History, Evolution, and Milestone Flashcards
1
Q
which evidence supports the gathering of plants for medicinal purposes during the prehistoric period?
A
archeological (evidence)
2
Q
the archeological evidence was found in what place, 30,000 BCE.
A
Shanidar
3
Q
this was used to splint broken bones.
A
dry clay
4
Q
primitive people in fear of diseases see them as?
A
evil forces or forms of hassle magic
5
Q
what were the primary healers called during prehistoric pharmacy?
A
tribal healers and shaman
6
Q
early people described illnesses with?
A
supernatural terms
7
Q
healers at Shanidar placed the context of healing with?
A
good and evil spirits
8
Q
used magical potions; they diagnosed and treated most serious illnesses
A
Shamans
9
Q
they compounded remedies with influence of evil spells or spirits
A
Shamans
10
Q
this stems from an emperor (about 2000 BC) who sought out the medicinal value of several hundred herbs; who is the emperor?
A
Chinese pharmacy; Shen Nung
11
Q
he reputed to have tested many of the herbs on himself, and to have written a book (which translates to native herbal)
A
Shen Nung; Pen T-Sao
12
Q
Pen T-Sao was said to have recorded how many drugs?
A
365 drugs
13
Q
this is a mathematical design symbolizing creation and life.
A
Pa Kua
14
Q
at some point, man began to document healing practices on (blank) as early as (blank) BC
A
clay tablets; 2600 BC
15
Q
one of the earliest known records was written around 1500 BC was called what? and who was it named after?
A
Ebers Papyrus; George Ebers
16
Q
how many remedies did the Ebers Papyrus contain? and how many drugs were mentioned?
A
800 remedies; 700 drugs
17
Q
according to Ebers Papyrus, how do they protect clothing from mice and rats?
A
by applying cat’s fat
18
Q
according to Ebers papyrus, this is referred to as “tumor against the god Xenus”
A
cancer
19
Q
according to Ebers Papyrus, what was considered “a delightful remedy against death”?
A
half an onion and the froth of beer
20
Q
antiquity
enumerate the organized great settlements
A
Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Yellow and Yangtze, and Indus Rivers
21
Q
antiquity
the changes that occurred that gradually influenced the concepts of disease and healing were evident in?
A
Mesopotamia civilization and Egypt
22
Q
antiquity
Babylonians’ healthcare was provided by two classes of practitioners, namely?
A
asipu (magical healers) and asu (empirical healers)
23
Q
antiquity
the asu manipulated drugs into dosage forms, namely:
A
suppositories, pills, washes, enemas, and ointments
24
Q
antiquity
whose medical practices showed high level of pharmaceutical sophistication with wider range of dosage forms?
A
Egyptian/s (medical practice)
25
# *antiquity*
they specialized in preparation and sale of drugs during the early years of medicine.
Mesopotamia
26
# *antiquity*
the roots of modern medical profession in the West arose out of the flowering of which civilization?
Greek (civilization)
27
# *antiquity*
earliest record of Greek civilization was a similar mixed concept of drugs, or known as?
*pharmakon*
28
# *antiquity*
in his book, *Odyssey*, who referred to the esteemed medical wisdom of Egypt?
Homer
29
# *antiquity*
this term translates to *Greek physicians*
Demiourgoi
30
# *antiquity*
they diagnose the natural causes for illness, while not rejecting the use of supernatural healing
Demiourgoi (Greek physicians)
31
# *antiquity*
some people with illnesses traveled to a temple of which God?
Asklepios
32
# *antiquity*
she carries a magical serpent and a bowl of healing medicine; daughter of Asklepios
Hygeia
33
# *antiquity*
the work of Homer was refined and codified by who?
Hippocrates of Cos
34
# *antiquity*
who were the philosophers who built the foundations of previous natural philosophers?
Thales, Anaximander, Parmenides, and Empedocles
35
# *antiquity*
the Hippocratic writers forged a conceptual link between environment and humanity by connecting the four elements with humors of the body, namely:
earth, air, fire, and water; black bile, blood, yellow bile, and phlegm
36
# *antiquity*
who was the Greek physician who followed the Hippocratic method favored dietary and life-style adjustments over drug use.
Iatros
37
# *antiquity*
the first great study of plants in the West was accomplished by?
Theoprastus
38
# *antiquity*
he authored the *Materia Medica* and furthered the work of Theoprastus.
Dioscarides
39
# *antiquity*
this was the standard of drugs for hundreds of years to follow.
Materia Medica
40
# *antiquity*
he devised an elaborate system that attempted to balance the humors of a sick individual using drugs (coronary nature)
Galen (2nd Century CE)
41
# *antiquity*
during the 2nd Century CE, what was used to treat external inflammation?
cucumber, a cool, and wet drug
42
# *antiquity*
medicine in classic antiquity reached its pinnacle with?
Galen
43
the period of the first fall of Rome
Middle Ages (400 CE)
44
# *middle ages*
first half of the millennium was referred to as?
Dark Ages
45
# *middle ages*
what operated in conjunction with Greco-Roman healing methods closed?
Pagan temples
46
# *middle ages*
when rational drug therapy was declined in the West, what was it replaced with and what was its teachings?
churches; taught that sin and disease were related
47
# *middle ages*
stories of miracles were connected with them; twin brothers who healed the sick (AD 300) exemplifies the churches' teachings
Saint Cosmas and Damian
48
# *middle ages*
this place became renters for healing—both spiritual and corporal
Monastery (monasteries)
49
# *middle ages*
they created their own classical medical texts and planted medicinal herbs in their garden
Monks
50
# *middle ages*
as Western Europe struggled, a new civilisation arose—followed the teachings of?
Mohammed (570–632)
51
# *middle ages*
the Arabs' sophistication grew—Islamic medical men like (blank; 2 answers) added to the writings.
Rhazes (860–932) and Avicenna (980–1063)
52
# *middle ages*
they rejected the old idea of foul tasting medicines work best
Arab physicians
53
# *middle ages*
Arabs devoted a great deal of effort to make their dosage forms elegant and palatable; so they:
covered their medicine with gold, silver leaves; use sweetened vehicles
54
# *middle ages*
by mid-thirteenth century, he ruled the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Frederick II
55
# *middle ages*
he codified the separate practice of pharmacy for the first time in Europe
Frederick II
56
# *middle ages*
the proton-pharmacists during Frederick II's rule called themselves what?
apothecaries
57
this is the beginning of the modern period; beginning of shared culture
Rennaisance and early modern Europe
58
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
in (year), what place fell into the conquering Turks, and the remnants of Greek scholarly community fled West
1453; Constantinople (currently Istanbul)
59
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
this had a profound effect on the study of planet drugs
printing
60
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
because of this, illustration of plants could be reproduced easily
printing
61
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
who were the medical botanists that illustrated their works with realistic renditions of plants?
Otto Brunfels (1500–1534),
Leonard Fuchs (1501–1566),
John Gerard (1545–1612)
62
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
he is a scholarly physician, practical surgeon, and an alchemist in 1493
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (or Paracelsus)
63
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
he was the most important advocate of chemically prepared drugs from crude plant and mineral substances; he believed that collection of those should be determined by astrology
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (or Paracelsus)
64
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
he soon took the forefront of chemistry in the 16th century
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (or Paracelsus)
65
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
who believed that God placed a sign on healing substances indicating their use of the disease?
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (or Paracelsus)
66
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
he was the first professor of chemistry at a European university
Johann Hartmann
67
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
from which quinine was extracted in 1820; arrived at Europe around 1640
Cinchona bark
68
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
Galen’s system of balancing humors by using opposite qualities could not explain cinchona bark’s efficacy against what disease?
Malaria
69
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
this cured malaria fevers, but had little effect on other fevers
Quinine
70
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
he insisted that a specific remedy for a disease existed; which displaced Galenism
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (or Paracelsus)
71
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
during this era, what crucial books were published?
*Pharmacopeia* and *Nuovo receptario*
| Nuovo receptario (Florence, 1499)
72
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
in the mid 1600s–1800s, pharmacy made its greatest contribution to science and became a firmly established profession in which continent?
Europe (European continent)
73
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
he discovered oxygen in 1773, chlorine, glycerin, and inorganic acids
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
74
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
he pioneered the field of analytical chemistry and made discoveries using the equipment of pharmacy
Martin Klaproth
75
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
a French chemist who developed the modern hygrometer
Antoine Baumé
76
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
he developed an improved burette
Carl Freidrich Mohr
77
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
he is a Nobel prize winner for the isolation of fluorine by electrolytic methods
Henri Moissan
78
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
what did Scheele extract from plant acids some time in 1784?
citric acid
79
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
German scientist; he extracted morphine from pure opium, which then opened up the era of alkaloidal chemistry
Friedrich Sertürner
80
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
these French pharmacists isolated several alkaloids, quinine one of their significant alkaloid discovery in 1820, and caffeine
Joseph Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou
81
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
digitalis and digoxin
| determine who discovered/developed what
William Withering
82
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
arsenic, chlorine, glycerin, organic acids
| determine who discovered/developed what
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
83
# *rennaisance and early modern europe*
eradication of small pox
| determine who discovered/developed what
Edward Jenner
84
# *French pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
iodine in algae, bromine (sea water)
| determine who discovered/developed what
Bernard Courtois
85
# *French pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
codeine
| determine who discovered/developed what
Pierre Robiquet
86
# *German pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
salicin from willow bark, nicotine from tobacco, aspirin and nicotinic acid production
| determine who discovered/developed what
Johannes Buchner
87
# *German pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
hyoscyamine and atropine
| determine who discovered/developed what
Rudolf Brandes and Philipp Geiger
88
# *20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
chemoTx, arsphenamine—syphilis
| determine who discovered/developed what
Paul Ehrlich
89
# *20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
insulin
| determine who discovered/developed what
Frederick Banting and Charles Best
90
# *20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
prontosil (sulfa drug) for hemolytic streptococci
| determine who discovered/developed what
Gerhardt Domagk
91
# *20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
penicillin
| determine who discovered/developed what
Alexander Fleming
92
# *20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
streptomycin
| determine who discovered/developed what
Selman Waksman
93
# *20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
injectable vaccine for polio
| determine who discovered/developed what
Jonas Salk
94
# *20th Century pharmacists: rennaisance and early modern europe*
oral vaccine for polio
| determine who discovered/developed what
Albert Sabin
95
# *American pharmacy*
in 1751, he started the first hospital
Benjamin Franklin
96
# *American pharmacy*
he was the first pharmacist to work in that first hospital
Jonathan Roberts
97
# *American pharmacy*
it was Jonathan Roberts' successor, whose practice as a hospital pharmacist and impact upon pharmacy and medicine influenced changes that became important in the development of professional pharmacy in North America
John Morgan
98
# *American pharmacy*
the first hospital pharmacy began operation in what year?
1752
99
# *American pharmacy*
he is the Father of American Pharmacy; spent most of his life to the advancement of pharmacy
Willam Procter Jr.
100
# *American pharmacy*
he was a student from England's Grantham Grammar School, served as an apprentice in an apothecary shop in Woolsthorpe
Isaac Newton
101
# *American pharmacy*
a pioneer in American medical education, had advocated the separation of medicine and pharmacy with physicians writing prescriptions
Dr. John Morgan
102
# *American pharmacy*
in 1820, a national convention of physicians approved the USP or?
Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America
103
# *antebellum america*
pharmacy followed trend of specialty retailing and concentrated on?
drugs, medicines, surgical supplies, artificial teeth and limbs, dyestuffs, essences, and chemicals
104
# *antebellum america*
these became the main distributors of patent medicines— one of the most profitable lines of merchandise in the history of American business
apothecary shops
105
# *antebellum america*
American apothecaries took to refill prescriptions without physician authorisation or directly treating customers, a practice called?
counter-prescribing
106
# *antebellum america*
to raise the stature of their rapidly growing calling, a small group of elite druggists and apothecaries met in Philadelphia in 1852 and founded?
American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)
107
# *antebellum america*
William Procter Jr. defined this as "the art of preparing and dispensing medicines"
pharmacy
108
# *the era of count and pour*
this type of business grew in 1980s and displaced independent corner drugstores
chain drugstore (business)
109
# *the era of count and pour*
in 1950, the proposal for six-year Doctor of Pharmacy degrees to elevate the professional standing was first initiated by?
University of Southern California
110
# *the era of count and pour*
the revamping of the code of ethics resulted in a new idea that swept through pharmacy during the mid to late 1960s called?
clinical pharmacy
111
the appearance of office-style community pharmacies were concepts by?
Eugene V. White of Virginia
112
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
he is a Dominican priest, native of Madrid; wrote the *Medicinas Caseras* (1786)
Fr. Fernando Santa Maria
113
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
what are the three topics covered in the Medicinas Caseras?
medicinal barks and herbs, various sickness, and various secrets and rarities worth knowing
114
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
he wrote the *Botanical Masterpiece: Flora de Filipinas*
Fr. Blanco, OSA
115
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
when did the work and teaching mission for pharmacy in the Philippines begin?
1871
116
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
who were the initial instructors in the pharmacy program in the Philippines?
Spanish professors/professors from Spain
117
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
how many students were initially enrolled in the pharmacy program in 1871?
8
118
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
how many students graduated and became licensed by 1876?
6
119
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
this school was established and was given permit by superior gobierno in 1879
Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia
120
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
this was the first and largest drug store in the Philippines during 19th century and well into the 1960s
Botica Boie
| coined in 1867
121
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
Botica Boie was founded by? when? where?
(by a spaniard) Dr. Lorenzo Negrao; 1930; Manila
122
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
located at Plaza de Goiti; original name was Farmacia y Drogueria D. Pablo Schuster
Botica de Santa Cruz
123
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
writer, revolutionary leader, politician and the first licensed Pharmacist in the Philippines
León Maria Guerrero y Leogardo
124
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
Appointed head of the military pharmacy in Zamboanga City and at the marine hospital in Kawit, Cavite
León Maria Guerrero y Leogardo
125
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
the oldest in the Philippines, founded in May 1871 by virtue of the modification of the Moret decree of 1870; the faculty is the first pharmaceutical institution
UST Faculty of Pharmacy
126
# *pharmacy in the Philippines*
the military governmet by the American Army organised this under a military order in 1903
Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners
| which was later converted into Act. No. 597 of the Philippine Commission
127
a form of “freedom of wombs” approved in Spain on July 4, 1870 for application in the conquered colonies
Moret Law
128
the Moret law granted freedom to?
slaves born after Sept. 17, 1868, slaves who served in the Spanish army (esp those who fought in the Ten Year War in Cuba), slaves over 60 years old, and slaves who were owned by the Spanish government
129
the Degree of Pharmacy conferred to a graduate after how many years?
6
130
what are the Degree of Pharmacy curriculum revisions?
1901- 4 years, 1916 - 3 years, 1930 - 4 years, 1954 - 5 years, 1984 - 4 years, 2006–2007 - 5 years, present day 4–5 years
131
the branch of pharmacy which merges the clinical and pharmaceutical sciences to provide patient care to optimize medication use in the cure, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and mitigation of diseases of man
Clinical pharmacy
132
when did UP offer its first instruction in pharmacy?
June 5, 1911
133
under which college was the pharmacy program offered?
College of Liberal Arts
134
# *UP: Pharmacy in the Philippines*
what was the initial duration of the pharmacy program?
3 years
135
# *UP: Pharmacy in the Philippines*
what were the two degrees offered initially?
Graduate of Pharmacy (PhG) and Pharmaceutical Chemist (PhC)
136
# *UP: Pharmacy in the Philippines*
how many students enrolled in the first academic year? (1911–1912)
32 students (15 males and 17 females)
137
# *UP: Pharmacy in the Philippines*
when was the 4-year Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (BSP) course introduced?
1913–1914
138
when did the Board of Regents authorize the establishment of the Pharmacy course under the College of Medicine?
February 12, 1914
139
who was recommended as the best-qualified director to develop the Pharmacy course?
Prof. Andrew Grover DuMez
140
who recommended Prof. Andrew Grover DuMez for the director position?
Dr. Edward Kremers
141
in which year were two departments created within the Pharmacy program?
1916
142
which department taught Pharmacy, Drugstore Practice, and Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence?
Department of Pharmacy
143
which department handled subjects like Toxicology, Organic Chemistry, and Physiological Chemistry?
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
144
when was the three-year Pharmacy course abolished?
1930
| and at the same year, adopted the 4-year minimum course
145
which law made the four-year course compulsory for all schools and colleges of pharmacy?
RA 3596
