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Nutrition Year 1 - semester one > History and Philosophy > Flashcards

History and Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of “Naturopathy”

A

A system of healthcare which encourages and promotes the body’s own self-healing mechanisms

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2
Q

Name the 5 Naturopathic Principles

A
  1. The Healing Power of Nature
  2. Treat the Cause, not a Symptom
  3. Treat the Whole Person
  4. Prevention is Preferable to Cure
  5. Education
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3
Q
  1. The Healing Power of Nature:
A
  • The body can heal itself given the right conditions and treatment.
  • The body has a ‘Vital Force’ (‘Qi’ or ‘Prana’)! which can be stimulated or suppressed.
  • Vital Force can be stimulated with: fresh air, sun, clean water, a healthy diet, fasting, detoxification, natural therapy.
  • “Whatever disease the body has produced, it is able to revert it” (Dr. A. Vogel, Switzerland).
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4
Q
  1. Treat the Cause, not a Symptom:
A

The question is not what is the disease, but:

  • WHY is it there?
  • WHERE did it come from?
  • WHAT is the cause?
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5
Q
  1. Treat the Whole Person:
A
  • Take into account the whole patient (encompassing physical, mental, genetic, environmental, social and other factors) ➡️ INDIVIDUALITY❗️
  • The person is treated, not the symptom.
  • There is no “one size fits all” approach. You may have two clients in one morning complaining of the same symptoms. Your approach would differ for each of them.
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6
Q
  1. Prevention is Preferable to Cure:
A
  • Naturopathic practitioners must promote the importance of ‘prevention’.
  • With most diseases being so clearly linked to diet, lifestyle and the environment, it is essential that we address these in order to prevent disease, rather than simply react when it has already manifested.
  • Promoting health ultimately maintains optimal Vital Force at all times.
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7
Q
  1. Education:
A
  • Naturopathic practitioners educate their patients by bringing a better understanding of health, how to attain and maintain it and how to avoid creating an environment where disease can result.
  • You must empower patients to take responsibility for their own health.
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8
Q

What is Health?

A

“Abundant Vitality”- best possible physical, mental and emotional state.

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9
Q

What is a Naturopathic Nutritionist?

A

• A Naturopathic Nutritionist follows the Naturopathic Principles knowing that every person is an individual and requires a personalised nutritional approach to health.
• A Naturopathic Nutritionist focuses on the following:
– Using whole & organic food as medicine.
– Detoxification & cleansing.
– Looking at the constitution of a patient (TCM / Ayurveda / Homeopathy).
– Understanding the cause of an individual’s symptoms.

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10
Q

What is the definition of a “Nutrient”?

A

A substance which provides nourishment essential for growth and maintenance of life.

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11
Q

What is the definition of “Nutrition“?

A

The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.

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12
Q

What is the definition of “Nourishment”?

A

The food or other substances necessary for growth, health, and good condition.

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13
Q

What is the definition of “Food”?

A

Any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth.

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14
Q

What is the definition of “Whole Food”?

A

Food that has not been processed or refined and is free from additives or other artificial substances.

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15
Q

What is the definition of “Organic Food”?

A

Food free of fertilisers, pesticides, irradiation, GMOs, growth hormones and livestock feed additives.

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16
Q

What are “Superfoods”?

A

Superfoods are highly nutritious foods containing all, or nearly all, the vitamins, minerals and trace elements a body needs.
Examples:
- algae, sprouts, bee pollen, wheatgrass.

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17
Q

What is “Junk Food”?

A

‘Junk foods’ are substances which are not natural, have been altered, or are not suitable to maintain health and growth.
Examples:
- GMOs, trans- fats, sweeteners, pesticides, artificial colourings, microwaved food, etc.

  • Junk foods hinder cell communication and are, therefore, detrimental to health and wellbeing.
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18
Q

What does “Ayurveda” mean?

A 
Ayur = Life
Veda = knowledge
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19
Q

Hippocrates (468-377 BC) - Father of Medicine:

A
  • “Let food be thy Medicine, and Medicine be thy food”.
  • “Food as the primary source of medicine, health and healing. First use food, then herbs, finally intervention”.
  • Nature is the “Physician of Man”.
  • Wrote the ‘Hippocratic oath’, which was altered numerous times and is different today.
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20
Q

Sebastian Kneipp (1821-1897) - Father of Hydrotherapy:

A

• Cured his own TB by bathing in the river Danube.

  • Hydrotherapy describes the therapeutic use of water as healing agent.
  • Cold Water: Decreases circulation and numbs the area.
  • Hot Water: Relaxes muscles & increases circulation.
  • Alternating hot/cold water: Stimulates blood flow – increasing oxygen and, therefore, nutritional supply to cells.
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21
Q

Dr. Max Bircher-Benner (1867-1939) - advocated a 50/50 raw food diet with emphasis on fruit:

A
  • Heat (apart from sun) degrades food by destroying enzymes.
  • Famous for his Bircher Muesli (raw oats, goat’s yogurt & fruit, soaked overnight).
  • “Good gut health is necessary for proper growth of cells and tissues”.
  • Avoid heat to maintain nutrient profile in food.
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22
Q

Dr. John Harvey Kellogg (1852-1943) - said that, “90% of diseases are due to improper functioning of the bowel”:

A
  • He promoted, in particular, the importance of the intestinal microflora.
  • The Kellogg brothers produced shredded wheat and granola biscuits for residential patients. It became a commercial venture over time. When they lost control, the product sadly changed dramatically.
23
Q

Henry Lindlahr (1862-1924) - Iridology:

A
  • Had ‘incurable’ diabetes at 35. Was told to ‘put his affairs in order’. He visited Sebastian Kneipp, who completely restored his health before returning to the USA to spread the word.
  • Used the term ‘Nature-Cure’ to define his approach to recovery.
  • Formulated the ideas of ‘Healing Crisis’.
24
Q

Dr. Max Gerson (1881-1959) - said that ‘Toxicity & Deficiency’ are the two planks underpinning health:

A
  • Alkalised the body with fresh organic vegetable juices and detoxified with coffee enemas.
  • He initially used his treatment for TB, where 446 out of his 450 skin TB patients completely recovered.
  • He later used the ‘Gerson therapy’ for cancer patients. He had a success rate of 25% on terminal cancer patients (patients free of cancer after 5 years).
  • Nobel prize winner Albert Schweitzer said Dr. Gerson was “one of the most eminent geniuses in the history of medicine”.
25
Q

James C. Thomson (1887-1960) - he advocated fibre (unrefined grains, raw vegetables & fruit):

A
  • A Scottish Naturopath who spent 4 years training under Lindlahr.
  • In 1913 he set up a busy practice in Edinburgh, before opening the first training college in British in 1919, The Edinburgh School of Natural Therapeutics.
  • Established the well-known ‘Kingston Clinic’ in Edinburgh (1938).
26
Q

Dr. Bernard Jensen (1908-2001) - advocated bowel-cleansing as the most important aspect in maintaining health:

A
  • Born in California and a student of Kellogg.
  • He said, “every tissue is fed by the blood which is supplied by the bowel”.
  • Dr Jenson used chlorophyll extensively in enemas and colonics.
  • He claimed a 40% success rate curing leukaemia.
  • Developed advanced Iridology and promoted the ‘toxaemia’ theory.
  • He drew an illustration of colon areas corresponding to a certain organ, after seeing thousands of patients. A person suffering from heart, spleen or lung problems reported at the same time a sensation in a particular area of the colon. He found that cleansing the bowel via enemas, herbs or fasting made the sensation disappear, as well as the physical condition.
  • Later developed the colon hydrotherapy machine.
  • waste eliminated from the bowel during the cleansing protocol, formed using bentonite clay, which binds with the waste materials.
27
Q

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - Germ Theory:

A

• Germ Theory: Disease occurs from outside of the body! i.e. bacteria, viruses, fungi, cause diseases from outside.
• He developed the ‘pasteurisation’ process where he found that rapid heating destroys microbes.
➡️ This is the basis of western medicine - suppressing symptoms using drugs.

28
Q

Antoine Bechamp (1816-1908) - Terrain Theory:

A
  • Bechamp maintained that: Disease occurs from within the body (changes of the terrain, opposite to Pasteur).
  • “Bacteria and viruses are the ‘after-effects’ rather than the cause of disease”.
  • “Most diseases are the result of an acidic, low oxygenated terrain” (environment) where the diseased tissue spawns the growth of micro- organisms which develop into different forms.
  • On his death bed, Pasteur said:
    “Bechamp was right. The pathogen is nothing. The terrain is everything.”
29
Q

Allopathy 🆚 Homeopathy

A

Allos (against) / pathy (disease).
• Uses chemicals / drugs to ‘treat’ symptoms (not the disease).
• Views symptoms as the disease and is, therefore, ‘reductionist’.
• Treating a symptom means to suppress a symptom (disease).
• Suppressions drive the disease deeper into the body.

30
Q

Allopathy 🆚 Homeopathy

A

Homeo (same) / pathy (disease) Cures Like with Like.
• Uses specifically prepared substances to facilitate the body’s own healing process.
• Treats the whole person.
• Views symptoms as an expression of dis-ease, not as THE disease.

31
Q

The Law of Similars (‘Like with Like’):

A
  • Samuel Hahnemann translated a ’Materia Medica’ about the effect of Cinchona Bark (China)-(1791).
  • He decided to take ’China’ which produced Malaria symptoms in him, then gave China to patients with Malaria and discovered that their Malaria disappeared.
32
Q

Examples of the “Law of Similars” - Homeopathy:

A

– Bee venom for a bee sting
– Coffee for insomnia
– Onion for watery eyes & a runny nose
– Snake venom for a snake bite

33
Q

Applications of “The Law of Similars”:

A
  • Fever
  • Sunburn
  • Burns
  • Frostbites
  • Hangover

*Allopathic applications work against the body’s self-healing mechanism suppressing symptoms.

34
Q

Suppression of Symptoms:

A
  • Suppression is when “One gets the manifestation of an illness to disappear, without having healed the illness” (S. Hahnemann)
  • If symptoms are suppressed, the body finds different ways to express itself. The results are deeper-seated problems which are more detrimental to body functions and longevity.
  • Suppression masks the illness and drives it further into the body, For example metastases as result of cancer treatments.
  • Emotional symptoms can also be suppressed and can cause severe physical conditions.
35
Q

Examples of Suppression: 1. Emotions

A
  • suppression of emotions including anger, sorrow, worries and annoyance ➡️ due to anti-depressant drug use.
  • When a person’s deep-seated desires in life are suppressed, diseases can manifest.
36
Q

Examples of Suppression: Body Secrerions

A
  • suppressing sweat ➡️ the body’s attempt to detox.

* Antiperspirants (aluminum and other toxins) contribute to many health problems, including even breast cancer.

37
Q

Examples of Suppression: Topical Applications

A

Corticosteroids:
• Compromise the immune system, weaken adrenal function & inhibit waste elimination through the skin.
• Individuals applying steroid creams to eczema lesions can develop diseases such as asthma, where waste is instead eliminated through the lungs (creating inflammation).

Coal tar/zinc creams (for Eczema/psoriasis):
• Can incite skin eruptions to spread more superficially
• Can push the disease state deeper causing anxiety, candida, allergies and asthma.

38
Q

Examples of Suppression: Surgical Removal

A

Tonsils:
• The immune system is compromised ➡️ often results in chronic throat infections potentially spreading rapidly to become chest infections, digestive disorders such as ‘SIBO’ or heart problems.

Warts, Cysts:
• Can result in the formation of benign tumours and growth elsewhere deeper in the body.
• E.g. fibroids, intestinal/nasal polyps, etc.
*Warts often return later, larger and in greater quantity❗️

Radiotherapy & chemotherapy
• Highly toxic and suppressive❗️

39
Q

Examples of Suppression: Pain & Fever Drugs

A

Fever suppressing drugs:
• Drugs such as paracetamol (Calpol) can cause the disease to spread and delay recovery.
• Cold wraps could induce convulsions. Warm wraps are better as they follow the homeopathic Law of Cure: ‘Like with like’.

Painkillers:
• Painkillers only mask diseases.

40
Q

Examples of Suppression: Antibiotics

A
  • Disrupt the intestinal flora & may lead to long- term digestive & immune disruptions, also links to neurological disturbances.
  • hugely over-prescribed, which contributes to the development of ‘superbugs’ that are increasingly resistant to current antibiotics.
41
Q

The Body’s Self-Healing Abilities:

A

• The body has the intelligence and power to restore itself to health (providing it is allowed to do so), eg. a cut finger (blood will clot) or a broken bone (which will heal).
• Cells are continually renewing themselves, a whole new body is created within months;
e.g. brain (1 year), blood (4 months), liver (6 weeks), skin (1 month), bone (3 months), stomach mucosa (5 days).
• A good therapist always supports the body’s self- healing mechanisms and would not work against it.

42
Q

Examples of Self-Healing:

A

• Acute symptoms can be manifestations of the body’s self-healing mechanisms:
– Fever is a reaction of the body to fight disease.
– Diarrhoea to get rid of unwanted toxins.
– Skin reactions to get rid of toxins.

43
Q

Hering’s Laws of Cure:

A
  1. From inside out ➡️ eg. a boil formation clears toxins from the inside to the exterior away from more vital organs.
  2. From more serious organs to less serious ones ➡️ eg. from the lungs (asthma) to skin (eczema).
  3. The mind gets better before the body ➡️ eg. anxiety starts improving before IBS does.
  4. Symptoms disappear in the reverse order to when they arrived
  5. From above to below ➡️ eg. rheumatoid arthritis progressing from distal finger joints to the wrist.
44
Q

Naturopathy in Practice:

Example 1. Coronary heart disease and Atherosclerosis:

A

A pathology where plaque forms inside the coronary arteries, obstructing the blood flow to the myocardium.

Naturopathic approach:
• Correcting diet and lifestyle that caused the problem and, therefore, decreasing or even removing the plaque.

Allopathic approach:
• Removing plaque through surgical procedures or using drugs to prevent plaque formation (ignoring the cause of the disease).

45
Q

Naturopathy in Practice:

Example 2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:

A

A pathology characterised by hyperglycaemia, associated with insulin resistance. This is a result of improper diet and lack of exercise.
- Insulin resistance: Cells become unresponsive to insulin, due to Excessive processed carbohydrates (fructose and grains, especially wheat); trans-fats/hydrogenised fats; low levels of dietary fibre; lack of physical activity; dehydration, etc.

Allopathic approach:
• Drugs that decrease insulin resistance and/or lower blood sugar levels with minimal dietary changes.

Naturopathic approach:
• Applies dietary changes (and supplements) which naturally lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin resistance. Exercise and stress reduction programme.

46
Q

The Chinese Body Clock ⏰:

Li, Lu, La, St, Sp, B, K, P, TB, G - (Li, Lu, La, St, Sp, Because, Klaudia, Pushed, ToBy’s, Girl)

A

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), it is believed that each organ functions at its optimum capacity at certain times of the day:

  • 1am-3am ➡️ Liver
  • 3am-5am ➡️ Lung
  • 5am-7am ➡️ Large Intestine
  • 7am-9am ➡️ Stomach
  • 9am-11am ➡️ Spleen
  • 11am-1pm ➡️ Heart
  • 1pm-3pm ➡️ Small Intestine
  • 3pm-5pm ➡️ Bladder
  • 5pm-7pm ➡️ Kidney
  • 7pm-9pm ➡️ Peru-Cardium
  • 9pm-11pm ➡️ Triple-Burner
  • 11pm-1am ➡️ Gallbladder
47
Q

TCM 🆚 Modern Western Medicine:

A
  • Based on centuries of clinical observation 🆚 Based on experimentation.
  • Individualized (patient-centred) 🆚 Standardized
  • Emphasizes stimulating the body’s self-healing mechanisms 🆚 Based on medication and procedures.
  • Holistic - looks at the person as a whole 🆚 Reductionist - looks at the structure and functions of individual parts.
  • Primary aim: maintain health 🆚 manage disease.
48
Q

TCM: Yin and Yang ☯️

A

• A healthy meal should achieve a balance of yin and yang.
• Generally, foods are either more:
➡️ YIN (cool, contracting, cooling in property) or
➡️ YANG (warm, expanding, warming in property).

49
Q

TCM: Yin Foods:

A

• Cold and cooling foods.
• Plant foods in general. Foods with low calorific value such as; fruit, green vegetables, seaweed.
• Wet or sweet foods.
• Raw food is generally more yin and better tolerated in the summer.
• Foods that grow in the spring & summer are generally cooling (yin) in quality and, therefore,
should be eaten in season, eg. tomatoes, potatoes, aubergines, bell peppers and sweet tropical fruit.

50
Q

TCM: Yang Foods:

A
  • Warm and warming foods.
  • Foods with a higher calorific value including red meats.
  • Chocolate, tea, coffee and alcohol.
  • Black pepper, ginger, chilli, onion, garlic.
  • Most root vegetables are warming - good to be eaten during autumn and winter.
51
Q

TCM: Yin and Yang Conditions:

A

Yang conditions:
• Caused by excess of animal products, hot spices or alcohol;
• e.g. acne, high-blood pressure, migraines.

Yin conditions:
• Caused by excess of sugar, raw foods or not enough food;
• e.g. lethargy, anaemia, feeling cold.

52
Q

Effects of Cooking methods on Yin and Yang foods:

A

Cooking methods will alter the yin or yang nature of produce:
• Water has a cooling (yin) influence, eg. steaming or boiling.
• Cooking by fire, baking or roasting will make foods hotter or more ‘yang’.
• Juicing, blending, grinding and other processing generally increases the yin of foods.

*Fish is generally considered cold (yin) as it spends much time in water. So it is usually cooked with ginger (yang) to warm up the dish & give it balance.

53
Q

The constitution of a person can be of a more yin or yang;

A
  • A yang-type person usually can eat all yin type food with no ill effect, but may easily get a nose bleed with a small amount of yang-type food.
  • A yin-type person needs boosting or nourishing types of food (more yang).
  • A neutral person is generally healthy and will have strong reactions only after over- consumption of certain foods.
54
Q

Nature and Temperaments of Food:

A
  • Heating foods stimulate the metabolism: eg. Garlic, onions, horseradish, ginger, chicken, eggs, duck, lamb, wheat, sesame seeds, walnuts, lemon, apples, olives and aged cheeses.
  • Cooling foods sedate the metabolism and relieve excess heat: eg. Bananas, most tropical fruit, lettuce, cucumber, melons, watermelon, milk and dairy products, fresh cheeses, yogurt, mint, fish.

• Wet foods are rich, oily, moistening and emollient: eg. Milk and dairy products, bananas,
avocados, coconut, fresh cheeses, yogurt.

  • Dry foods are either physically dry or aid the organism in eliminating excess fluid: eg. Most beans, soybeans, chickpeas, pomegranates, asparagus, dried fruit, aged cheeses.
  • Light foods produce lightness, alertness and agility in the body, but in excess, they can lead to light-headedness and weight loss: eg. Rice cakes, popcorn, corn, sunflower seeds.
  • Heavy foods can give strength and durability to the body, but most commonly they produce sluggishness, heaviness and drowsiness and are difficult to digest: eg. Meat, wheat, aubergines, greasy fried foods.

Nutrition Year 1 - semester one (13 decks)

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