History - Democracy and Dictatorship Flashcards

Question

What are Freikorps?

Answer 1

They are ex-soldiers who are anti-communist.

Answer 2

1. 1920 2. Freikorps units led by Wolfgang Kapp. 3. The Government planned to reduce the size of the army and to disband the Freikorps but the leader of the Freikorps in Berlin disagreed and suggested to take control of Berlin and to set up a new right-wing government led by Wolfgang Kapp. 4. Around 12,000 Freikorps marched into Berlin. The army refused to fight back against ex-soldiers and the government had to flee. And Kapp was set up as the new leader. 5. The leaders of the Weimar Republic and the trade unions called on the people of Berlin not to support the putsch and asked for them to go on strike. The Freikorps failed to win support and there were a lot of strikes and protests that made it impossible for Kapp to rule so he fled Berlin after 4 days and Ebert's Weimar Government returned.

Answer 3

1. On the 8th of November Hitler and 600 SA members burst into a meeting in a Beer hall with Otto von Lossow and Gustav Von Kahr speaking to 2000 right wing members. 2. Otto and Gustav are forced to agree to the overthrow of the Government, after they agree they are let out of the Beer Hall. 3. On the 9th of November the Government responds with President Ebert declaring a state of emergency and Lossow and the army are ordered to crush the revolt. 4. Kahr and Lossow decide to not join the Putsch, despite this the revolt continues in Munich. 5. 2000 armed Nazis march to a military base in Munich and are stopped by armed police and Bavarian soldiers, a shot is fired probably by a Nazi and the police retaliate and 14 Nazis are killed with Hitler fleeing the scene and Ludendorff arrested. 6. Hitler is arrested on the 11th of November and the Nazi party is banned. 7. In February 1924 they are put on trial for treason but judges sympathetic with their views so Hitler put in jail for 5 years and Ludendorff is not even put in jail as they accepted the fact that he was "there by accident." 8. December 1924 Hitler is released from prison only 9 months later and by this point the Nazi party has almost broken up.

Answer 4

1. Introduce new currency 2. Persuade French to leave the Ruhr 3. Improve Germany's relationship with other countries 4. Continue to pay reparations 5. Get help to improve the economy 6. Create political stability and unity

Answer 5

1. New currency called Rentenmark, 1 Rentenmark replaced 1000 billion marks. (1924) 2. Inflation was brought under control and people quickly accepted the new currency. 3. People did not forget what the Germans did and some people who lost their savings did not get compensated and they felt cheated and blamed the Weimar Republic.

Answer 6

1. Stresemann called off passive resistance as it did not persuade the French to leave and it had big consequences on the economy. He then told the French that the payments would be made. 2. The French then did leave the Ruhr. 3. However some extremist right wing Germans believed that it was as sign of a weak government and that Stresemann had given in to the French.

Answer 7

1. In 1925 Stresemann signed the Locarno Pact with Britain, France, Belgium and Italy. They promised not to invade one another. In 1926, Germany joined the League of Nations. It was given "great power" status, which meant that it had a say in major decisions made. In 1926, Stresemann was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize In 1928 Germany and 64 other countries signed the Kellogg - Briand Pact. It agreed that international disputes should be settled by peaceful means, and armies should only be used for self - defence. 2. However some Germans thought that Stresemann was weak. By saying that Germany would not try to regain the land it had lost in the Versailles Treaty, he had again given in to France. Some army generals believed that Stresemann should have built up the army and used force to regain the land lost.

Answer 8

1. The Dawes Plan (1924) Gave Germany longer to pay. In 1929, the Young Plan lowered the amound Germany had to pay from 6600 to under 2000 million. 2. Some Germans didn't like the plans because they believed that Germany should not have to pay reparations at all. Even with the Dawes plan Germany would be paying reparations until 1988.

Answer 9

1. Stresemann organised loans from the USA as a part of the Dawes Plan (1924). Those loans gave a massive boost to the German economy. 2. The German government improved housing, hospitals, schools and roads. Loans were made to german firms. Many US firms set up factories in Germany. Pensions and wages rose. Exports increased and by 1928 German was the world's second strongest industrial power (behind the USA). The government increased welfare benefits and wages for state employees. 3. However the German economy relied too much on the USA. Wages for farmers stayed low and they started to support extremist groups. Unemployment remained around 1 million. From 1928 it started to rise. Richer people in Germany had to pay more tax, they complained that too much was being spent on the poor.

Answer 10

1. Between 1924 and 1928 there were no attempts to overthrow the Government. Germany had become more peaceful. 2. Support for extremist groups dropped. In the 1928 election the Nazis got under 3% of the vote. 3. No single party ever revcieved enough votes to rule on their own. The parties that formed the coalition governments often disagreed and fell out with each other.

Answer 11

1. New Facilities - New swimming pools, Sports stadia and apartment blocks as well as providing facilities, these projects created jobs. 2. Architecture and Design - German architects Walter Gropius and Miles van der Rohe produced a new style of architecture called the Bauhaus style. However, some did not like the style. 3. Literature - Writers such as Eric Remarque wrote books with anti-war messages such as All Quiet on the Western Front. However some wrote books glorifying the First World War. 4. Art - Otto Dix produced paintings that showed the inequality between the Rich and Poor at the time. Some disproved this type of art like Hitler who hated modern art and like more traditional heroic art. 5. Music and Cabaret - Going to clubs became popular, by 1927 there were 900 dance bands in Berlin. There was censorship during the reign of the Kaiser but now there was a sense of experimentation and freedom. Berlin became famous for its transvestite balls, naked dancing and nightclubs. However some Germans were shocked with what they found in Germany, the Catholic and Protestant Churches spoke out along with Organisations such as Wandervogel movement. 6. Cinema - This was the Golden age for cinema in Germany, directors like Fritz Lang and his movies like Nosferatu became popular including actress Marlene Dietrich in Blue Angel, however some found the movie too sexually explicit. 7. Theatre - Many directors became popular such as Bertold Brecht who was a communist who built his plays around the lives of ordinary people. However, some saw this as a moral decline in Weimar society because they plays were about lowlives.

Answer 12

1. Many were starting to turn optimistic but the Depression reminded them of hyperinflation and people turned to anger and despair.

Answer 13

1. 50,000 German firms closed between 1929 and 1932, those that survived saw low profits. There was not much demand for products like cars and electrical items or clothing.

Answer 14

1. By 1932, 18,000 farmers went bankrupt because people could not afford to pay high prices, and the money farmers made fell dramatically.

Answer 15

1. By January 1932 unemployment had reached 6 million. Many had to sell their possessions in order to make money.

Answer 16

1. Wages went down, in 1932 the value of german workers' wages fell by 1/3.

Answer 17

1. Was set up to help 800,000 unemployed people not over 6,000,000. The government had very little money and decided to cut unemployment benefits by 60%.

Answer 18

1. People squatted in disused office buildings and had to scavenge or beg for food.

Answer 19

1. Many of the unemployed or homeless were under the age of 25, Crime increased and many young people joined street gangs.

Answer 20

1. Different parties tried to fight each other and disrupt each other's meetings.

Answer 21

1. People started to trust the Weimar Republic less because of their disputes and the suffering caused to the German people. 2. This led to a rise in popularity in extremist groups such as the Nazi Party and the Communist Party. 3. However people were scared of the communists, especially farmers because they did not want to lose their land. So the Nazi grew even more in popularity.

Answer 22

1. Ignore the treat of Versailles 2. Smash Communism 3. Rebuild the army and invade land in eastern Europe. Armed struggle is an essential part of life. 4. Unite all German - speaking people in one country 5. One strong leader. Debate and discussion produce weak governments. There should be no majority decisions. Instead of democracy, decisions should be taken by one man. 6. The Aryans (white Europeans) are the Master Race. All other races (especially Jewish people) are inferior.

Answer 23

1. They would relate to everyone in the audience. 2. Most people thought he was speaking for them.

Answer 24

1. They would disrupt other political meetings. 2. They would spread propaganda. 3. People felt safe from a revolt and appreciated the discipline in a time of chaos.

Answer 25

1. Handed out leaflets, public meetings, visiting speakers. 2. Over 6,000 people passed through the Nazi training school that was designed to make members of the Nazi better public speakers. 3. They raised money from ordinary people and from rich businessmen like Fritz Thyssen, in order to pay for their election campaigns.

Answer 26

1. They made policies that people supported, if they didn't then they would drop it. 2. They also organised soup kitchens for unemployed people. 3. They made speeches and concentrated on issues that people found important.

Answer 27

1. Rallies were carefully planned, some had more that 100,000 people attending them. 2. They adopted the raised right arm salute and the swastika as their symbol. Hitler himself designed the flag.

Answer 28

1. Hitler is a saviour who can solve Germany's problems. 2. Hitler provides hope. 3. The Nazis are strong, determined and well organised. 4. The Nazis can defend Germany from Communism. 5. The Nazis will introduce change and build a better future. 6. The Nazis will helped unemployed people. 7. Nazis will support German families. 8. The other parties to govern Germany have failed, they have allowed Germany to be exploited and have created economic problems.

Answer 29

1. Coalition governments argued among themselves rather than providing leadership. 2. Extremist parties grew in popularity.

Answer 30

1. Hitler is appointed chancellor in January 1933. 2. Von Papen was dropped as Chancellor for Schleicher, in order to get revenge Papen made a secrete deal with Hitler to persuade Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor. 3. Hindenburg and Papen thought they could control Hitler.

Answer 31

27 February 1933 Marinus vad der Lubbe, a Dutch communist.

Answer 32

1. 4000 communists arrested. 2. Article 48 taken into action 3. Freedom of the press and the right to free speech ended. 4. The government could arrest people without charging them for a specific crime. 5. Property could be searched and confiscated without permission. 6. Opponents could be arrested - thousands were rounded up, placed in a prison and brutally tortured.

Answer 33

24 March 1933 1. Hitler gave him the power to pass laws for the next 4 years without going to the Reichstag. 2. It was passed by 44 to 94.

Answer 34

Their offices were taken over, and union leaders were arrested. All the trade unions merged into one organisation, the new German Labour Front (DAF) controlled by the Nazis.

Answer 35

In July of 1933 they were banned, no new parties were allowed to be made and all other parties broke up.

Answer 36

Happened on the 29th of June 1934 where many SA members were arrested and murdered including the leader of the SA, Ernst Röhm.

Answer 37

1. SA had 3 mil members and was rearming - Hitler did not want it to become a military Force. 2. Army officers did not like the SA - they did not like their views and their violence - feared being taken over. 3. In June 1933 Röhm warned Hitler in Newspaper that SA would fight for change that it wanted, even if against Nazi party. 4. Goering and Himmler were determined to reduce influence of Röhm and believed the rumour of an uprising on 31 June. 5. Röhm did not like Hitlers links with rich industrialists, generals, Prussians, Röhm wanted social revolution. 6. Röhm did not feel SA rewarded enough. 7. SA poorly disciplined and some were intimidated by them. 8. Hitler needed support of army because of training and discipline. 9. SA members were mainly working class - he thought they would get rich and turn against the Nazis. 10. Hitler's personal bodyguard - SS wanted to break away from SA and they were highly organised and disciplined.

Answer 38

1. Hitler won support of Army 2. Hitler's actions were popular, Hindenburg thanked him and many supported. They thought they brought around law and order. 3. Power of SA reduced and those left joined SS. Loyal Viktor Lutze new leader of SA. 4. Sent warning to Germany and opposition felt intimidated. 5. SS grew in power and was under direct control of Hitler. 6. Hitler grew in confidence and he passed a law on 3rd July 1934 that the Night of the Long Knives was legal.

Answer 39

2nd August 1934

Answer 40

1. Within an hour of the new of Hindenburgs death he announces that he will combining the role of Chancellor and President. 2. On 19 August 1934 he organised a referendum in which 90% approved Hitler taking the role of Führer. 45 million agreed on the combination of the roles, only 4.5 million said no.

Answer 41

1. Made them swear an oath directly to Hitler and to serve him and to risk their lives to him at any time. 2. Hitler wanted to make it clear that he wanted to start rearmament again and conscription. In return the army would have to stay out of politics and serve Hitler.

Answer 42

1. 2000 miles of new motorways were built. Extended railways and built new canals and bridges. 2. Schools, hospitals and houses were built.

Answer 43

1. Int 1935 it became compulsory for all 19-25 men to do six months labour service. This was increased to women too in 1939. 2. Many men worked hard and had to put up with rough working conditions and were paid little money.

Answer 44

1. From 1936 2/3 of government spending went on rearmament. New tanks, aeroplanes and battleships were ordered. Producing this equipment and uniforms provided millions of jobs in the factories and industry grew.

Answer 45

1. Women were pressured into giving up paid work and were not included in unemployment statistics. 2. Many jewish people lost their jobs and were not included in unemployment registers. 3. Conscription was introduced in 1935. All males ages 18-25 had to do 2 years military service. This increased armed forces from 100,000 to 1,400,00 and greatly reduced unemployment. 4. Young people working in RAD schemes were not included in unemployment registers.

Answer 46

1. Power of trade unions destroyed so factory owners happy. 2. Some benefited from rearmament - Daimler - Benz made aeroplanes for the government and production rose over 800%.

Answer 47

1. Many smaller firms struggles to compete against larger firms, over 300,000 small businesses went bankrupt.

Answer 48

1. At first they benefited, some farmers debts were cancelled and food prices increased. 2. Farmers incomes increased by 41% between 1933 and 1936. 3. However, later, food prices were strictly controlled and there was limited growth in agriculture. This was because - There were not enough workers as they were all in factories. There was little investment in farm machinery, the priority was on developing new technology for the army.

Answer 49

1. By 1939 only 35,000 out of the 25 million male workers were officially unemployed. 2. Average pay was 35 marks per week which was 10x better than what they received from unemployment pay. So they were happy even though people in consumer good and agriculture were payed at a lower rate.

Answer 50

1. It was difficult to get a job if you were not a member. 2. By 1939 there were 20 million members. 3. It did improves some working conditions through a scheme called the Beauty of Labour. 4. There were training courses for over 2.5 million workers.

Answer 51

1. It was created in November 1933 in by the DAF in order to improve workers leisure opportunities. 2. Over 10 million Germans took part. 3. They provided fun lessons like learning how to sail and provided tickets to concerts and holidays.

Answer 52

1. Workers had no rights and could not protest if wages cut or if working hours rose. People who refused were arrested. 2. They also made a scheme (Volkswagen scheme - peoples car) in 1938 where people would put away 5 marks a week in order to eventually fund a car, but no worker ever gained a car and in 1939 production was switched to military needs.

Answer 53

1. In the beginning moral was high, by 1942 Germany had extraordinary military success. 2. However, in 1943 Germany was driven back but there was strict censorship. However some Germans listened to BBC radios and were told by German soldiers coming back from war that Germany was losing. People started to stay away from Nazi rallies and some refused to give the Hitler salute.

Answer 54

1. By 1944 13 million men were serving in the German army. 2. To tackle the lack of workers, women were encouraged to work and prisoners from concentration camps were forced to work. Holidays were banned and working hours were decreased to a minimum of 60 hours a week.

Answer 55

1. Rationing had started at the start of the war but because agricultural workers were now in the army food started to become hard to come by. 2. Meats and dairy became rare and until mid 1944 the Germans had a decent diet but by 1945 it was clear that Germany was suffering horrible defeat.

Answer 56

1. 350,000 people were killed and injured 750,000 and 2 million homes destroyed. Factories roads and canals were also destroyed.

Answer 57

1. 500,000 Germans died due to cold, hunger and disease trying to flee west. 2. People who stayed had little hope and received little help. Here their houses were destroyed and people were left homeless.

Answer 58

1. People who didn't work or were criminals and alcoholics were rounded up in 1933 and 500,000 of them were sent to concentration camps.

Answer 59

1. 350,000 men and women who carried inherited diseases were compulsorily sterilised. 2. In 1939, 5200 children with physical or mental disabilities were murdered. The euthanasia programme was extended to adults in 1941, 71,000 people had been murdered. 3. Due to protests by Bishop and Galen the euthanasia programme was halted but it continued in concentration camps.

Answer 60

1. Hitler did not approve of homosexuality. About 15,000 Gay men were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Many were castrated or used in medical experiments. 2. Himmler was shocked to discover several gay men in the SS, they were sent to concentration camps where they were shot trying to escape.

Answer 61

1. Socialists and communists were put in concentration camps because Hitler wanted people to be obedient and loyal Nazis.

Answer 62

1. 385 black Germans were compulsorily sterilised. 2. There were 30,000 Roma people in Germany of which 25,000 were killed during the war. Most of which at Auschwitz. There were 500,000 Roma people who were murdered in Europe. 3. Aryans were not allowed to mix races either.

Answer 63

1. In 1933 there were Boycotts and bans on Jewish shops. 2. Jewish people were banned from all state jobs. 3. Jewish and non Jewish people could not play together.

Answer 64

1. 1935 2. Jewish people could not marry or have sex with any non jewish people. 3. All Jewish people lost German citizenship. 3. They could not vote. 4. Between 1933 and 1939, 1/2 of Germany's Jewish people emigrated.

Answer 65

1. 1936 2. All signs of persecution were removed from Berlin, but outside of Berlin - where visitors did not travel to, persecution continued.

Answer 66

1. Kristallnacht 2. A Jewish student shot a German diplomat in Paris. 3. In retaliation Goebbels ordered violence for 2 nights where 91 Jews lay dead and buildings, shops and synagogues were destroyed. 4. The Jewish people were fined 1 billion marks as a fine for the damage the Nazis caused. 5. Later, 30,000 Jews were arrested and taken to concentration camps.

Answer 67

1. Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. 2. Another 3.5 million Jews were now under control of the Nazis. 3. The Jews were forced into Ghettos where if they tried to escape they were executed. 4. The Ghettos were overcrowded and people got very little food, 300 calories a day. 5. Many died there.

Answer 68

1. The Germans invaded the USSR. 2. As Germany advanced, SS units followed called Einsatzgruppen who rounded up all Jews and made them dig a trench into which they were shot and fell into, becoming mass graves.

Answer 69

1. The Wannsee Conference 2. On 31 July 1941 Goering ordered Himmler and Heydrich to plan the Final Solution. The destruction of all Jewish people in German controlled territory. 3. Plans were then made at the conference in order to murder as many Jews as possible with max efficiency.

Answer 70

1. By the end of the war 6 million jews had been murdered. 2. The jews were rounded up and put on a train or cattle trucks. At the Death camp they were either put to work or murdered. About 80% of people were killed instantly. The rest who were put to work would only last a few months before dying of malnutrition and overwork.

Answer 71

1. The Jewish prisoners were hired out to German firms by the SS. 2. Working conditions were exhausting with 12 hour shifts and little food with harsh punishments. At least half a million Jewish people died while working in enforced labour.

Answer 72

1. In 1943, in the Warsaw ghetto, 15,00 Jewish people with just 2 machine guns and 15 rifles help out for 4 weeks against fully equipped German forces. 2. Uprisings also happened at other camps.

Answer 73

1. 22 million people belonged to the Roman Catholic Church - 32% of the population 2. In 1933 Concordat signed with the Pope. The Church promised not to interfere with politics, in return the Nazis would leave them alone. 3. Catholic Bishops had to take an oath to the Nazis, this seemed to the Catholics and a guarantee protection from Nazi interference. 4. However, Catholic priests were intimidated and arrested. Members of the Catholic youth groups were pressurised into joining the Hitler Youth. In 1936 Catholic Youth groups were forced to merge with the Hitler Youth and the Nazis started to close monasteries.

Answer 74

1. Around 40 million Germans belonged to the Protestant churches - nearly 60% of the population. 2. The Nazis aimed to bring all of the Protestant churches together under one official reich Church that they could control. The leader of the Church was Bishop Ludwig Müller. 3. Reich Church pastors had to swear an oath to Hitler. Many refused - by 1934, 6000 Protestant pastors had left the Reich Church and join the Confessional Church - non - Nazi. One of the founders was Martin Niemöller. 4. Hitler did not keep his promise to leave the churches alone, in 1936 all Church youth groups were stopped and by 1939, nearly all Church schools had been closed down.

Answer 75

1. Nazis persecuted smaller religious groups more viciously. 1/3 of Jehovah's Witnesses were killed in concentration camps. They refused to give the Hitler salute or to serve in the army.

Answer 76

1. Only 50 Protestant pastors out of 17,000 and one bishop were actually put in prison for opposition activity or speeches.

Answer 77

1. Was a Catholic Bishop of Munster. He criticised Nazi racial policies in his sermons. 2. However, some priests were executed for handing out copies of his sermons. He was so popular that the Nazi dare not remove him. In 1941, his speeches against the euthanasia policy led to it being halted.

Answer 78

1. He spoke out that Nazism was anti-Christian as early as 1933. His job was to train ministers and he always mentioned not bringing religion or politics into it, because it is corrupt and evil. 2. His college was shut down in 1940. He could have left to Britain but chose not to and helped the Jews escape and became involved in plots against Hitler with members in the army. He was arrested and executed in 1945.

Answer 79

1. He was a WW1 hero and was a U-boat Captain. He initially joined the Nazi party, however during the 1930's he openly criticised it. 2. He was arrested in 1937 and put in a concentration camp.

Answer 80

1. Men were better suited to leadership and defending the country in times of war. 2. Women were better at nurturing children and cooking and housework. 3. Women should not have a political role. 4. Aryan women had the duty to produce strong, racially pure children.

Answer 81

1. No female members of the Reichstag were allowed. 2. All women employed by the state - doctors, servants and many teachers were sacked. 3. In 1936, women were banned from being judges and lawyers. 4. The number of women allowed to go to university was restricted to 10%.

Answer 82

1. Abortion and the use of contraception was restricted. 2. However, not everyone was allowed to have children. It was compulsory for women and men with inherited diseases, or condition such as colour blindness to be sterilised. 3. Between 1934 and 1945 around 350,000 German men and women were sterilised.

Answer 83

1. They were not allowed to smoke, or have late nights. 2. Exercise and traditional clothing were encouraged. 3. Good Nazis were encouraged to tell off any fashionably dressed women in public. 4. Some restaurants banned women from smoking.

Answer 84

1. Loans were offered to people to encourage them to get married. 2. They were payed 1000 marks (about half a years pay) and the more children they had the less they had to pay back, if they had 4 children they didn't have to pay it back, only on the condition that they leave their job. 3. 8 children - Gold, 6 - Silver, 4 or 5 - Bronze 4. Divorce was made easier for childless marriages. They decision to not have a child were regarded as grounds for divorce.

Answer 85

1. Slogan made it clear what Nazis wanted women to focus on. 2. Children, Church and Cooking. 3. This view was spread by the Women's Enterprise, which organised training for women in domestic and motherhood skills. By 1939, around 3.5 million women had attended these courses.

Answer 86

1. Number of marriages increased from 500,000 to over 770,000. 2. Number of babies born started to increase, but started to fall in 1939. 3. The number of women in higher education fell. 4. The number of married women who worked went up, from 4.2 million to 6.2 million. The Nazis were forced to employ women because the economy was booming and there was a labour shortage.

Answer 87

1. Even more women joined the workforce because of the shortage of workers. 2. During the war, over 6 million women worked in agriculture.

Answer 88

1. Teacher who refused to teach Nazi content were sacked, around 20% of teacher were sacked in 1933. 2. The Nazi Teachers' League had been created in 1929 to provide training for teachers in Nazi ideas. By 1937, 97% of all teachers were members.

Answer 89

1. Nazi textbooks were written to fit Nazi views. 2. Pe - More for boys and less for girls. 3. Biology - Taught about Aryan race and taught other races were inferior and how to spot them.

Answer 90

1. Set up in 1926 and by 1933 there were 50,000 members. 2. By 1939, 80% of young Germans were members of various groups. Boys - Taught many military skills and had to do a lot of physical activity and had to pass a physical test to become members. They had to run 60 meters in 12 seconds. Girls - Emphasised on keeping fit and developing home building skills. They need to pass a less extreme version of the boys physical test but they also had to know how to make a bed. Had to run 60 meters in 14 seconds.

Answer 91

1. 1929 - Head of the SS 2. 1934 - Played an important role in the Night of the Long Knives 3. 1936 - Head of Police including Gestapo 4. 1941 - Set up the "Death's Head" units of the SS that ran concentration camps and carried out mass murder of the Jews.

Answer 92

1. 1928 - Put in charge of Nazi propaganda - he was very good at it. 2. 1938 - Gave orders for Kristallnacht 3. 1943 - Put in complete charge of the war effort. Since defeat loomed, he helped organise 'total war' helping maintain moral and support victims from Allied Bombings.

Answer 93

1. Secret Police 2. Ordinary Germans feared them, they thought they were everywhere and because they could torture and put you in concentration camps without trial. 3. However there were only 15,000 of them in a population in 60 million. 4. They would attack political opposition and jewish people and religious groups and gay people.

Answer 94

1. Hitler's personal bodyguard 2. By 1939 it had 250,000 members. 3. All members were recognisable aryan and had to be fit. 4. They had the responsibility of destroying all opposition to Hitler.

Answer 95

1. Nazi opponents were put in concentration camps. 2. Himmler controlled over 250 companies who used enforced labour to make all kinds of goods, including weapons.

Answer 96

1. Every town was divided into blocks and each block had a block leader. 2. They would collect donations and check in on everyone. 3. Their leader would write a report on everyone which could effect them getting a job. 4. They would make sure they follow Nazi traditions like raising the flag and being enthusiastic.

Answer 97

1. Nazis were appointed as judges so a fir trial was impossible. 2. From 1936, judges had to wear the swastika and Nazi eagle. 3. The number of offences carrying the death penalty went up from 3 in 1933 to 46 in 1943.

Answer 98

1. The Nazis held huge rallies. 2. They gave people a sense of belonging.

Answer 99

1. By 1939 the Nazis owned 2/3 of all German newspapers. 2. They only printed out what the Nazis and Goebbels told them to print.

Answer 100

1. Goebbels took control over all radio broadcasting. 2. Goebbels saw it as the most important form of propaganda, Hitler's speeches, German music, German History were all broadcasted. 3. Cheap radios were made so that as many Germans as possible could listen to Nazi propaganda. By 1939, 70% of Germans owned a radio compared to less than 25% in 1932. 4. Loudspeakers were also set up in public squares, bars and cafés all over Germany and people were encouraged to listen to important radio programmes and announcements.

Answer 101

1. Goebbels controlled all of the films made in Germany. 2. There were always newsreels before the movies so people would arrive late to the cinema in order to not have to listen to them.

Answer 102

1. As soon as they came in power they organised official book burnings. 2. In 1933, Berlin students bunt 20,000 books on massive bonfires. 3. All books that were published were first checked by Goebbels' Ministry, no anti-war or anti-Nazi books were allowed. 4. Mein Kampf became the best selling book in Germany.

Answer 103

1. Folk music was promoted and marching songs. They were also encouraged to listen to German composers such as Bach, Beethoven and Wagner.

Answer 104

1. Hitler disliked 'modern' art. 2. In 1936 the Nazis burned 5,000 paintings they disapproved of. 3. The Nazis encouraged paintings and sculptures that showed heroic military figures or the ideal family and superior races. 4. In 1937, the Nazis opened the House of German Art that showed art that the Nazis approved of.

Answer 105

1. Hitler favoured 'monumental style' for public buildings, to show off Nazi power and the 'country style' for family homes.

Answer 106

1. The July 1944 Bomb plot, organised by Claus von Stauffenberg came the closest to killing Hitler. 2. Claus had been a Nazi supporter since the 1930's, but by 1943 he believed that Hitler was leading them to defeat. 3. Claus and some other high ranking officers planned to put a bomb in a meeting that they knew Hitler was going to be at, however it failed because the bomb was moved further away from Hitler. 4. Thinking they killed Hitler they continued to take over Berlin, but soon realised that he was alive and Claus was shot along with others, some committed suicide.

Answer 107

1. They were young people who refused to behave in a way that the Nazis wanted. 2. They wore the Edelweiss flower, the skull and cross bones or a white pin on their clothing. 3. They would listen to banned radios and would spread anti nazi leaflets and would wear clothes the Nazis did not approve of. 4. Their numbers grew during the war to about 2000. 5. The Nazis initially just issued warning but then when numbers started to grow, they responded harshly. In December 1942, the Gestapo arrested 739 Edelweiss Pirates in Dusseldorf, some were tried and executed and others were imprisoned in concentration camps.

Answer 108

1. Listened to Jazz music, boys grew their hair long and girls wore bright makeup. 2. They were richer than the Edelweiss Pirates so would meet in bars and clubs rather than street corners. 3. The Nazis closed some of the clubs they would go to and the Gestapo arrested some and were sent to concentration camps.

Answer 109

1. Led by Munich University students, Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst. 2. They didn't like they was people were treating the Jews and believed that if they didn't do anything the German name would be disgraced forever. 3. They would spread anti Nazi leaflets and posters and graffiti. They urged Germans to protest against the war effort and to overthrow Hitler. 4. In 1943, they organised the first major public demonstration in Germany when they took to the streets and handed out anti-nazi leaflets. The Nazis arrested the leaders and Hans and Sophie School were tortured before being beheaded.

Answer 110

1. Cologne 2. Dresden - 14 Feb 1945 20,000-100,000 dead.