaty + Salt 1- reduced nuclear use and production
- Ostpolitik, 4 power agreement + Moscow treaty- improved poor relations in Germany + between Ger and USSR
- Helsinki accords- Humans rights + fostered relations b/w e+w
Detente important events
- allied communications w/ US(lend lease) and Ger NS pact
- rebuilt army through discipline and allocation of powers
- motviation through propagnada pushed Soviets to victory
Stalin as a wartime leader
- called an immediate truce with all surronding contries
- non compilence from Germany led to treaty of B-L
- civil war later broke out making treaty ineffective
Peace decree
- failed to end Russians hunger w/ stravation peaking in March 1918
- millions moved to countryside but then war communism meant grain was requistioned for peasents
Bread decree- didn’t work
Keep the Americans in, the Russian out and the German’s don.
NATO policy
