History & Evolution of Science & Ethics Flashcards
Alcmaeon of Croton
Brain, not the heart the central organ of sense.
Recognised the function of the optic nerve.
Hippocrates
Described the nature of disease
Probably did not dissect humans
William Harvey
Demonstrated circulation of blood by vivisection in dogs
Edward Jenner
Used cow pow to prevent smallpox
Louis Pasteur
Rabies vaccination
Scientific progressions
Modern human medicinal products
Studies conducted in vitro (or in silico)
Studies conducted in vivo, using animals
Clinical trials, conducted in humans
What are the 4 phases of clinical trials?
I - Healthy volunteers (young men)
II - Sick patients (small numbers, in hospitals)
III - Sick patients (larger numbers)
IV - Post-authorisation
What are the 3 theories of animal protection?
1 Indirect protection
2 Direct but unequal protection
3 Moral equality
What are the theories of indirect protection.
Those that deny animals moral status or equal
consideration with humans due to animals’ lack of consciousness, inability to reason, or lack of autonomy.
May still require not harming animals, but only because harming animals causes harm to a human being’s morality.
Where were theories of indirect protection seen?
Bible - Book of Deuteronomy
St. Augustine 354 – 430 AD - By a most just ordinance of the Creator, both their life and their death are subject to our use
St. Francis of Assisi c. 1181 – 1226 AD
Patron Saint of Animals
St. Thomas Aquinas
René Descartes
Immanuel Kant
What are the theories of Direct but Unequal
Protection.
These Accord some moral consideration to
animals. Deny them a fuller moral status due to their inability to respect another
agent’s rights or display moral reciprocity
within a community of equal agents.
Where the interests of animals and humans conflict, the interests of the humans should prevail
Where were theories of direct but unequal protection see?
Jeremy Bentham
Marshall Hall
Charles Darwin
What were halls principles of Investigation in Physiology?
- “We should never have recourse to experiment,
in cases where observation can afford us the
information required” - “No experiment should be performed without a
distinct and definite object, and without the
persuasion, after the maturest consideration,
that that object will be attained by that
experiment, in the form of a real and
uncomplicated result” - “We should not needlessly repeat experiments
which have already been performed by
physiologists of reputation” - “[Experiments] should be instituted with the
least possible infliction of suffering” - “Every physiological experiment should be
performed under such circumstances as will
secure a due observation and attestation of its
results” - “Any fact or facts… should… be laid
before the public in the simplest, plainest
terms” - “In quoting the opinion of other
authors… it should always be in their
own words”
When were Russell & Burch’s “3Rs published?
1959
What are the theories of Moral Equality?
Extend equal consideration and moral
status to animals
Deny the supposed moral relevance of the
“special properties” of human beings
Often extend the concept of rights to
animals on the grounds that they have
similar physiological and mental capacities
as infants or disabled human beings
Where were theories of Moral Equality seen?
Peter Singer
Tom Regan
What is absolute replacement?
Use of no animals or animal tissue. ABSOLUTE replacement is possible for
some toxicity testing and many
educational activities
What is relative replacement?
the use of tissues or organs rather than live animals
What is partial replacement?
uses non-animal methods in early stages
Examples of Replacement
LAL assay – extract of blood cells (amoebocytes) from
Limulus polyphemus to replace the use of rabbits for pyrogen (endotoxin) testing
Ames test – Salmonella typhimurium instead of mice
(genotoxicity testing)
Epiderm™ - in-vitro skin irritation or corrosion test
(human cell derived model)
ELISA for batch potency testing of vaccines, instead of hamster potency test
Hybridoma cell lines replacing ascites method of monoclonal antibody production in mice
Cell culture methods for cancer research
What is the Monocyte activation test?
Used to detect or quantify substances that
activate human monocytes or monocytic cells to release endogenous mediators which have a role in the human fever response.
Suitable, after product-specific validation, as a replacement for the rabbit pyrogen test
Came into effect in 2017
Examples of Reduction and/or
Refinement
Pilot studies to validate hypotheses, or refine
procedures, or find magnitude of expected effect
Use of modern anaesthetics and analgesics
Use of Zebra fish or genetically modified mice
versus dogs
Using imaging to decrease cohorts at different
time-points
SPF housing to decrease subclinical disease
Selection of humane end-points
Sharing of tissues and organs
