History (Bauman)

Question 1

What is the definition of science?

Answer 1

The study of nature that proceeds by posing questions about observations.

Question 2

Who was Hippocrates and what was his contribution to science?

Answer 2

A Greek physician who wondered whether there is a link between environment and disease.

Question 3

What fundamental question about life did one man’s determination lead to?

Answer 3

What does life really look like?

Question 4

What new science was born from the quest to answer questions about life?

Answer 4

Microbiology.

Question 5

What significant tool invented 350 years ago began to provide clues about microbial life?

Answer 5

The microscope.

Question 6

What were the early efforts in microbiology focused on?

Answer 6

Observations of microbial life and organizing them into logical classifications.

Question 7

Who was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?

Answer 7

A Dutch tailor, merchant, and lens grinder who first discovered the bacterial world.

Question 8

What did Leeuwenhoek discover in 1674?

Answer 8

The existence of protozoa.

Question 9

What did Leeuwenhoek discover in 1676?

Answer 9

The existence of bacteria.

Question 10

What motivated Leeuwenhoek to make his own lenses?

Answer 10

An insatiable curiosity and a desire to examine the quality of cloth.

Question 11

What was Leeuwenhoek’s passion that changed the way we see our world?

Answer 11

Making and looking through simple microscopes.

Question 12

What did Leeuwenhoek observe in a drop of water?

Answer 12

Little animalcules, some round and others oval.

Question 13

How did Leeuwenhoek describe the movement of the animalcules he observed?

Answer 13

Swift and various, upwards, downwards, and round about.

Question 14

What prestigious scientific group did Leeuwenhoek report his findings to?

Answer 14

The Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge.

Question 15

What was the size of the lens used in Leeuwenhoek’s microscope?

Answer 15

About the size of a pinhead.

Question 16

What did Leeuwenhoek conclude about the number of animals in dental plaque?

Answer 16

They exceed the number of men in a kingdom.

Question 17

are parasites eukaryotic or prokaryotic? how about fungi?

Answer 17

Eukaryotic

Question 18

since bacteria has no nucleus to contain their chromosomes, chromosomes are

Answer 18

supercoiled

Question 19

can archaea cause disease to humans?

Answer 19

no

Question 20

what makes fungi distinct from plants?

Answer 20

does not produce their own food

Question 21

What yeast causes bread to rise and produces alcohol from sugar?

Answer 21

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 22

it is a mold that produces penicillin

Answer 22

Penicillium chrysogenum

Question 23

Who reported the existence of bacteria?

Answer 23

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Leeuwenhoek’s observations were made in the 17th century.

Question 24

What were Leeuwenhoek’s ‘beasties’ later called?

Answer 24

Micro-organisms or microbes

Question 25

What is the significance of Leeuwenhoek's microscopes?

Answer 25

They enabled the discovery of microorganisms

Question 26

In what year was Leeuwenhoek elected to the Royal Society?

Answer 26

1680

Question 27

List the six groups of microorganisms.

Answer 27

* Bacteria * Archaea * Fungi * Protozoa * Algae * Small multicellular animals

Question 28

Why are protozoa, algae, and nonmicrobial parasitic worms studied in microbiology?

Answer 28

They are important for understanding the biology and ecology of microbes

Question 29

Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic organisms.

Answer 29

Prokaryotic organisms lack nuclei; eukaryotic organisms have nuclei

Question 30

Who developed a taxonomic system for naming and grouping organisms?

Answer 30

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 31

What significant change did scientists make to Linnaeus's classification system?

Answer 31

Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are classified as fungi instead of plants

Question 32

What are the two groups of prokaryotic microorganisms?

Answer 32

* Bacteria * Archaea

Question 33

What is the composition of bacterial cell walls?

Answer 33

Polysaccharide called peptidoglycan

Question 34

What distinguishes the cell walls of archaea from those of bacteria?

Answer 34

Archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan

Question 35

How do bacteria and archaea reproduce?

Answer 35

Asexually

Question 36

Where are archaea often found?

Answer 36

Extreme environments, such as saline lakes and hot springs

Question 37

Do any known archaea cause diseases in humans?

Answer 37

No

Question 38

What is the general reputation of bacteria?

Answer 38

They have a poor reputation, but most are beneficial

Question 39

How do bacteria contribute to the ecosystem?

Answer 39

They degrade dead organisms and recycle nutrients

Question 40

What type of organisms are fungi?

Answer 40

Eukaryotic

Question 41

How do fungi obtain their food?

Answer 41

From other organisms

Question 42

What do fungi have that distinguishes them from animals?

Answer 42

Cell walls

Question 43

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

Answer 43

It serves as the control center, housing DNA and coordinating activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Question 44

Define pseudopods.

Answer 44

Extensions of a cell that flow in the direction of travel.

Question 45

What are spores?

Answer 45

Cells that produce a new individual without fusing with another cell.

Question 46

How does a budding cell reproduce?

Answer 46

A daughter cell grows off the mother cell.

Question 47

What is the size of a typical yeast cell?

Answer 47

Approximately 5 um.

Question 48

What is Penicillium chrysogenum known for?

Answer 48

It produces penicillin.

Question 49

What type of fungi are yeasts?

Answer 49

Unicellular.

Question 50

How do molds typically reproduce?

Answer 50

By sexual and asexual spores.

Question 51

What is an example of a beneficial yeast?

Answer 51

Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Question 52

What does Saccharomyces cerevisiae do?

Answer 52

Causes bread to rise and produces alcohol from sugar.

Question 53

What organism causes most cases of yeast infections in women?

Answer 53

Candida albicans.

Question 54

What are protozoa?

Answer 54

Single-celled eukaryotes similar to animals in nutritional needs and cellular structure.

Question 55

From which language does the term 'protozoa' derive?

Answer 55

Greek.

Question 56

What are the three locomotive structures in protozoa?

Answer 56

* Pseudopods * Cilia * Flagella

Question 57

What are cilia?

Answer 57

Short, hair-like structures used for locomotion.

Question 58

What is the function of flagella?

Answer 58

Whiplike extensions that aid in movement.

Question 59

How do cilia and flagella differ?

Answer 59

Cilia are numerous and shorter, while flagella are less numerous and longer.