History - Elizabethan England c1568 - 1603 Flashcards

Question

Who was Sir Christopher Hatton? (1540-91) 1. Background and Previous experience 2. Religion 3. Personality and relationship with other counsellors 4. How he served Elizabeth

Answer 1

1. Member of Gentry, went to Oxford Uni and was a lawyer 2. Moderate Protestant, and sympathised with Catholics. 3. Intelligent, calm and kind 4. Organised the Queen's progresses. Made Lord Chancellor in 1587 Captain of Queen's bodyguard.

Answer 2

1. Member of the Gentry, Studying at Cambridge and was a well educate lawyer and was multilingual. 2. A Puritan, wanted to remove decoration from Churches and make services simpler. And believed that Catholics were a threat to the country. 3. A brilliant organiser, often disagreed with William Cecil. Once the Queen threw a slipper at his head for criticising her. 4. Put in charge of secret service. Helped uncover a Catholic plot against Elizabeth in 1571. Took over William Cecil as Secretary of State in 1572. In 1586, found evidence that Elizabeth's cousin, Mary queen of Scots, was involved in a plot to murder her.

Answer 3

1. Member of Nobility, Well educated, Childhood friend of Elizabeth, there were rumours that they were in love. 2. A puritan 3. Very ambitious, good organiser and disliked William Cecil 4. Loyal adviser to Elizabeth and was made Earl of Leicester in 1564. In 1588 he was in charge of the land forces during the Spanish Armada

Answer 4

1. She would wear a white face mask to make her look young and to hide her smallpox scars 2. She would also wear a wig by the 1850's to cover up the fact that she had lost her hair.

Answer 5

1. There were only 60 printing presses in England at the time. This made it easy for the Privy Council to censor any books or pamphlets that they disproved of. 2. The government briefly shut down London's theatres in 1597 when a play seemed to criticise the Queen. 3. Books that supported the Queen and made fun or enemies such as the King of Spain were encouraged.

Answer 6

1. She would go on regular tours around the country and visit the houses of Nobility or wealthy Gentry and were expected to have feasts and stay free of charge. 2. She travelled with many of her counsellors.

Answer 7

1. They were carefully controlled images. 2. They showed positive images of the queen and spread positive messages 3. Some were sent abroad and were meant to impress foreign rulers.

Answer 8

1. That she was England's rightful ruler - many Catholics didn't believe that she was the rightful queen so she would have an orb and sceptre and symbols of monarchs power to show that she belonged. 2. That she was powerful - she would be standing or a map of England with her hand on a globe. 3. That she was wealthy - she would wear expensive dresses and jewellery. 4. That she was young and healthy - Hid signs of aging as it was a sign of weakness. 5. That she was a wise and successful ruler - shown with a serpent which symbolised wisdom and would be shown bringing sunshine representing hope. 6. That she protected her people - some show symbols showing her as a mother, willing to sacrifice herself to protect them.

Answer 9

1. In 1571, he got involved in the Ridolfi Plot. The plan was to land 6000 Spanish troops in England, where they would join English Catholics to remove Elizabeth from the throne. But the plot was uncovered and the Duke was executed in June 1572.

Answer 10

1. They believed that the Churches should be well decorated. They might rebel if Elizabeth made the Church more Protestant.

Answer 11

1. If Elizabeth did not have any children, Mary Queen of Scots had the strongest claim. But she was Catholic.

Answer 12

1. King Philip of Spain hoped to marry Elizabeth, but he was Catholic. If she refused and reintroduced Protestantism, he might attack. Spain was the most powerful country in Europe.

Answer 13

1. Mary I had fought an expensive war against France, so Elizabeths started her reign with massive debts. And did not have enough money to pay for a full - time army.

Answer 14

1. Parliament and the Privy Council wanted Elizabeth to marry and produce and heir. People feared that if she died without an heir, it would lead to civil war.

Answer 15

1. Parliament was growing more powerful and demanding more say in how the country should be run.

Answer 16

1. Some people feared that a young woman ruler would not have the strength of character to control the powerful male nobles.

Answer 17

1. They believed that the monarch should be in charge of the country's Church and that there should be little decoration in Churches.

Answer 18

1. They wanted very plain churches and simple services. 2. There were lots of Puritans in parliament.

Answer 19

1. Country's most important industry was making woollen cloth. This was sold abroad but by the early 1550's the trade was collapsing. The government were earning less from taxes and thousands of spinners and weavers were unemployed as a result.

Answer 20

1. She decided when the parliament met. 2. She decided what parliament could discuss. 3. She could dismiss parliament if it refused to do what she wanted but she was willing to compromise.

Answer 21

1. They wanted MP's to be able to discuss what they want in parliament. 2. They wanted the organisation of the Church to be changed. They wanted less decoration and no bishops. 3. They wanted her to marry a Protestant Prince to make sure that the heir was Protestant. 4. John Stubbs wrote a pamphlet criticising her for considering a French Catholic and he was imprisoned and his right hand was chopped off.

Answer 22

1. The monarch could grant a monopoly. 2. Towards the end of her reign, many MP's complained about her giving monopolies to members of her Privy Council or favourite courtiers. 3. In 1601, she compromised and started to cancel some monopolies. 4. However these are exceptions, for most of her reign, she was able to control parliament and gain taxes and changes to the law that she wanted.

Answer 23

1. She could lose her independence, her husband might try to control and rule the country himself. 2. If she marries an English Noble, it could make other powerful men jealous and they could try and rebel against her. If she doesn't marry they will stay loyal to her and some might try to impress her in order to marry her. 3. Marrying a Catholic prince would add to her religious problems. Most people in England are protestant and do not want to be ruled by a foreign monarch and not by a Catholic.

Answer 24

1. Had been married to Mary I and was keen to regain hit title of King of England. She rejected him because of the unrest it caused when her sister married him and because of the the unsuccessful war against France with him.

Answer 25

1. They were childhood friends and there were rumours that they were in love. 2. However, he was married and in September 1560 Dudley's wife was found dead, even though the death was seen as an accident, there was suspicion that Dudley or Elizabeth was involved in the death. 3. This meant that he was out of the question, even though he waited for years to marry, he eventually gave up and married her cousin in 1578. 4. Other nobles were also jealous of their relationship.

Answer 26

1. He seemed to be a good contender because Elizabeth seemed to get a long well with him. 2. She used to call him her "frog". 3. William Cecil was in favour for the idea but others such as Dudley and Walsingham were strongly against it because he was from a Catholic country.

Answer 27

1. Mary Queen of Scots has the strongest claim to succeed, however she was Catholic. 2. But after she was executed in 1587, her son who was Protestant was a great heir. 3. William Cecil was in favour for the succession. In 1601, Robert Cecil helped prepared James VI to become King. He then became King of England and Scotland - first time both had the same monarch.

Answer 28

1. 1584 - Age 17 he went to the court of the first time and added glamour and was entertaining. He became one of Elizabeth's favourite courtiers. 2. In 1596 - Age 29 He led a successful attack on the Spanish port of Cadiz. He destroyed many Spanish warships and returned to England a national hero.

Answer 29

1. She had gained the loyalty of many advisers, however by 1600 the most trusted and experienced advisors had died and younger men had replaced them and often fought amongst themselves. She no longer had as much control as before.

Answer 30

1. England had been at war with Spain for a long time and large sums of money were spend helping fight against Spanish rule in the Netherlands. 2. She also had to send an army to Ireland after a rebellion started there.

Answer 31

1. Between 1594 and 1597 there were 4 terrible harvests. Food prices rose and there were widespread hunger. 2. Crime and poverty increased and there were riots. 3. At the same time of fighting a war with Spain meant that taxes increased too. This was very unpopular.

Answer 32

1. He wanted to be Elizabeth's main advisor, however when he was fighting the Spanish, Robert Cecil was made Secretary of State. 2. When he returned, he insulted the Queen and she punched him in the ear, he nearly drew his sword but stormed out the room. He was banned from court. 3. He was then sent to Ireland to put down a rebellion but he went against the Queen's wishes and made peace with the Irish Rebels. He was banned form court again and she took away him government jobs. 4. She also refused to renew his monopoly for selling sweet wines.

Answer 33

1. February 1601 2. Essex gathered 300 supporters of unemployed soldiers and nobles who were disappointed. His plan was to get rid of Robert Cecil and to replace him and his friends.

Answer 34

1. 8 February 1601, Essex refused to appear before the Privy Council so 4 Privy Counsellors were sent to his house where they were arrested and imprisoned. 2. He then marched into the centre of London thinking people would join them but they didn't. 3. Essex was declared a traitor but promised his supporters that if they left him that they would be pardoned and some did surrender. 4. Essex' position was weakening so he thought he would use the hostages at home to influence the Queen. 5. The Privy Council sent soldiers to bock Essex's rout back home, there was some fighting but he escaped through the River Thames by boat. 6. When he got home, he found that his hostages had been released, and the armed soldiers were surrounding his house. 7. He surrendered and the rebellion was over in just 12 hours. 8. He was then executed at the Tower of London on 25 February 1601.

Answer 35

1. Homes could now have proper roofs, not thatched roofs. 2. The houses could also be divided into upstairs and downstairs rooms.

Answer 36

1. Replaced smaller windows with wooden shutters. 2. This meant homes could now be lighter and warmer.

Answer 37

1. Yoemen and their families usually ate well, although they could not afford the fine wines and huge feasts that the gentry enjoyed. 2. However, for those at the bottom if the social hierarchy, life could be very different.

Answer 38

1. Many craftspeople, labourers or servants were forced into poverty by bad harvests, rising food prices and unemployment. 2. They struggled to pay their rent and buy food for their families.

Answer 39

1. Labourers' cottages were small and had no chimneys or glass windows. 2. Smoke could only escape through the thatched roof. 3. The small shuttered windows made it dark inside, and the floor was an earth floor.

Answer 40

1. Some gentry were given an important job in the government. If she didn't like someone she would sideline them.

Answer 41

1. The gentry dominated the House of Commons and helped to run local governments as Justices of the Peace. This gave them political power and influence.

Answer 42

1. Henry had closed the monasteries and they had owned around 1/4 of land in England, and now this land was bought by gentry and rented out to farmers.

Answer 43

1. Some could make more money from their land by rearing sheep to supply the cloth industry, or by mining coal or making iron.

Answer 44

1. Food prices were bad for the poor but they helped farmers make bigger profits.

Answer 45

1. Marrying into a richer family was one way of acquiring wealth.

Answer 46

1. Some gentry invested in overseas voyages. Sir Francis Drake made a lot of money for those who invested in his expeditions.

Answer 47

1. Number of children going to school increased during the Elizabethan period. 2. It was increasingly seen that university was needed if one wanted a career in court. 3. They would buy books and display them in libraries in their homes to show off.

Answer 48

1. Had banquets and went hunting and went to the theatre. 2. There would be feasts with a range of meats and fish and wines imported from France and Italy.

Answer 49

1. Women would wear white make up to whiten their face because not having a tanned face was a sign that they did not have to work outside. 2. There were laws passed to control what people wore, they could only wear clothes that reflected their social hierarchy.

Answer 50

1. Build large houses made out brick and lots of glass windows to show off wealth. 2. The inside would be decorated with expensive tapestries and paintings. There would also be impressive fireplaces and large libraries.

Answer 51

1. There was an increase in lawyers living in London. 2. Ambitious gentry, nobles, and merchants flocked to London because the Royal Court was based in London and people wanted patronage.

Answer 52

1. At the beginning of the Elizabethan Era there were no theatres in London, but by 1600, thousands of Londoners, rich and poor attended the theatre regularly. 2. Animal sports also took place there.

Answer 53

1. London became the most important docks in England. 2. In the 1590's 93% of cloth exports went through London. 3. Many unemployed people from the countryside came to London because of all the job opportunities such as Sailors, shoemakers and dress makers.

Answer 54

1. The plays were entertaining. 2. The themes were relevant to the audience. 3. There was a variety of different performances that appealed to everyone's tastes.

Answer 55

1. When Elizabeth became Queen, there were no theatres in London. People would also look down upon actors. However, by 1600 there were many and it was normal for most people to go there at lease once a week. 2. The main theatres were built outside the city walls in Southwark, because city authorities were concerned about the crowds of people. 3. Robert Dudley and Walsingham would protect actors and support the financially when they were treated like vagabonds.

Answer 56

1. Members of the royal court thought that setting up theatres would bring them popularity, like Robert Dudley - Earl of Leicester's men 2. Other members also did this in order to gain the patronage of the Queen, Lord Hunsdon set up the Lord Chamberlain's Men which William Shakespeare was a leading member.

Answer 57

1. Theatre gained the support of the queen and the royal court, they saw it as potential for propaganda. 2. Shakespeare's play often contained messages that the gov. approved of - keeping the social hierarchy in place the triumph of good over evil

Answer 58

1. Since many people were poor, the gov. thought that this would distract the poor and those who are suffering, decreasing the chances of a rebellion.

Answer 59

1. People were willing to invest in theatres because of the profits they pull of because of the range of audiences, the rich and poor.

Answer 60

1. There would be many people, who were eating and drinking. 2. The audience would interact with the actors by booing, cheering or even throwing stuff at them. 3. Women were not seen as suitable actors so young boys would take up the roles of women. 4. Performances would happen in daylight because there was no artificial light.

Answer 61

1. In the 1590's an estimated 15,000 people visited London theatres each week. 2. There was the fear that diseases would spread with so many people. 3. In 1593 because of the fear that the large crowds help would spread the bubonic plague, all theatres were closed.

Answer 62

1. There was the fear that the poor would encourage crime and disorder. 2. In 1574, the Council of London banned plays within the city limits and by the 1590's all theatres had moved south of the River Thames.

Answer 63

1. The large crowds of poor people could riot or join together to rebel against the government. 2. Since the Earl of Essex had attended the play of Richard II before his unsuccessful rebellion the next day increased fears.

Answer 64

1. Puritans believed that theatres were the work of the devil. 2. Puritans and other religious figures criticised the theatre for distracting people from religion.

Answer 65

1. A puritan didn't let James Burbage to renew his lease on the land so he built the Globe theatre on it as protest.

Answer 66

1. Could hold almost 3000 spectators. 2. The most expensive seats were called the Lord's Rooms, they were placed so everyone could see them. 3. The galleries were mainly for the gentry, Tickets cost 2-3 pennies, the thatched roof protected them from bad weather. 4. The pit was where poorer people stood to watch the plays, you would get wet if it rained. But it was cheap at a penny a ticket. 5. The stage included trapdoors and wall at the back where actors would make their entrances and exits. 6. The hut was above the stage and provided storage space and an area for special effects. 7. Behind the stage was the tiring house, where the actors put on their costumes and collected their props.

Answer 67

1. The thought there were too many poor, and that even though they were supposed to help them out, they did not have enough money to help everyone.

Answer 68

1. They thought that people should work hard and that if they don't they should be punished and it sets a bad example for others.

Answer 69

1. They fear the growing number of poor people. 2. They agree with Thomas Harman's book about how poor people are dangerous.

Answer 70

1. They have to keep law and order but some beggars commit crimes and rob people and break into houses. 2. The feel that they are a threat to their power because they do not listen to them.

Answer 71

1. They are worried about rebellion because Elizabeth does not have a permanent army. 2. Enemies of the Queen might persuade poor people to join a rebellion against her. Making them more dangerous to the government.

Answer 72

1. Caused food shortages meaning food prices increased and so some could not afford food and starved.

Answer 73

1. Many weavers and spinners lost their jobs. 2. The cloth trade was England's main industry. 3. It was a boom industry for the first half of the century, but in the 1550's just before Elizabeth became Queen, demand fell.

Answer 74

1. More people were looking for work. 2. But because of fewer jobs available in farming and the cloth trade, unemployment increased.

Answer 75

1. Some farmers switched from growing crops to keeping sheep because wool was in high demand. 2. They enclosed land with hedges, sheep farming did not need so many labourers and reduced the number of jobs available in farming.

Answer 76

1. Many poor people were left helpless. 2. The monasteries used to help poor people by providing food and shelter in times of hardship.

Answer 77

1. With an increasing population and more workers looking for jobs, employers could pay low wages. 2. Workers on low wages struggles to afford the rising food prices.

Answer 78

1. They were helpless poor, who were too young, too old or too sick for work. 2. They should be cared for and given food and a home or place to stay.

Answer 79

1. People who wanted to work but had become unemployed. 2. They were expected to work but help could be given to find them a job.

Answer 80

1. Vagabonds, beggars and people who were able to work but chose not to. 2. They were treated harshly - they could be whipped or forced to work in a House of Correction.

Answer 81

1. Vagabonds Act, 1572 - Any Vagabonds 14+ would be punished, and if they continued to offend they would eventually be executed if they continued. 2. Act for the Relief of the Poor, 1576 - JP's would direct the able bodied poor to find work but those who refused would be take to a House of Correction. 3. Act for the Relief of the Poor, 1598 - the impotent poor were taken care of in almshouses. Overseers of the poor would collect money from everyone to help the poor. Apprenticeships were provided for the poor to teach them a trade. 4. Act for the Punishment of Vagabonds, 1598 - Vagabonds were to be whipped before be returned to their parishes.

Answer 82

1. Happened in 1601 where all laws were reviewed when parliament met in 1601. 2. It lasted for over 200 years. 3. It helped people realise that it was the governments responsibility to help the poor and support of the poor should be paid for by taxing those who work. 4. However, it did not fix the root and causes of poverty, but it still helped thousands of people.

Answer 83

1. Spain was Catholic and England was Protestant 2. The English were encouraged to raid Spanish ships and steal their gold and silver, in hopes to gain financially and to weaken their enemy. 3. The Spanish had gained a lot of money from the New World (mainly Mexico and Peru)

Answer 84

1. Elizabethans felt it was their duty to spread Protestantism. 2. Elizabethan sailors such as Walter Raleigh believed that Native Americans could benefit from following their religions and the way of life that existed in Elizabethan England.

Answer 85

1. English nobles and even the Queen herself invested in overseas voyages as a way of making money. 2. In 1572 Drake brought back 20,000 pounds which is equivalent to 30 million today was shared with investors.

Answer 86

1. Books presented sailors such as Drake as dashing heroes. They told the tales of the great adventures of English Sailors. 2. The invention of the printing press enabled books to reach a wider audience.

Answer 87

1. Demand for English wool and cloth dropped in Europe. 2. English merchants looked for new markets in which to sell their good, and English sailors began to explore new places that they could trade with.

Answer 88

1. Most had grown up working on the coast and had worked as merchant seamen. 2. Experiences captains such as Drake and Hawkins were successful in leading voyages and they inspired great loyalty and affection from their crews, who were prepared to follow them anywhere.

Answer 89

1. Glory - He wanted to impress the Queen, he thought he could find new lands to claim for the Queen which would help make England more powerful. 2. Revenge - Wanted revenge for Spanish attack on Hawkins' fleet in 1568 and planned to attack Spanish colonies. 3. Religion - He was a puritan and wanted to weaken the greatest Catholic power in Europe. 4. Money - Wanted to make money from the Spanish for himself and to reward courtiers who had invested. 5. Trade - Wanted to find better trade routs and new markets. Several merchants helped to finance Drake's voyage.

Answer 90

1. Glory - He was a national hero and was knighted and was the first Englishman to sail around the world. 2. Revenge - Drake challenged Spain's dominance of America. His success encouraged other sailors to do the same. 3. Religion - Phillip II supported Catholic plots against the Queen, Drake weakened Spain and helped reduce the threat of Catholic takeover. 4. Money - He brought back gold, silver and jewels worth around 140,000 pounds about 200 million today. Half went to the queen and was more than her entire income in a year. 5. Trade - Drake claimed new lands for England, better trading contacts with the Spice islands.

Answer 91

1. December 1577 - Set sail with 5 ships and 170 men and he sailed down the west coast of Africa where he attacked Spanish and Portuguese ships. 2. Spring - Summer - 1578 - He then sailed down the coast of Brazil. There were many fights on the ship where Sir Thomas Doughty was executed due to mutiny. Then used 3 ships from then onwards. 3. September 1578 - January 1579 - Landed in the island of Mocha after suffering form storms for a month where he was attacked by inhabitants and was injured in the head. 4. February 1579 - Attacked Spanish colonies along the coast of Peru and they took gold, Spanish coins, silver, silks and supplies of wine. 5. March 1579 - Near the coast of Ecuador where he attacked the Cacafuego and gained a lot of gold. 6. June 1579 - he landed in California and claimed if for Queen Elizabeth naming it Nova Albion. 7. November 1579 - After landing in Ternate he traded spices like clover, cloves and ginger. 8. January - September 1580 - Past the Cape of Good Hope he finally arrived back home.

Answer 92

1. The East India Company - 1600, trade in spice, cotton, silks and tea. Trade in spices such as cloves, peppers and nutmeg. 2. The Eastland Company - 1579, trade in timber, tar and rope with Scandinavia.

Answer 93

1. Better maps and sea charts made it easier for sailors to navigate using latitude and longitude. 2. The printing press meant maps were available in large numbers. 3. The development of the magnetic compass improved navigation and was particularly useful for measuring longitude. 4. The astrolabe allowed sailors to work out their latitude by measuring the angle between the horizon and the north star. Ship positions were easier to plot.

Answer 94

1. Improved sails led to heavier goods being able to be transported faster because of triangular sails that could be easily turned to catch the strong winds of the open seas. 2. Improved rudders gave the crew more control in steering. 3. Ships could be fitted with the latest artillery, including the more rapid firing guns. English sailors could target Spanish treasure ships.

Answer 95

1. He was very loyal to Elizabeth. 2. During the 1580's, he persuaded Elizabeth to agree to an expedition to the coast of North America which he would name Virginia in her honour. 3. However, he married Elizabeth's maid of honour in secret and had a child and they were banned from court.

Answer 96

1. Must stop rival Catholic countries such as Spain and France from settling there. Chance to spread Protestantism. 2. Need a military base from where English forces can raid Spanish colonies and treasure ships. 3. Can increase England's power by taking over more territory and gaining respect from other countries. 4. England's population was growing so people needed to emigrate to North America for a better life for the poor. 5. Need new trade links for oil, wine and sugar. Ralegh said the area is home to friendly civilised Native Americans and had fertile land.,

Answer 97

1. In 1596 Raleigh published a book about his expedition which encouraged other sailors to build and English empire overseas. 2. They increased knowledge of North America. 3. Merchants saw opportunities to build trade links with North America. 4. They laid the foundations for the colonisation of America by English colonists in the 16th century.

Answer 98

Sir Richard Grenville and Ralph Lane because Elizabeth didn't let Raleigh leave the royal court.

Answer 99

1. 7 Ships carrying 600 sailors, soldiers and colonists. But crossing was difficult because after just 5 days the fleet was scattered by a fierce storm. Only Grenville's ships sailed on.

Answer 100

1. Ships got stuck in sandbanks on arrival just as a storm approached. Colonists lost almost all supplies.

Answer 101

1. Grenville returned to England to get more colonists and supplies while Lane stayed behind with just over 100 men to build a fort and colony.

Answer 102

1. Initially, relationship with the native Americans was good. They would provide them with food, but during winter when they were running out of food, Lane heard that they were going to attack so they attacked first.

Answer 103

1. English feared a revenge attack and their food supplies were running low so they were forced to be rescued by Francis Drake who had just arrived from the Carrbbean.

Answer 104

Led by John White

Answer 105

1. There were stops so the colonists were dropped off at Roanoke Island. 2. The Native Americans were suspicious of the colonists because of the attack in 1585. 3. White had to return home for supplies but was injured by French pirates. 4. When in England all ships were needed against the attack from the Spanish Armada.

Answer 106

1. White returned to Roanoke in 1890 where he found no one. His daughter Eleanor, her husband and young granddaughter were among the colonists he had dropped off in 1587. 2. There were clues that hinted to where they were but nothing happened. 3. The english colonists may have been attacked and killed by local people. 4. The colonists could have starved, because of the lack of supplies, the local people could have been unwilling to share food during the winter months.

Answer 107

1. Catholics believed that the Pope should be head of the Church. Cardinals, archbishops and bishops would help govern. 2. Monarch should be the head of the Church. Archbishops and bishops would help govern. 3. They did believe in a head of the Church or bishops, wanted committees elected by churchgoers to make the rules. 4. Act of Supremacy, 1559 - Elizabeth was the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Answer 108

1. Wanted Latin 2. English so everyone could read. 3. English, minister dressed in plain black robes. 4. Act of Uniformity, 1559 - All worship should be the same uniform. Each week everyone had to attend a church service that followed the Book of Common Prayer in English. If not they had to pay a fine. Priests had to wear religious robes.

Answer 109

1. Filled with decorations such as stained glass, windows, huge altars, statues and pictures. 2. Expensive churches went against Jesus' teachings. No catholic decorations. 3. Simple churches, white washed walls, no stained glass windows and plain tables instead of altars. 4. Kept decoration and ornaments in churches. Th puritans did not get their wish for simple looking churches.

Answer 110

1. She didn't want the Pope controlling religion in England. 2. She wanted to unite the country. 3. She did not want people with different beliefs to be punished. 4. She did not want to force religion immediately, but to let Catholicism in England to die out slowly.

Answer 111

1. Rebels wanted to restore the Catholic faith. 2. They believed that Elizabeth's 'evil' Privy Counsellors had persuaded Elizabeth to change the Church from Catholic to Protestant.

Answer 112

1. Elizabeth had taken land away from the Earls. Northumberland had lost valuable copper mines.

Answer 113

1. Elizabeth had placed her Catholic cousin under arrest when she arrived in England. 2. The rebels thought this was unfair.

Answer 114

1. Philip II of Spain and the Pope appeared to be willing to support the rebellion.

Answer 115

1. Particularly William Cecil. They blamed Cecil for their loss of political power.

Answer 116

1. 5000 rebels gathered at Brancepeth Castle. 2. They marched to Durham and took over the city and had Catholic Mass at the Cathedral. 3. They then captured Barnard Castle and the port of Hartlepool where they were promised Spanish forces which never came. 4. They asked Catholic nobles in Lancashire and Cheshire for help but they refused. 5. York and Pontefract remained in government control. 6. The Duke of Sussex led 10,000 soldiers northwards causing the rebels to panic and retreat across the River Tees and into Scotland. 7. Northumberland was handed over by the Scots and was beheaded in York in 1572. Westmorland escaped abroad. A total 450 other rebels were executed.

Answer 117

1. 700 rebels ordered to be executed but more like 450 were actually killed, 2. Privy Council wanted Duke of Norfolk executed, but was put in Tower of London and was released after 9 months. 3. Elizabeth strengthened her control of the north by confiscating land belonging to the rebels. 4. The government enforced laws more and stricter laws were introduced against Catholics.

Answer 118

1. Conformers - Some just chose to become protestant. 2. Church papists - Catholics attended Protestant services and were allowed to attend court. 3. Recusants - Several thousands Catholics refused to attend Protestant church services, and the number started to rise during the 1580's and fines were high. 4. Plotters - A small number revolted, they thought it was their Duty to God and the Pope to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots.

Answer 119

1. In February 1570 Pope Pius V issued a papal bull (decree) of excommunication against Elizabeth. 2. This meant that all English Catholics no longer had to obey Elizabeth.. 3. This also led to the arrival of enthusiastic, young missionaries from Europe, determined to spread Catholicism in England.

Answer 120

1. Catholic priests secretly arrived from France and were there to help support Catholics. 2. Jesuit missionaries were there to help persuade people to either to become Catholics or to show a stronger Catholic faith. They wanted to gain the influence of rich families. 3. From 1580 Jesuits were smuggled into rich families where they were put in small hiding places called 'priest holes'. 4. From 1580 there was an increase in the number of recusants. Plots also increased.

Answer 121

1. Roberto Ridolfi was an Italian banker used by Mary Queen of Scots to carry messages to the Pope and Philip II of Spain. 2. Mary and Duke of Norfolk wanted to join forces with Pope and Spain to organise invasion of England. Ridolfi thought this could happend by the arrival of 6000 Spanish troops joined by the English Catholics. And then Mary would become Queen and marry the Duke of Norfolk. 3. Ridolfi met with Duke of Alva, the commander of the Spanish armies in the Netherlands but he was wary of leading an invasion and suggested to do so after Elizabeth was overthrown. 4. A coded document outlining the plan was uncovered and Norfolk was executed but Mary was not executed because Elizabeth refused.

Answer 122

1. Planned for Mary Queen of Scots to become Queen of England and restore Catholicism. 2. Francis Throckmorton was a young English Catholic who carried letters between Mary and French and Spanish ambassadors and was in contact with English Catholic nobility. 3. He was put under surveillance and then he house was searched, papers were found that showed that him and Catholic nobles were planning an uprising to happen in the north at the same time as a invasion led by the French duke of Guise, with financial support form Spain and the Pope. 4. He claimed that money was promised from Spain but never came, he stated that Mary Queen of Scots was fully aware of plot but then he withdrew this claim, saying that he made it under torture.

Answer 123

1. Anthony Babington was another young Catholic who carried letters for Mary Queen of Scots. 2. He was encouraged to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary. 3. A Catholic priest was behind plot but was bas being watched by government. 4. Double agents were placed in Mary's house where they intercepted all letters sent in beer barrels which were sent to Walsingham, including one in which Mary agreed to the assassination of Elizabeth. 5. Those involved were executed in September 1586. Mary was executed in February 1587 after Elizabeth eventually was persuaded to sign her death warrant.

Answer 124

1. Anyone who claimed Elizabeth was not the rightful queen was a traitor. 2. Fine for not attending Protestant church was raised to 20 pound. 3. Recusants who refused to pay were imprisoned. 4. 2/3 of the land of any recusant who had fallen behind on paying fines were taken. 5. In 1585, Catholic priests and Jesuits were given 40 days to leave England, if they did not they would be tried for treason and would be executed. 6. Anyone who offered shelter to a Catholic priest faced the death penalty. 7. Catholics over the age of 16 had to stay within 5 miles of their home at all times. 8. Catholics were banned from holding large gatherings.

Answer 125

1. Some were executed, Elizabeth executed at least 200 during her reign. 2. Some were hanged, taken down and cut open while still conscious. Their internal organs were then taken out and burned in front of a large crowd.

Answer 126

1. They did not think the policies did not go far enough to remove Catholic influences from the new Protestant Church. 2. However, Elizabeth did like some Catholic aspects of Church, such as decorations.

Answer 127

1. When some Puritans published pamphlets complaining about the Church and the bishops they lost a lot of support. 2. However, they did think that Elizabeth was a better Queen than the next in line, Mary Queen of Scots so didn't lead any rebellions or violent protests, or try to help a foreign power invade England.

Answer 128

1. She would deal with them very harshly. 2. MPs were no longer allowed to discuss religious matters in Parliament without her permission, any who challenged her were imprisoned. 3. Puritan printing presses were destroyed, a Puritan called John Stubbs had his hand cut off for writing a pamphlet criticising Elizabeth for considering marriage to French Catholic. 4. When the Archbishop of Canterbury refused to close down Puritan prayer meetings, Elizabeth placed him under house arrest until his death. The new Archbishop expelled 200 Puritan priests for disobeying the roles of the Church.

Answer 129

1. Mary was Catholic so even though she has the strongest claim to the English throne, she will turn England back to Catholicism. 2. If Mary can be overthrown, it could happen to other female rulers, like Elizabeth. 3. Mary had been accused of murdering her own husband and the Pricy Counsellors want the murder investigated. 4. Scotland is not Protestant, so there is an opportunity to build a good relationship with Scotland, but if Mary return there it could start a civil war. 5. Mary's arrival had given English Catholics hope, causing plots and rebellions to happen. 6. Parliament did not trust Mary, some believe she should be executed. 7. There could be a threat form France and Spain, these Catholic countries would have liked to see Elizabeth ovethrown.

Answer 130

1. Mary was a potential heir to the throne and Mary was a Catholic while England was firmly Protestant. 2. Leaving Mary free could be dangerous, because Catholic plotters might group around her. They didn't believe that Elizabeth was legitimate. 3. Helping Mary win back the Scottish throne would involve a costly war which wasn't certain of success.

Answer 131

1. She was furious because she did not want the warrant to be sealed and sent to Fotheringhay. 2. She banned William Cecil from the royal court because of going against what she wanted.

Answer 132

1. Elizabeth thought it would cause Catholic uprisings, however there were none after that.

Answer 133

1. The Spanish were furious, however they were already planning the Spanish Armada so were going to take action. 2. Some of the French wanted revenge but their King did not want civil war that could start. 3. James VI King of Scotland was angry but Elizabeth placed the blame or her secretary and members of her Privy Council.

Answer 134

1. A protestant rebellion was crushed brutally by the Spanish Army. 2. This impacted cloth trade between England and Antwerp. Phillip knew this and in the 1560's twice, he banned English traders from Antwerp.

Answer 135

1. The English sent money to help the Dutch rebels and allowed their ships to dock in English Ports and allowed English sailors to attack Spanish ships carrying supplies to the Netherlands. 2. In 1584, a Catholic shot killed Prince William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch rebels. This event led to in 1885 to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch with the Dutch rebels and sent 7,000 soldiers under the command of Robert Dudley to the Netherlands. 3. However, Philip II saw this as an act of war against Spain.

Answer 136

1. In 1585, Drake attacked towns controlled by Spain in the Caribbean and returned with treasure worth 30,000. 2. This angered Philip, along with the English troops in the Netherlands, so he started assembling an armada. 3. Elizabeth strengthened England's defences. Each country was ordered to provide soldiers to defend the coast. Merchant ships that had been used for trade were converted into fighting ships. Warning beacons were set up around the coast. Lookouts watched for the arrival of the Spanish boats.

Answer 137

1. Lord Howard was a noble who had little experience of fighting at sea. However, his vice-admirals, Drake and Hawkins, were both very experienced. 2. The Duke of Medina Sidonia was brave and a good organiser but had little experience of sailing. However, his commanders were experienced sea captains. He was placed in charge of the Armada in February 1588, when the original commander died.

Answer 138

1. The Aim was to destroy enemy ships at a distance by firing cannons. The English had more long range guns than the Armada so could keep a good distance and prevent the Spanish from using their favourite tactic of boarding their opponent's ships. 2. Sail to Netherlands, meet up with the Duke of Parma - Philip's best general and protect Parma's 27,000 troops as they crossed the Channel on barges and land in Kent and march to London. When fighting at sea they would get close to the enemy, fire one round of cannon and ram into them and board their ship and take over.

Answer 139

1. Annual income was around 300,000. There were 54 battleships which were strong, light and fast. Another 140 merchant ships were converted into battleships. Total 200. There wee 14,000 English mostly experienced sailors. There were about 20,000 soldiers, most had little training and few weapons in England but she did not have enough money to train them and have a professional army. 2. Annual income was 3 mil. Armada made up of 130 ships with 2500 guns. 64 were battleships while others carried supplies, but these ships were slow, heavy and difficult to handle in rough seas. Roughly 30,000 men on board ships, 8000, 19,000 well trained soldiers and nearly 3000 servants. Another 27,000 experienced soldiers, led by the Duke of Parma were waiting in the Netherlands.

Answer 140

1. English ships were faster, lighter and easier to manoeuvre. 24 newly designed 'race - built' warships - probably best in the world. Same size as Spanish ships but longer range guns. Nearly 2000 cannons and smaller guns. 497 long - range guns and 251 medium range guns. 2. 2400 guns, most could fire heavy cannons over a short distance. 172 long range guns and 165 medium range guns. 125,000 cannon balls but were not able to fire fast enough.They were only able to fire 1 or 2 rounds a day. The ammunition was badly made, sometimes they wouldn't work and the ships were not very manoeuvrable.

Answer 141

1. In April 1587, Francis Drake carried out a daring attack on the Spanish port of Cadiz. He destroyed 24 ships and many supplies.

Answer 142

1. 29 July 1588, The Spanish fleet sailed into the English Channel in a crescent formation. The English fleet chased after them and only made the Spanish lose 3 ships.

Answer 143

1. Duke Parma sent a messages to Medina Sidonia saying they were only 50km away but were being attacked by the Dutch and that they would arrive in a week. 2. Lord Howard sent 8 unmanned ships with tar, gunpowder and other flammable materials. And shortly after midnight on 7 August these ships were set alight and let loose to drift into Calais harbour. 3. The Spanish sailors panicked and sailed for the protection of the harbour. The Spanish fleet was scattered and blown by strong winds toward sandbanks off the coast of the Netherlands.

Answer 144

1. On 8 August 1588, Lord Howard attacked the Spanish in rough seas for 9 hours with the wind and currents in their favour. 2. The English ships reloaded quicker and did not get too close to be grappled by the Spanish, but close enough to inflict a lot of damage. 3. 1000 Spanish sailors were killed and 800 were wounded, but only 50 English sailors were killed. 4. The Battle ended when the English Fleet ran out of ammunition.

Answer 145

1. On 9 August, the wind changed direction making it impossible for the Spanish to fight their way back into the English Channel so they were forced into the North Sea. 2. They English chased after them for 2 days until they started to run out of food and ammunition. 3. Elizabeth and her government still feared the attack of Duke of Parma and Elizabeth travelled to Tilbury in Essex where 4000 soldiers were guarding the coast.

Answer 146

1. September - October, the ships sailed around Scotland and Ireland where they were unfamiliar with and did not have accurate maps, storms and gales battered them to shore. 2. Many men became sick after drinking polluted water and rotten food. 3. Strong winds drove many Spanish ships on to the rocks off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland where thousands of sailors drowned or were killed by the local population. 4. Spanish lost over 50 ships, most of which were destroyed on this journey around Scotland and Ireland. 5 Ships were captured or sunk by the English Navy. Only 80 ships made it back to Spain. A total of 20,000 Spanish sailors and soldiers were killed.

Answer 147

1. Only 80 ships made it back to Spain and 20,000 men were lost. 2. Thousands of English soldiers also died. They were kept of their ships for weeks after the Battle of Gravelines because Elizabeth could not afford to pay them. Many died of hunger, or disease in filthy overcrowded conditions. Many did not get to celebrate the famous victory over the Spanish Armada.

Answer 148

1. The Northern part of the Netherlands became independent which benefited English trade and helped to make England more secure from invasion. 2. The southern area of the Netherlands remained in Spanish control.

Answer 149

1. Philip did not give up, He sent two more armadas in 1596 and 1597, luckily both were wrecked by storms. 2. In 1601, a Spanish army did land in Ireland, in support for Catholic rebels, the Spanish hoped to create a bade there for future invasion of England, but the Spanish army was defeated and the Irish rebellion ended in 1603. 3. After Elizabeth's death the war with Spain finally ended. In 1604, the Treaty of London ended the war between England and Spain that had lasted for almost 20 years.

Answer 150

1. The war changed attitudes to English Catholics, strict laws were introduced against them, they were treated with suspicion and seen as dangerous people who were a real threat to the safety of the English Monarchy. 2. They war put a lot of pressure on the English economy, increasing taxes and causing inflation and hardship for the poor. 3. However, the Armada was a huge propaganda boost for Elizabeth and it raised moral in the country. The role the wind played was taken as a sign of God's approval of Protestantism in England.