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History - Democracy and Dictatorship Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the organisation of the German Parliament during Kaiser Wilhelm II reign. (5)

A
  1. The Kaiser was at the top - He controls the army and foreign affairs and also appoints the chancellor.
  2. Chancellor - Runs the government and proposes new legislation and doesn’t need the support of the Reichstag or Bundestrat to stay in power.
  3. Bundestrat - Representatives from each state of the empire, its consent was needed for all legislation.
  4. Reichstag - Members elected every 5 years after 1888, Members pass or reject legislation passed down from the Bundestrat
  5. The Electoriate - Adult males could vote
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2
Q

What economic, and social change did Germany experience?(5) (Hint - During the Kaisers Rule)

A
  1. Germany’s economy expanded rapidly between 1890 and 1914.
  2. Production of coal doubled and by 1914 Germany produced 2/3 of Europe’s steel.
  3. New jobs due to industrialisation, the working class grew and the upper classes had less power while the german cities grew.
  4. The working classes played a larger part in society, but working conditions were poor, there was a sense of identity and wanted better representation.
  5. There was a rise in socialism, the (SPD) Social Democratic Party grew in popularity.
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3
Q

What problems did the Kaiser face with more social problems and the German people wanting reform?(4)

A
  1. The working classes wanted better living, and working conditions.
  2. Socialism grew in popularity - the SPD had only 11 seats in the Reichstag in 1887 but by 1903 it had 81.
  3. Trade unions also became popular, by 1914 membership stood at around 3.3 million.
  4. The Kaiser was afraid of the the rise of popularity of SPD and trade unions even though hey offered to work with the government, because he was afraid of a socialist revolution and did want to give them power.
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4
Q

Why was German Politics becoming more Unstable?(3)

A
  1. The upper class feared the growth of the working classes and thought rapid industrialisation threatened their wealth and social status.
  2. The Kaiser was under pressure to introduces socialist reforms but they could risk angering his supporters.
  3. The Chancellor found it harder to gain support and to pass laws in the Reichstag because the German people had more influence in the parliament.
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5
Q
  1. What did the Kaiser do to gain the support of the scocialists?
A

Introduces some social reforms -
1. 1891 the Workers Protection Act - improved safety in the workplace
2. Banned working on Sundays
3. Pregnant women didn’t have to work
4. Children under 13 could not be employed.

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6
Q

What did the Kaiser do to divert attention away from socialism?

A
  1. In 1897 the Kaiser adopted a foreign policy called ‘Welkpolitik’ - expanding Germany’s territory and boosting the size of the German army and navy.
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7
Q

What were the Naval Laws?(1)
What effect did they have?(3)

A
  1. They were laws to help grow the German navy
  2. Propaganda was used to increase support for the laws and to inspire patriotism.
  3. The laws were popular and the socialists were seen as unpatriotic and the SPD in 1907 lost 36 seats in the Reichstag.
  4. However, the party still grew in popularity in the future as by 1912 the SPD was the largest party in the Reichstag, which showed that the German people wanted democracy.
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8
Q

Examples of Naval Laws?

A
  1. The First Navy Law in 1898 was passed - to increase Germany’s naval fleet to incluse 19 battleships.
  2. 1900 the Reichstag passed another Navy Law which put a 17 year navy expansion pragramme into place.
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9
Q

What economic problems were caused by WW1?

A
  1. By 1918 German industry was producing only 2/3 of what it had in 1913.
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10
Q

What rebellions occurred after WW1? (3)

A
  1. November 1918 the Kiel mutiny happened was some navy members refused to board their ships.
  2. In Hanover, German troops refused to control rioters.
  3. A Jewish communist called Kurt Eisner encouraged a general uprising, which sparked mass strikes in Munich.
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11
Q

When did the Kaiser abdicate and why?

A

9th November 1918 because SPD members called for him to resign.

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12
Q

When was the armistice signed?

A

11th November 1918

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13
Q

What did some people believe about the politicians that signed the armistice?

A
  1. Some called the politicians who signed the armistice “November Criminals” and that they “stabbed people in the back”.
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14
Q

What happened between the abdication of the Kaiser and the first elections, in terms of the government?

A
  1. A temporary government was set up called the Council of People’s Representatives made up of the SPD and another socialist party called the USPD until the January 1919 when elections were held for a new Reichstag
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15
Q

What did the German people expect from the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  1. It would be similar to Wilsons 14 points and that they wouldn’t be too harsh.
  2. That they would help the new government rather than punishing it.
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16
Q

What did the Germans receive in the Treaty of Versailles? (2)

A
  1. The treaty was very harsh and people were horrified.
  2. Some called it a “Diktat”
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17
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  1. Land - Germans lost Alsace - Lorraine to France and North Schleswig to Denmark and West Prussia and Prosen and Upper Silesia to Poland. Germany lost 10% of its land, containing 13% percent of its population and lost 26% of its coal resources.
  2. Army - Only 100,000 troops allowed, no airforce, no tanks, no submarines, only 6 battleships, and no conscription.
  3. Money - Had to pay 6600 million - amount settled in 1921
  4. Blame - According to article 231, and the “War Guilt” clause, Germany was blames for the First World War, allowing the allies to demand for compensation.
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18
Q

Why did the occupation of the Ruhr happen? How did the allies enter?

A

The occupation happened because Germany missed a payment and France occupied the Ruhr, a large industrial part of Germany to make sure the payment was made.
The occupation happened in 1923, where 60,000 French and Belgian troops marched into Germany.

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19
Q

What did the Germans do when the allies occupied the Ruhr?

A
  1. The Government told the workers in the Ruhr not to cooperate with the French so then workers went on strike and burned and flooded factories known as passive resistance.
  2. However 140 Germans were killed in clashes with the allies and the Germans felt humiliated.
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20
Q

What was hyperinflation and what effect did it have?

A
  1. In order to pay the workers in the Ruhr the government printed money but this caused Hyperinflation.
  2. In 1919 1 US Dollar was worth 9 marks but by November 1923 1 US Dollar was worth 200 billion marks.
  3. An egg cost 80 million marks, and a glass of beer cost 150 million marks, the German Mark had become worthless.
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21
Q

What were the short - term impacts of hyperinflation?(3 - negative, 3 positive)

A

Negative -
1. Farmers did not want to sell their crop for worthless money so people started to die of starvation.
2. Other peoples salary was unable to buy them even a cup of coffee and peoples life savings that would buy them a house would now buy them a loaf of bread.
3. The Rich upper class had often invested their money in property so were not too badly effected.

Positive -
1. People found it easy to pay off they debts and loans.
2. Business people found it easier to pay of money they had borrowed for their business.
3. Hyperinflation could lead to big profits for businesses, especially as prices tended to increase more than wages.

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22
Q

What were the long - term impacts of hyperinflation?

A
  1. Ordinary respectable Germans lost out while debtors and big businesses did well, this turned a lot of people against the Weimar Republic.
  2. Not many people will forget the chaos caused partially by the government.
  3. There was widespread poverty and crime.
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23
Q

What was the organisation German Political System in 1919? (4)

A
  1. The President - elected every 7 years, could make laws without going to the Reichstag in an emergency.
  2. The Chancellor - Chosen from the Parliament by the President, responsible for the day - to - day running of the country.
  3. The Reichstag - Members elected every 4 years through a system called proportional representation, gave small parties a chance in parliament.
  4. The German People - elected the President and members of the Reichstag. All adults over 20 could vote and everyone hade free speech.
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24
Q

What was the Spartacists Putsch? When? Who? What? Why? Success?

A
  1. Happened in 1919
  2. Leaders - Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht.
  3. Was a communist revolt against the government, In January 1919, there were a lot of protest throughout Germany and the Spartacists tried to turn this into a revolution, they took over the governments newspaper and telegraph headquarters but no one joined them in the revolt. The army and the Freikorps helped defeat the revolt with 100 workers killed.
  4. They did not trust the new government.
  5. The revolt was badly planned leading to the murder of both the leaders and with Rosa in the Berlin river.
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25
Q

What are Freikorps?

A

They are ex-soldiers who are anti-communist.

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26
Q

What was the Kapp Putsch?
When? Who? Why? What? Success?

A
  1. 1920
  2. Freikorps units led by Wolfgang Kapp.
  3. The Government planned to reduce the size of the army and to disband the Freikorps but the leader of the Freikorps in Berlin disagreed and suggested to take control of Berlin and to set up a new right-wing government led by Wolfgang Kapp.
  4. Around 12,000 Freikorps marched into Berlin. The army refused to fight back against ex-soldiers and the government had to flee. And Kapp was set up as the new leader.
  5. The leaders of the Weimar Republic and the trade unions called on the people of Berlin not to support the putsch and asked for them to go on strike. The Freikorps failed to win support and there were a lot of strikes and protests that made it impossible for Kapp to rule so he fled Berlin after 4 days and Ebert’s Weimar Government returned.
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27
Q

What happened in the Munich Putsch? (8)

A
  1. On the 8th of November Hitler and 600 SA members burst into a meeting in a Beer hall with Otto von Lossow and Gustav Von Kahr speaking to 2000 right wing members.
  2. Otto and Gustav are forced to agree to the overthrow of the Government, after they agree they are let out of the Beer Hall.
  3. On the 9th of November the Government responds with President Ebert declaring a state of emergency and Lossow and the army are ordered to crush the revolt.
  4. Kahr and Lossow decide to not join the Putsch, despite this the revolt continues in Munich.
  5. 2000 armed Nazis march to a military base in Munich and are stopped by armed police and Bavarian soldiers, a shot is fired probably by a Nazi and the police retaliate and 14 Nazis are killed with Hitler fleeing the scene and Ludendorff arrested.
  6. Hitler is arrested on the 11th of November and the Nazi party is banned.
  7. In February 1924 they are put on trial for treason but judges sympathetic with their views so Hitler put in jail for 5 years and Ludendorff is not even put in jail as they accepted the fact that he was “there by accident.”
  8. December 1924 Hitler is released from prison only 9 months later and by this point the Nazi party has almost broken up.
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28
Q

Stresemann had many solutions to help Germany recover. What were the different solutions? (6)

A
  1. Introduce new currency
  2. Persuade French to leave the Ruhr
  3. Improve Germany’s relationship with other countries
  4. Continue to pay reparations
  5. Get help to improve the economy
  6. Create political stability and unity
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29
Q

How did introducing a new currency help Germany recover?

A
  1. New currency called Rentenmark, 1 Rentenmark replaced 1000 billion marks.
  2. Inflation was brought under control and people quickly accepted the new currency.
  3. People did not forget what the Germans did and some people who lost their savings did not get compensated and they felt cheated and blamed the Weimar Republic.
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30
Q

How did removing the French from the Ruhr help Germany recover?

A
  1. Stresemann called off passive resistance as it did not persuade the French to leave and it had big consequences on the economy. He then told the French that the payments would be made.
  2. The French then did leave the Ruhr.
  3. However some extremist right wing Germans believed that it was as sign of a weak government and that Stresemann had given in to the French.
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31
Q

How did Stresemann improve Germany’s relationship with other countries?

A
  1. In 1925 Stresemann signed the Locarno Pact with Britain, France, Belgium and Italy. They promised not to invade one another.
    In 1926, Germany joined the League of Nations. It was given “great power” status, which meant that it had a say in major decisions made.
    In 1926, Stresemann was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
    In 1928 Germany and 64 other countries signed the Kellogg - Briand Pact. It agreed that international disputes should be settled by peaceful means, and armies should only be used for self - defence.
  2. However some Germans thought that Stresemann was weak. By saying that Germany would not try to regain the land it had lost in the Versailles Treaty, he had again given in to France. Some army generals believed that Stresemann should have built up the army and used force to regain the land lost.
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32
Q

How did Germany continue to pay reparations?

A
  1. The Dawes Plan (1924) Gave Germany longer to pay.
    In 1929, the Young Plan lowered the amound Germany had to pay from 6600 to under 2000 million.
  2. Some Germans didn’t like the plans because they believed that Germany should not have to pay reparations at all. Even with the Dawes plan Germany would be paying reparations until 1988.
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33
Q

How did Germany get help to improve the economy?

A
  1. Stresemann organised loans from the USA as a part of the Dawes Plan (1924). Those loans gave a massive boost to the German economy.
  2. The German government improved housing, hospitals, schools and roads. Loans were made to german firms. Many US firms set up factories in Germany. Pensions and wages rose. Exports increased and by 1928 German was the world’s second strongest industrial power (behind the USA). The government increased welfare benefits and wages for state employees.
  3. However the German economy relied too much on the USA. Wages for farmers stayed low and they started to support extremist groups. Unemployment remained around 1 million. From 1928 it started to rise. Richer people in Germany had to pay more tax, they complained that too much was being spent on the poor.
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34
Q

How did creating political stability and unity help Germany recover? (After the Kaiser - Stesemann Era) (Hint - Rebllions?Support?Party?)

A
  1. Between 1924 and 1928 there were no attempts to overthrow the Government. Germany had become more peaceful.
  2. Support for extremist groups dropped. In the 1928 election the Nazis got under 3% of the vote.
  3. No single party ever revcieved enough votes to rule on their own. The parties that formed the coalition governments often disagreed and fell out with each other.
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35
Q

How did life change in Weimar Culture?
1. New Facilities
2. Architecture and Design
3. Literature
4. Art
5. Music and Cabaret
6. Cinema
7. Theatre

A
  1. New Facilities - New swimming pools, Sports stadia and apartment blocks as well as providing facilities, these projects created jobs.
  2. Architecture and Design - German architects Walter Gropius and Miles van der Rohe produced a new style of architecture called the Bauhaus style. However, some did not like the style.
  3. Literature - Writers such as Eric Remarque wrote books with anti-war messages such as All Quiet on the Western Front. However some wrote books glorifying the First World War.
  4. Art - Otto Dix produced paintings that showed the inequality between the Rich and Poor at the time. Some disproved this type of art like Hitler who hated modern art and like more traditional heroic art.
  5. Music and Cabaret - Going to clubs became popular, by 1927 there were 900 dance bands in Berlin. There was censorship during the reign of the Kaiser but now there was a sense of experimentation and freedom. Berlin became famous for its transvestite balls, naked dancing and nightclubs. However some Germans were shocked with what they found in Germany, the Catholic and Protestant Churches spoke out along with Organisations such as Wandervogel movement.
  6. Cinema - This was the Golden age for cinema in Germany, directors like Fritz Lang and his movies like Nosferatu became popular including actress Marlene Dietrich in Blue Angel, however some found the movie too sexually explicit.
  7. Theatre - Many directors became popular such as Bertold Brecht who was a communist who built his plays around the lives of ordinary people. However, some saw this as a moral decline in Weimar society because they plays were about lowlives.
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36
Q

How did the Depression change the mood of Germany?

A
  1. Many were starting to turn optimistic but the Depression reminded them of hyperinflation and people turned to anger and despair.
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37
Q

How were businesses impacted by the Depression?

A
  1. 50,000 German firms closed between 1929 and 1932, those that survived saw low profits. There was not much demand for products like cars and electrical items or clothing.
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38
Q

How did farmers struggle as a result of the Great Depression?

A
  1. By 1932, 18,000 farmers went bankrupt because people could not afford to pay high prices, and the money farmers made fell dramatically.
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39
Q

How was unemployment impacted by the Depression?

A
  1. By January 1932 unemployment had reached 6 million. Many had to sell their possessions in order to make money.
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40
Q

How were wages impacted by the Depression?

A
  1. Wages went down, in 1932 the value of german workers’ wages fell by 1/3.
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41
Q

How was the welfare system impacted by the Depression?

A
  1. Was set up to help 800,000 unemployed people not over 6,000,000. The government had very little money and decided to cut unemployment benefits by 60%.
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42
Q

How was homelessness impacted by the Great Depression?

A
  1. People squatted in disused office buildings and had to scavenge or beg for food.
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43
Q

How was crime impacted by the Depression?

A
  1. Many of the unemployed or homeless were under the age of 25, Crime increased and many young people joined street gangs.
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44
Q

How was street violence impacted by the Depression?

A
  1. Different parties tried to fight each other and disrupt each other’s meetings.
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45
Q

How did the Depression cause a rise in popularity in extremist parites?

A
  1. People started to trust the Weimar Republic less because of their disputes and the suffering caused to the German people.
  2. This lead to a rise in popularity in extremist groups such as the Nazi Party and the Communist Party.
  3. However people were scared of the communists, especially farmers because they did not want to lose their land. So the Nazi grew even more in popularity.
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46
Q

What were Hitler’s key aims outlined in Mein Kampf. (6)

A
  1. Ignore the treat of Versailles
  2. Smash Communism
  3. Rebuild the army and invade land in eastern Europe. Armed struggle is an essential part of life.
  4. Unite all German - speaking people in one country
  5. One strong leader. Debate and discussion produce weak governments. There should be no majority decisions. Instead of democracy, decisions should be taken by one man.
  6. The Aryans (white Europeans) are the Master Race. All other races (especially Jewish people) are inferior.
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47
Q

How were Hitler’s speeches influential?(2)

A
  1. They would relate to everyone in the audience.
  2. Most people thought he was speaking for them.
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48
Q

How did the SA play a role in the rise of the Nazis?(3)

A
  1. They would disrupt other political meetings.
  2. They would spread propaganda.
  3. People felt safe from a revolt and appreciated the discipline in a time of chaos.
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49
Q

What forms of Campaigns did the Nazis do as propaganda?(3)

A
  1. Handed out leaflets, public meetings, visiting speakers.
  2. Over 6,000 people passed through the Nazi training school that was designed to make members of the Nazi better public speakers.
  3. They raised money from ordinary people and from rich businessmen like Fritz Thyssen, in order to pay for their election campaigns.
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50
Q

What policies did the Nazi party implement in order to help in their rise in popularity?(3)

A
  1. They made policies that people supported, if they didn’t then they would drop it.
  2. They also organised soup kitchens for unemployed people.
  3. They made speeches and concentrated on issues that people found important.
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51
Q

How did rallies play a role in the rise of the Nazis?(2)

A
  1. Rallies were carefully planned, some had more that 100,000 people attending them.
  2. They adopted the raised right arm salute and the swastika as their symbol. Hitler himself designed the flag.
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52
Q

What were the key messages of Nazi propaganda? (Hint - About Nazis and Hitler)

A
  1. Hitler is a saviour who can solve Germany’s problems.
  2. Hitler provides hope.
  3. The Nazis are strong, determined and well organised.
  4. The Nazis can defend Germany from Communism.
  5. The Nazis will introduce change and build a better future.
  6. The Nazis will helped unemployed people.
  7. Nazis will support German families.
  8. The other parties to govern Germany have failed, they have allowed Germany to be exploited and have created economic problems.
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53
Q

What are 2 political problems faced by the Weimar Republic between 1928 and 1932? (Hint - Parties)

A
  1. Coalition governments argued among themselves rather than providing leadership.
  2. Extremist parties grew in popularity.
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54
Q

How was Hitler appointed as Chancellor?

A
  1. Hitler is appointed chancellor in January 1933.
  2. Von Papen was dropped as Chancellor for Schleicher, in order to get revenge Papen made a secrete deal with Hitler to persuade Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor.
  3. Hindenburg and Papen thought they could control Hitler.
55
Q

When did the Reichstag Fire happen? Who did it?

A

27 February 1933
Marinus vad der Lubbe, a Dutch communist.

56
Q

What were the consequences of the Reichstag Fire?

A
  1. 4000 communists arrested.
  2. Article 48 taken into action
  3. Freedom of the press and the right to free speech ended.
  4. The government could arrest people without charging them for a specific crime.
  5. Property could be searched and confiscated without permission.
  6. Opponents could be arrested - thousands were rounded up, placed in a prison and brutally tortured.
57
Q

When was the Enabling Act passed? What did it mean?

A

24 March 1933
1. Hitler gave him the power to pass laws for the next 4 years without going to the Reichstag.
2. It was passed by 44 to 94.

58
Q

What happened to trade unions as a result of Hitler’s rise to power?

A

Their offices were taken over, and union leaders were arrested. All the trade unions merged into one organisation, the new German Labour Front (DAF) controlled by the Nazis.

59
Q

What happened to other political parties as a result of Hitler’s rise to power?

A

In July of 1933 they were banned, no new parties were allowed to be made and all other parties broke up.

60
Q

What was the Night of the Long Knives?

A

Happened on the 29th of June 1934 where many SA members were arrested and murdered including the leader of the SA, Ernst Röhm.

61
Q

What were the causes of the Night of the Long Knives?(10)

A
  1. SA had 3 mil members and was rearming - Hitler did not want it to become a military Force.
  2. Army officers did not like the SA - they did not like their views and their violence - feared being taken over.
  3. In June 1933 Röhm warned Hitler in Newspaper that SA would fight for change that it wanted, even if against Nazi party.
  4. Goering and Himmler were determined to reduce influence of Röhm and believed the rumour of an uprising on 31 June.
  5. Röhm did not like Hitlers links with rich industrialists, generals, Prussians, Röhm wanted social revolution.
  6. Röhm did not feel SA rewarded enough.
  7. SA poorly disciplined and some were intimidated by them.
  8. Hitler needed support of army because of training and discipline.
  9. SA members were mainly working class - he thought they would get rich and turn against the Nazis.
  10. Hitler’s personal bodyguard - SS wanted to break away from SA and they were highly organised and disciplined.
62
Q

What were the consequences of the Night of the Long Knives?(6)

A
  1. Hitler won support of Army
  2. Hitler’s actions were popular, Hindenburg thanked him and many supported. They thought they brought around law and order.
  3. Power of SA reduced and those left joined SS. Loyal Viktor Lutze new leader of SA.
  4. Sent warning to Germany and opposition felt intimidated.
  5. SS grew in power and was under direct control of Hitler.
  6. Hitler grew in confidence and he passed a law on 3rd July 1934 that the Night of the Long Knives was legal.
63
Q

When did President Hindenburg die?

A

2nd August 1934

64
Q

What did Hitler do as a result of Hindenburgs death?(2)

A
  1. Within an hour of the new of Hindenburgs death he announces that he will combining the role of Chancellor and President.
  2. On 19 August 1934 he organised a referendum in which 90% approved Hitler taking the role of Führer. 45 million agreed on the combination of the roles, only 4.5 million said no.
65
Q

What did Hitler do with the Army after Hindenburgs death?

A
  1. Made them swear an oath directly to Hitler and to serve him and to risk their lives to him at any time.
  2. Hitler wanted to make it clear that he wanted to start rearmament again and conscription. In return the army would have to stay out of politics and serve Hitler.
66
Q

How did the Nazis reduce unemployment through public work programmes? (2)

A
  1. 2000 miles of new motorways were built. Extended railways and built new canals and bridges.
  2. Schools, hospitals and houses were built.
67
Q

How did the National Labour Service (RAD) help reduce unemployment? (2)

A
  1. Int 1935 it became compulsory for all 19-25 men to do six months labour service. This was increased to women too in 1939.
  2. Many men worked hard and had to put up with rough working conditions and were paid little money.
68
Q

How did rearmament reduce unemployment?

A
  1. From 1936 2/3 of government spending went on rearmament. New tanks, aeroplanes and battleships were ordered. Producing this equipment and uniforms provided millions of jobs in the factories and industry grew.
69
Q

How did taking people off the unemployment register help reduce unemployment? (4)

A
  1. Women were pressured into giving up paid work and were not included in unemployment statistics.
  2. Many jewish people lost their jobs and were not included in unemployment registers.
  3. Conscription was introduced in 1935. All males ages 18-25 had to do 2 years military service. This increased armed forces from 100,000 to 1,400,00 and greatly reduced unemployment.
  4. Young people working in RAD schemes were not included in unemployment registers.
70
Q

What impact did the changes the Nazi make have on big businesses? (2)

A
  1. Power of trade unions destroyed so factory owners happy.
  2. Some benefited from rearmament - Daimler - Benz made aeroplanes for the government and production rose over 800%.
71
Q

What impact did the changes the Nazi make have on small businesses and traders?

A
  1. Many smaller firms struggles to compete against larger firms, over 300,000 small businesses went bankrupt.
72
Q

What impact did the changes the Nazi make have on farmers? (3)

A
  1. At first they benefited, some farmers debts were cancelled and food prices increased.
  2. Farmers incomes increased by 41% between 1933 and 1936.
  3. However, later, food prices were strictly controlled and there was limited growth in agriculture. This was because -
    There were not enough workers as they were all in factories.
    There was little investment in farm machinery, the priority was on developing new technology for the army.
73
Q

What impact did the changes the Nazi make, have on Workers?

A
  1. By 1939 only 35,000 out of the 25 million male workers were officially unemployed.
  2. Average pay was 35 marks per week which was 10x better than what they received from unemployment pay. So they were happy even though people in consumer good and agriculture were payed at a lower rate.
74
Q

What was the German Labour Front (DAF)?

A
  1. It was difficult to get a job if you were not a member.
  2. By 1939 there were 20 million members.
  3. It did improves some working conditions through a scheme called the Beauty of Labour.
  4. There were training courses for over 2.5 million workers.
75
Q

What was the Strength Through Joy? (3)

A
  1. It was created in November 1933 in by the DAF in order to improve workers leisure opportunities.
  2. Over 10 million Germans took part.
  3. They provided fun lessons like learning how to sail and provided tickets to concerts and holidays.
76
Q

What were the negatives of the German Labour Front?

A
  1. Workers had no rights and could not protest if wages cut or if working hours rose. People who refused were arrested.
  2. They also made a scheme (Volkswagen scheme - peoples car) in 1938 where people would put away 5 marks a week in order to eventually fund a car, but no worker ever gained a car and in 1939 production was switched to military needs.
77
Q

How did WW2 impact morale in Germany?

A
  1. In the beginning moral was high, by 1942 Germany had extraordinary military success.
  2. However, in 1943 Germany was driven back but there was strict censorship. However some Germans listened to BBC radios and were told by German soldiers coming back from war that Germany was losing. People started to stay away from Nazi rallies and some refused to give the Hitler salute.
78
Q

How did WW2 impact Labour Shortages in Germany?

A
  1. By 1944 13 million men were serving in the German army.
  2. To tackle the lack of workers, women were encouraged to work and prisoners from concentration camps were forced to work. Holidays were banned and working hours were decreased to a minimum of 60 hours a week.
79
Q

How did WW2 impact rationing in Germany?

A
  1. Rationing had started at the start of the war but because agricultural workers were now in the army food started to become hard to come by.
  2. Meats and dairy became rare and until mid 1944 the Germans had a decent diet but by 1945 it was clear that Germany was suffering horrible defeat.
80
Q

How did WW2 impact Bombing?

A
  1. 350,000 people were killed and injured 750,000 and 2 million homes destroyed. Factories roads and canals were also destroyed.
81
Q

How did WW2 impact refugees?

A
  1. 500,000 Germans died due to cold, hunger and disease trying to flee west.
  2. People who stayed had little hope and received little help. Here their houses were destroyed and people were left homeless.
82
Q

Why were people who did not work get persecuted by the Nazis?

A
  1. People who didn’t work or were criminals and alcoholics were rounded up in 1933 and 500,000 of them were sent to concentration camps.
83
Q

Why were the disabled persecuted by the Nazis?

A
  1. 350,000 men and women who carried inherited diseases were compulsorily sterilised.
  2. In 1939, 5200 children with physical or mental disabilities were murdered. The euthanasia programme was extended to adults in 1941, 71,000 people had been murdered.
  3. Due to protests by Bishop and Galen the euthanasia programme was halted but it continued in concentration camps.
84
Q

Why were gay people persecuted by the Nazis?

A
  1. Hitler did not approve of homosexuality. About 15,000 Gay men were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Many were castrated or used in medical experiments.
  2. Himmler was shocked to discover several gay men in the SS, they were sent to concentration camps where they were shot trying to escape.
85
Q

Why were political enemies persecuted by the Nazis?

A
  1. Socialists and communists were put in concentration camps because Hitler wanted people to be obedient and loyal Nazis.
86
Q

Why were Non - Aryans persecuted by the Nazis?

A
  1. 385 black Germans were compulsorily sterilised.
  2. There were 30,000 Roma people in Germany of which 25,000 were killed during the war. Most of which at Auschwitz. There were 500,000 Roma people who were murdered in Europe.
  3. Aryans were not allowed to mix races either.
87
Q

How were the Jews initially persecuted?

A
  1. In 1933 there were Boycotts and bans on Jewish shops.
  2. Jewish people were banned from all state jobs.
  3. Jewish and non Jewish people could not play together.
88
Q

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

A
  1. 1935
  2. Jewish people could not marry or have sex with any non jewish people.
  3. All Jewish people lost German citizenship.
  4. They could not vote.
  5. Between 1933 and 1939, 1/2 of Germany’s Jewish people emigrated.
89
Q

What happened during the Berlin oplympics?

A
  1. 1936
  2. All signs of persecution were removed from Berlin, but outside of Berlin - where visitors did not travel to, persecution continued.
90
Q

What happened in November 1938? (Hint - Persecution)

A
  1. Kristallnacht
  2. A Jewish student shot a German diplomat in Paris.
  3. In retaliation Goebbels ordered violence for 2 nights where 91 Jews lay dead and buildings, shops and synagogues were destroyed.
  4. The Jewish people were fined 1 billion marks as a fine for the damage the Nazis caused.
  5. Later, 30,000 Jews were arrested and taken to concentration camps.
91
Q

What happened in 1939?

A
  1. Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939.
  2. Another 3.5 million Jews were now under control of the Nazis.
  3. The Jews were forced into Ghettos where if they tried to escape they were executed.
  4. The Ghettos were overcrowded and people got very little food, 300 calories a day.
  5. Many died there.
92
Q

What happened in 1941?

A
  1. The Germans invaded the USSR.
  2. As Germany advanced, SS units followed called Einsatzgruppen who rounded up all Jews and made them dig a trench into which they were shot and fell into, becoming mass graves.
93
Q

What happened on 20 January 1942? (Hint - Plan)

A
  1. The Wannsee Conference
  2. On 31 July 1941 Goering ordered Himmler and Heydrich to plan the Final Solution. The destruction of all Jewish people in German controlled territory.
  3. Plans were then made at the conference in order to murder as many Jews as possible with max efficiency.
94
Q

What were Death camps like?

A
  1. By the end of the war 6 million jews had been murdered.
  2. The jews were rounded up and put on a train or cattle trucks. At the Death camp they were either put to work or murdered. About 80% of people were killed instantly. The rest who were put to work would only last a few months before dying of malnutrition and overwork.
95
Q

What was enforced labour? (2) (Concentration camps)

A
  1. The Jewish prisoners were hired out to German firms by the SS.
  2. Working conditions were exhausting with 12 hour shifts and little food with harsh punishments. At least half a million Jewish people died while working in enforced labour.
96
Q

How did the Jewish resist? (Hint - Poland)

A
  1. In 1943, in the Warsaw ghetto, 15,00 Jewish people with just 2 machine guns and 15 rifles help out for 4 weeks against fully equipped German forces.
  2. Uprisings also happened at other camps.
97
Q

How did Hitler control the Catholic Church?(4)

A
  1. 22 million people belonged to the Roman Catholic Church - 32% of the population
  2. In 1933 Concordat signed with the Pope. The Church promised not to interfere with politics, in return the Nazis would leave them alone.
  3. Catholic Bishops had to take an oath to the Nazis, this seemed to the Catholics and a guarantee protection from Nazi interference.
  4. However, Catholic priests were intimidated and arrested. Members of the Catholic youth groups were pressurised into joining the Hitler Youth. In 1936 Catholic Youth groups were forced to merge with the Hitler Youth and the Nazis started to close monasteries.
98
Q

How did the Nazis control the Protestant Church?(4)

A
  1. Around 40 million Germans belonged to the Protestant churches - nearly 60% of the population.
  2. The Nazis aimed to bring all of the Protestant churches together under one official reich Church that they could control. The leader of the Church was Bishop Ludwig Müller.
  3. Reich Church pastors had to swear an oath to Hitler. Many refused - by 1934, 6000 Protestant pastors had left the Reich Church and join the Confessional Church - non - Nazi. One of the founders was Martin Niemöller.
  4. Hitler did not keep his promise to leave the churches alone, in 1936 all Church youth groups were stopped and by 1939, nearly all Church schools had been closed down.
99
Q

What did the Nazis do to Jehovah’ Witnesses?

A
  1. Nazis persecuted smaller religious groups more viciously. 1/3 of Jehovah’s Witnesses were killed in concentration camps. They refused to give the Hitler salute or to serve in the army.
100
Q

Why was there so little opposition from the Churches?

A
  1. Only 50 Protestant pastors out of 17,000 and one bishop were actually put in prison for opposition activity or speeches.
101
Q

How did Bishop von Galen speak out against the Nazis?(2)

A
  1. Was a Catholic Bishop of Munster. He criticised Nazi racial policies in his sermons.
  2. However, some priests were executed for handing out copies of his sermons. He was so popular that the Nazi dare not remove him. In 1941, his speeches against the euthanasia policy led to it being halted.
102
Q

How did Dietrich Bonhöffer speak out against the Nazis?

A
  1. He spoke out that Nazism was anti-Christian as early as 1933. His job was to train ministers and he always mentioned not bringing religion or politics into it, because it is corrupt and evil.
  2. His college was shut down in 1940. He could have left to Britain but chose not to and helped the Jews escape and became involved in plots against Hitler with members in the army. He was arrested and executed in 1945.
103
Q

How did Martin Niemöller speak out against the Nazis?

A
  1. He was a WW1 hero and was a U-boat Captain. He initially joined the Nazi party, however during the 1930’s he openly criticised it.
  2. He was arrested in 1937 and put in a concentration camp.
104
Q

What were the Nazi beliefs on the role of women?(4)

A
  1. Men were better suited to leadership and defending the country in times of war.
  2. Women were better at nurturing children and cooking and housework.
  3. Women should not have a political role.
  4. Aryan women had the duty to produce strong, racially pure children.
105
Q

What were Nazi policies towards women - Jobs and education?(4)

A
  1. No female members of the Reichstag were allowed.
  2. All women employed by the state - doctors, servants and many teachers were sacked.
  3. In 1936, women were banned from being judges and lawyers.
  4. The number of women allowed to go to university was restricted to 10%.
106
Q

What were Nazi policies towards women - Abortion and contraception?(3)

A
  1. Abortion and the use of contraception was restricted.
  2. However, not everyone was allowed to have children. It was compulsory for women and men with inherited diseases, or condition such as colour blindness to be sterilised.
  3. Between 1934 and 1945 around 350,000 German men and women were sterilised.
107
Q

What were Nazi policies towards women - Lifestyle?(4)

A
  1. They were not allowed to smoke, or have late nights.
  2. Exercise and traditional clothing were encouraged.
  3. Good Nazis were encouraged to tell off any fashionably dressed women in public.
  4. Some restaurants banned women from smoking.
108
Q

What were Nazi policies towards women - Marriage and divorce?(4)

A
  1. Loans were offered to people to encourage them to get married.
  2. They were payed 1000 marks (about half a years pay) and the more children they had the less they had to pay back, if they had 4 children they didn’t have to pay it back, only on the condition that they leave their job.
  3. 8 children - Gold, 6 - Silver, 4 or 5 - Bronze
  4. Divorce was made easier for childless marriages. They decision to not have a child were regarded as grounds for divorce.
109
Q

What were Nazi policies towards women - Kinder, Kirche and Küche?(3)

A
  1. Slogan made it clear what Nazis wanted women to focus on.
  2. Children, Church and Cooking.
  3. This view was spread by the Women’s Enterprise, which organised training for women in domestic and motherhood skills. By 1939, around 3.5 million women had attended these courses.
110
Q

What was the impact of Nazi policies towards women? 1933-39 (4) (Hint - Babies, Marriage)

A
  1. Number of marriages increased from 500,000 to over 770,000.
  2. Number of babies born started to increase, but started to fall in 1939.
  3. The number of women in higher education fell.
  4. The number of married women who worked went up, from 4.2 million to 6.2 million. The Nazis were forced to employ women because the economy was booming and there was a labour shortage.
111
Q

What was the impact of Nazi policies towards women? 1939-45 (2)

A
  1. Even more women joined the workforce because of the shortage of workers.
  2. During the war, over 6 million women worked in agriculture.
112
Q

How did the School system change under the control of the Nazis? - Teachers (2)

A
  1. Teacher who refused to teach Nazi content were sacked, around 20% of teacher were sacked in 1933.
  2. The Nazi Teachers’ League had been created in 1929 to provide training for teachers in Nazi ideas. By 1937, 97% of all teachers were members.
113
Q

How did the School system change under the control of the Nazis? - Curriculum (3)

A
  1. Nazi textbooks were written to fit Nazi views.
  2. Pe - More for boys and less for girls.
  3. Biology - Taught about Aryan race and taught other races were inferior and how to spot them.
114
Q

What was the Hitler Youth and League of German Maidens like?

A
  1. Set up in 1926 and by 1933 there were 50,000 members.
  2. By 1939, 80% of young Germans were members of various groups.
    Boys - Taught many military skills and had to do a lot of physical activity and had to pass a physical test to become members. They had to run 60 meters in 12 seconds.
    Girls - Emphasised on keeping fit and developing home building skills. They need to pass a less extreme version of the boys physical test but they also had to know how to make a bed. Had to run 60 meters in 14 seconds.
115
Q

Who was Heinrich Himmler?
What role did he play in Nazi Germany? (4)

A
  1. 1929 - Head of the SS
  2. 1934 - Played an important role in the Night of the Long Knives
  3. 1936 - Head of Police including Gestapo
  4. 1941 - Set up the “Death’s Head” units of the SS that ran concentration camps and carried out mass murder of the Jews.
116
Q

Who was Joseph Goebbels?
What role did he play in Nazi Germany?

A
  1. 1928 - Put in charge of Nazi propaganda - he was very good at it.
  2. 1938 - Gave orders for Kristallnacht
  3. 1943 - Put in complete charge of the war effort. Since defeat loomed, he helped organise ‘total war’ helping maintain moral and support victims from Allied Bombings.
117
Q

What was the Gestapo? (4)

A
  1. Secret Police
  2. Ordinary Germans feared them, they thought they were everywhere and because they could torture and put you in concentration camps without trial.
  3. However there were only 15,000 of them in a population in 60 million.
  4. They would attack political opposition and jewish people and religious groups and gay people.
118
Q

What were the SS? (4)

A
  1. Hitler’s personal bodyguard
  2. By 1939 it had 250,000 members.
  3. All members were recognisable aryan and had to be fit.
  4. They had the responsibility of destroying all opposition to Hitler.
119
Q

What were concentration camps? (2)

A
  1. Nazi opponents were put in concentration camps.
  2. Himmler controlled over 250 companies who used enforced labour to make all kinds of goods, including weapons.
120
Q

What were Block leaders and informers?

A
  1. Every town was divided into blocks and each block had a block leader.
  2. They would collect donations and check in on everyone.
  3. Their leader would write a report on everyone which could effect them getting a job.
  4. They would make sure they follow Nazi traditions like raising the flag and being enthusiastic.
121
Q

What were the police and the law courts like after Hitler’s rise to power?

A
  1. Nazis were appointed as judges so a fir trial was impossible.
  2. From 1936, judges had to wear the swastika and Nazi eagle.
  3. The number of offences carrying the death penalty went up from 3 in 1933 to 46 in 1943.
122
Q

What were Nazi rallies like? (2)

A
  1. The Nazis held huge rallies.
  2. They gave people a sense of belonging.
123
Q

What were newspapers like under Nazi rule? (2)

A
  1. By 1939 the Nazis owned 2/3 of all German newspapers.
  2. They only printed out what the Nazis and Goebbels told them to print.
124
Q

What were the Radios like under Nazi rule? (4)

A
  1. Goebbels took control over all radio broadcasting.
  2. Goebbels saw it as the most important form of propaganda, Hitler’s speeches, German music, German History were all broadcasted.
  3. Cheap radios were made so that as many Germans as possible could listen to Nazi propaganda. By 1939, 70% of Germans owned a radio compared to less than 25% in 1932.
  4. Loudspeakers were also set up in public squares, bars and cafés all over Germany and people were encouraged to listen to important radio programmes and announcements.
125
Q

What were Films like under Nazi control?

A
  1. Goebbels controlled all of the films made in Germany.
  2. There were always newsreels before the movies so people would arrive late to the cinema in order to not have to listen to them.
126
Q

What were Books like under Nazi control? (4)

A
  1. As soon as they came in power they organised official book burnings.
  2. In 1933, Berlin students bunt 20,000 books on massive bonfires.
  3. All books that were published were first checked by Goebbels’ Ministry, no anti-war or anti-Nazi books were allowed.
  4. Mein Kampf became the best selling book in Germany.
127
Q

What was music like under Nazi control?

A
  1. Folk music was promoted and marching songs. They were also encouraged to listen to German composers such as Bach, Beethoven and Wagner.
128
Q

What was Art like under Nazi control? (4)

A
  1. Hitler disliked ‘modern’ art.
  2. In 1936 the Nazis burned 5,000 paintings they disapproved of.
  3. The Nazis encouraged paintings and sculptures that showed heroic military figures or the ideal family and superior races.
  4. In 1937, the Nazis opened the House of German Art that showed art that the Nazis approved of.
129
Q

What was architecture under Nazi control?

A
  1. Hitler favoured ‘monumental style’ for public buildings, to show off Nazi power and the ‘country style’ for family homes.
130
Q

What opposition did Hitler face from the Army?

A
  1. The July 1944 Bomb plot, organised by Claus von Stauffenberg came the closest to killing Hitler.
  2. Claus had been a Nazi supporter since the 1930’s, but by 1943 he believed that Hitler was leading them to defeat.
  3. Claus and some other high ranking officers planned to put a bomb in a meeting that they knew Hitler was going to be at, however it failed because the bomb was moved further away from Hitler.
  4. Thinking they killed Hitler they continued to take over Berlin, but soon realised that he was alive and Claus was shot along with others, some committed suicide.
131
Q

What were the Edelweiss Pirates? (5)

A
  1. They were young people who refused to behave in a way that the Nazis wanted.
  2. They wore the Edelweiss flower, the skull and cross bones or a white pin on their clothing.
  3. They would listen to banned radios and would spread anti nazi leaflets and would wear clothes the Nazis did not approve of.
  4. Their numbers grew during the war to about 2000.
  5. The Nazis initially just issued warning but then when numbers started to grow, they responded harshly. In December 1942, the Gestapo arrested 739 Edelweiss Pirates in Dusseldorf, some were tried and executed and others were imprisoned in concentration camps.
132
Q

What was the Swing Youth?

A
  1. Listened to Jazz music, boys grew their hair long and girls wore bright makeup.
  2. They were richer than the Edelweiss Pirates so would meet in bars and clubs rather than street corners.
  3. The Nazis closed some of the clubs they would go to and the Gestapo arrested some and were sent to concentration camps.
133
Q

What was the White Rose group?

A
  1. Led by Munich University students, Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst.
  2. They didn’t like they was people were treating the Jews and believed that if they didn’t do anything the German name would be disgraced forever.
  3. They would spread anti Nazi leaflets and posters and graffiti. They urged Germans to protest against the war effort and to overthrow Hitler.
  4. In 1943, they organised the first major public demonstration in Germany when they took to the streets and handed out anti-nazi leaflets. The Nazis arrested the leaders and Hans and Sophie School were tortured before being beheaded.
134
Q

Give examples of allied bombing. (2)

A
  1. Cologne
  2. Dresden - 14 Feb 1945 20,000-100,000 dead.

History (2 decks)

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