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Perspectives in Pharmacy > History, Evolution, and Milestone > Flashcards

History, Evolution, and Milestone Flashcards

1
Q

which evidence supports the gathering of plants for medicinal purposes during the prehistoric period?

A

archeological (evidence)

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2
Q

the archeological evidence was found in what place, 30,000 BCE.

A

Shanidar

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3
Q

this was used to splint broken bones.

A

dry clay

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4
Q

primitive people in fear of diseases see them as?

A

evil forces or forms of hassle magic

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5
Q

what were the primary healers called during prehistoric pharmacy?

A

tribal healers and shaman

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6
Q

early people described illnesses with?

A

supernatural terms

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7
Q

healers at Shanidar placed the context of healing with?

A

good and evil spirits

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8
Q

used magical potions; they diagnosed and treated most serious illnesses

A

Shamans

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9
Q

they compounded remedies with influence of evil spells or spirits

A

Shamans

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10
Q

this stems from an emperor (about 2000 BC) who sought out the medicinal value of several hundred herbs; who is the emperor?

A

Chinese pharmacy; Shen Nung

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11
Q

he reputed to have tested many of the herbs on himself, and to have written a book (which translates to native herbal)

A

Shen Nung; Pen T-Sao

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12
Q

Pen T-Sao was said to have recorded how many drugs?

A

365 drugs

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13
Q

this is a mathematical design symbolizing creation and life.

A

Pa Kua

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14
Q

at some point, man began to document healing practices on (blank) as early as (blank) BC

A

clay tablets; 2600 BC

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15
Q

one of the earliest known records was written around 1500 BC was called what? and who was it named after?

A

Ebers Papyrus; George Ebers

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16
Q

how many remedies did the Ebers Papyrus contain? and how many drugs were mentioned?

A

800 remedies; 700 drugs

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17
Q

according to Ebers Papyrus, how do they protect clothing from mice and rats?

A

by applying cat’s fat

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18
Q

according to Ebers papyrus, this is referred to as “tumor against the god Xenus”

A

cancer

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19
Q

according to Ebers Papyrus, what was considered “a delightful remedy against death”?

A

half an onion and the froth of beer

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20
Q

antiquity

enumerate the organized great settlements

A

Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Yellow and Yangtze, and Indus Rivers

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21
Q

antiquity

the changes that occurred that gradually influenced the concepts of disease and healing were evident in?

A

Mesopotamia civilization and Egypt

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22
Q

antiquity

Babylonians’ healthcare was provided by two classes of practitioners, namely?

A

asipu (magical healers) and asu (empirical healers)

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23
Q

antiquity

the asu manipulated drugs into dosage forms, namely:

A

suppositories, pills, washes, enemas, and ointments

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24
Q

antiquity

whose medical practices showed high level of pharmaceutical sophistication with wider range of dosage forms?

A

Egyptian/s (medical practice)

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25
Q

antiquity

they specialized in preparation and sale of drugs during the early years of medicine.

A

Mesopotamia

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26
Q

antiquity

the roots of modern medical profession in the West arose out of the flowering of which civilization?

A

Greek (civilization)

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27
Q

antiquity

earliest record of Greek civilization was a similar mixed concept of drugs, or known as?

A

pharmakon

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28
Q

antiquity

in his book, Odyssey, who referred to the esteemed medical wisdom of Egypt?

A

Homer

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29
Q

antiquity

this term translates to Greek physicians

A

Demiourgoi

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30
Q

antiquity

they diagnose the natural causes for illness, while not rejecting the use of supernatural healing

A

Demiourgoi (Greek physicians)

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31
Q

antiquity

some people with illnesses traveled to a temple of which God?

A

Asklepios

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32
Q

antiquity

she carries a magical serpent and a bowl of healing medicine; daughter of Asklepios

A

Hygeia

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33
Q

antiquity

the work of Homer was refined and codified by who?

A

Hippocrates of Cos

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34
Q

antiquity

who were the philosophers who built the foundations of previous natural philosophers?

A

Thales, Anaximander, Parmenides, and Empedocles

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35
Q

antiquity

the Hippocratic writers forged a conceptual link between environment and humanity by connecting the four elements with humors of the body, namely:

A

earth, air, fire, and water; black bile, blood, yellow bile, and phlegm

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36
Q

antiquity

who was the Greek physician who followed the Hippocratic method favored dietary and life-style adjustments over drug use.

A

Iatros

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37
Q

antiquity

the first great study of plants in the West was accomplished by?

A

Theoprastus

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38
Q

antiquity

he authored the Materia Medica and furthered the work of Theoprastus.

A

Dioscarides

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39
Q

antiquity

this was the standard of drugs for hundreds of years to follow.

A

Materia Medica

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40
Q

antiquity

he devised an elaborate system that attempted to balance the humors of a sick individual using drugs (coronary nature)

A

Galen (2nd Century CE)

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41
Q

antiquity

during the 2nd Century CE, what was used to treat external inflammation?

A

cucumber, a cool, and wet drug

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42
Q

antiquity

medicine in classic antiquity reached its pinnacle with?

A

Galen

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43
Q

the period of the first fall of Rome

A

Middle Ages (400 CE)

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44
Q

middle ages

first half of the millennium was referred to as?

A

Dark Ages

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45
Q

middle ages

what operated in conjunction with Greco-Roman healing methods closed?

A

Pagan temples

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46
Q

middle ages

when rational drug therapy was declined in the West, what was it replaced with and what was its teachings?

A

churches; taught that sin and disease were related

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47
Q

middle ages

stories of miracles were connected with them; twin brothers who healed the sick (AD 300) exemplifies the churches’ teachings

A

Saint Cosmas and Damian

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48
Q

middle ages

this place became renters for healing—both spiritual and corporal

A

Monastery (monasteries)

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49
Q

middle ages

they created their own classical medical texts and planted medicinal herbs in their garden

A

Monks

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50
Q

middle ages

as Western Europe struggled, a new civilisation arose—followed the teachings of?

A

Mohammed (570–632)

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51
Q

middle ages

the Arabs’ sophistication grew—Islamic medical men like (blank; 2 answers) added to the writings.

A

Rhazes (860–932) and Avicenna (980–1063)

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52
Q

middle ages

they rejected the old idea of foul tasting medicines work best

A

Arab physicians

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53
Q

middle ages

Arabs devoted a great deal of effort to make their dosage forms elegant and palatable; so they:

A

covered their medicine with gold, silver leaves; use sweetened vehicles

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54
Q

middle ages

by mid-thirteenth century, he ruled the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

A

Frederick II

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55
Q

middle ages

he codified the separate practice of pharmacy for the first time in Europe

A

Frederick II

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56
Q

middle ages

the proton-pharmacists during Frederick II’s rule called themselves what?

A

apothecaries

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57
Q

this is the beginning of the modern period; beginning of shared culture

A

Rennaisance and early modern Europe

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58
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

in (year), what place fell into the conquering Turks, and the remnants of Greek scholarly community fled West

A

1453; Constantinople (currently Istanbul)

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59
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

this had a profound effect on the study of planet drugs

A

printing

60
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

because of this, illustration of plants could be reproduced easily

A

printing

61
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

who were the medical botanists that illustrated their works with realistic renditions of plants?

A

Otto Brunfels (1500–1534),
Leonard Fuchs (1501–1566),
John Gerard (1545–1612)

62
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

he is a scholarly physician, practical surgeon, and an alchemist in 1493

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (or Paracelsus)

63
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

he was the most important advocate of chemically prepared drugs from crude plant and mineral substances; he believed that collection of those should be determined by astrology

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (or Paracelsus)

64
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

he soon took the forefront of chemistry in the 16th century

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (or Paracelsus)

65
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

who believed that God placed a sign on healing substances indicating their use of the disease?

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (or Paracelsus)

66
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

he was the first professor of chemistry at a European university

A

Johann Hartmann

67
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

from which quinine was extracted in 1820; arrived at Europe around 1640

A

Cinchona bark

68
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

Galen’s system of balancing humors by using opposite qualities could not explain cinchona bark’s efficacy against what disease?

A

Malaria

69
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

this cured malaria fevers, but had little effect on other fevers

A

Quinine

70
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

he insisted that a specific remedy for a disease existed; which displaced Galenism

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (or Paracelsus)

71
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

during this era, what crucial books were published?

A

Pharmacopeia and Nuovo receptario

Nuovo receptario (Florence, 1499)

72
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

in the mid 1600s–1800s, pharmacy made its greatest contribution to science and became a firmly established profession in which continent?

A

Europe (European continent)

73
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

he discovered oxygen in 1773, chlorine, glycerin, and inorganic acids

A

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

74
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

he pioneered the field of analytical chemistry and made discoveries using the equipment of pharmacy

A

Martin Klaproth

75
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

a French chemist who developed the modern hygrometer

A

Antoine Baumé

76
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

he developed an improved burette

A

Carl Freidrich Mohr

77
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

he is a Nobel prize winner for the isolation of fluorine by electrolytic methods

A

Henri Moissan

78
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

what did Scheele extract from plant acids some time in 1784?

A

citric acid

79
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

German scientist; he extracted morphine from pure opium, which then opened up the era of alkaloidal chemistry

A

Friedrich Sertürner

80
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

these French pharmacists isolated several alkaloids, quinine one of their significant alkaloid discovery in 1820, and caffeine

A

Joseph Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou

81
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

digitalis and digoxin

determine who discovered/developed what

A

William Withering

82
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

arsenic, chlorine, glycerin, organic acids

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

83
Q

rennaisance and early modern europe

eradication of small pox

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Edward Jenner

84
Q

French pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

iodine in algae, bromine (sea water)

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Bernard Courtois

85
Q

French pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

codeine

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Pierre Robiquet

86
Q

German pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

salicin from willow bark, nicotine from tobacco, aspirin and nicotinic acid production

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Johannes Buchner

87
Q

German pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

hyoscyamine and atropine

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Rudolf Brandes and Philipp Geiger

88
Q

20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

chemoTx, arsphenamine—syphilis

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Paul Ehrlich

89
Q

20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

insulin

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Frederick Banting and Charles Best

90
Q

20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

prontosil (sulfa drug) for hemolytic streptococci

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Gerhardt Domagk

91
Q

20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

penicillin

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Alexander Fleming

92
Q

20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

streptomycin

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Selman Waksman

93
Q

20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

injectable vaccine for polio

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Jonas Salk

94
Q

20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe

oral vaccine for polio

determine who discovered/developed what

A

Albert Sabin

95
Q

American pharmacy

in 1751, he started the first hospital

A

Benjamin Franklin

96
Q

American pharmacy

he was the first pharmacist to work in that first hospital

A

Jonathan Roberts

97
Q

American pharmacy

it was Jonathan Roberts’ successor, whose practice as a hospital pharmacist and impact upon pharmacy and medicine influenced changes that became important in the development of professional pharmacy in North America

A

John Morgan

98
Q

American pharmacy

the first hospital pharmacy began operation in what year?

A

1752

99
Q

American pharmacy

he is the Father of American Pharmacy; spent most of his life to the advancement of pharmacy

A

Willam Procter Jr.

100
Q

American pharmacy

he was a student from England’s Grantham Grammar School, served as an apprentice in an apothecary shop in Woolsthorpe

A

Isaac Newton

101
Q

American pharmacy

a pioneer in American medical education, had advocated the separation of medicine and pharmacy with physicians writing prescriptions

A

Dr. John Morgan

102
Q

American pharmacy

in 1820, a national convention of physicians approved the USP or?

A

Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America

103
Q

antebellum america

pharmacy followed trend of specialty retailing and concentrated on?

A

drugs, medicines, surgical supplies, artificial teeth and limbs, dyestuffs, essences, and chemicals

104
Q

antebellum america

these became the main distributors of patent medicines— one of the most profitable lines of merchandise in the history of American business

A

apothecary shops

105
Q

antebellum america

American apothecaries took to refill prescriptions without physician authorisation or directly treating customers, a practice called?

A

counter-prescribing

106
Q

antebellum america

to raise the stature of their rapidly growing calling, a small group of elite druggists and apothecaries met in Philadelphia in 1852 and founded?

A

American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)

107
Q

antebellum america

William Procter Jr. defined this as “the art of preparing and dispensing medicines”

A

pharmacy

108
Q

the era of count and pour

this type of business grew in 1980s and displaced independent corner drugstores

A

chain drugstore (business)

109
Q

the era of count and pour

in 1950, the proposal for six-year Doctor of Pharmacy degrees to elevate the professional standing was first initiated by?

A

University of Southern California

110
Q

the era of count and pour

the revamping of the code of ethics resulted in a new idea that swept through pharmacy during the mid to late 1960s called?

A

clinical pharmacy

111
Q

the appearance of office-style community pharmacies were concepts by?

A

Eugene V. White of Virginia

112
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

he is a Dominican priest, native of Madrid; wrote the Medicinas Caseras (1786)

A

Fr. Fernando Santa Maria

113
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

what are the three topics covered in the Medicinas Caseras?

A

medicinal barks and herbs, various sickness, and various secrets and rarities worth knowing

114
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

he wrote the Botanical Masterpiece: Flora de Filipinas

A

Fr. Blanco, OSA

115
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

when did the work and teaching mission for pharmacy in the Philippines begin?

A

1871

116
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

who were the initial instructors in the pharmacy program in the Philippines?

A

Spanish professors/professors from Spain

117
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

how many students were initially enrolled in the pharmacy program in 1871?

A

8

118
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

how many students graduated and became licensed by 1876?

A

6

119
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

this school was established and was given permit by superior gobierno in 1879

A

Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia

120
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

this was the first and largest drug store in the Philippines during 19th century and well into the 1960s

A

Botica Boie

coined in 1867

121
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

Botica Boie was founded by? when? where?

A

(by a spaniard) Dr. Lorenzo Negrao; 1930; Manila

122
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

located at Plaza de Goiti; original name was Farmacia y Drogueria D. Pablo Schuster

A

Botica de Santa Cruz

123
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

writer, revolutionary leader, politician and the first licensed Pharmacist in the Philippines

A

León Maria Guerrero y Leogardo

124
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

Appointed head of the military pharmacy in Zamboanga City and at the marine hospital in Kawit, Cavite

A

León Maria Guerrero y Leogardo

125
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

the oldest in the Philippines, founded in May 1871 by virtue of the modification of the Moret decree of 1870; the faculty is the first pharmaceutical institution

A

UST Faculty of Pharmacy

126
Q

pharmacy in the Philippines

the military governmet by the American Army organised this under a military order in 1903

A

Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners

which was later converted into Act. No. 597 of the Philippine Commission

127
Q

a form of “freedom of wombs” approved in Spain on July 4, 1870 for application in the conquered colonies

A

Moret Law

128
Q

the Moret law granted freedom to?

A

slaves born after Sept. 17, 1868, slaves who served in the Spanish army (esp those who fought in the Ten Year War in Cuba), slaves over 60 years old, and slaves who were owned by the Spanish government

129
Q

the Degree of Pharmacy conferred to a graduate after how many years?

A

6

130
Q

what are the Degree of Pharmacy curriculum revisions?

A

1901- 4 years, 1916 - 3 years, 1930 - 4 years, 1954 - 5 years, 1984 - 4 years, 2006–2007 - 5 years, present day 4–5 years

131
Q

the branch of pharmacy which merges the clinical and pharmaceutical sciences to provide patient care to optimize medication use in the cure, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and mitigation of diseases of man

A

Clinical pharmacy

132
Q

when did UP offer its first instruction in pharmacy?

A

June 5, 1911

133
Q

under which college was the pharmacy program offered?

A

College of Liberal Arts

134
Q

UP: Pharmacy in the Philippines

what was the initial duration of the pharmacy program?

A

3 years

135
Q

UP: Pharmacy in the Philippines

what were the two degrees offered initially?

A

Graduate of Pharmacy (PhG) and Pharmaceutical Chemist (PhC)

136
Q

UP: Pharmacy in the Philippines

how many students enrolled in the first academic year? (1911–1912)

A

32 students (15 males and 17 females)

137
Q

UP: Pharmacy in the Philippines

when was the 4-year Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (BSP) course introduced?

A

1913–1914

138
Q

when did the Board of Regents authorize the establishment of the Pharmacy course under the College of Medicine?

A

February 12, 1914

139
Q

who was recommended as the best-qualified director to develop the Pharmacy course?

A

Prof. Andrew Grover DuMez

140
Q

who recommended Prof. Andrew Grover DuMez for the director position?

A

Dr. Edward Kremers

141
Q

in which year were two departments created within the Pharmacy program?

A

1916

142
Q

which department taught Pharmacy, Drugstore Practice, and Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence?

A

Department of Pharmacy

143
Q

which department handled subjects like Toxicology, Organic Chemistry, and Physiological Chemistry?

A

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

144
Q

when was the three-year Pharmacy course abolished?

A

1930

and at the same year, adopted the 4-year minimum course

145
Q

which law made the four-year course compulsory for all schools and colleges of pharmacy?

A

RA 3596

Perspectives in Pharmacy (5 decks)

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