History and Legislation

Question 1

What was the attitude of the early settlers in America towards the land?

Answer 1

unlimited supply of timber and wildlife with little or no government or laws to restrict their ambitions.

Question 2

What was the attitude of the early settlers in America towards the wildlife?

Answer 2

Attitude evolved from unrestricted abundance and harvest to one of regulated management and equitable access.

Question 3

In early America, how did Native Americans value and use wildlife?

Answer 3

• entire carcass of a bison - meat, hide, entrails and bones
• only killed female bison
  -only took tongues or fetuses
• other tribes ran herds of bison over cliffs or stored carcasses underwater for months

Question 4

what era was the first wildlife laws established?

Answer 4

Era of abundance (1500-1849)

Question 5

What colony established the first bounty system?

Answer 5

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Question 6

What happened to wildlife population in the era of overexploitation?

Answer 6

populations began to decline

Question 6

What were the contributing factors to wildlife populations declining in the era of overexploitation?

Answer 6

• habitat modifications
• repeating firearms
• transportation systems
• markets developing for wildlife

Question 7

The passenger pigeon is an American tragedy. Write the story that led to the extinction of the passenger pigeon?

Answer 7

6- Alexander Wilson (ornithologist that observed one flight of migrating pigeons 250 miles long)
- Tree limb broke under the weight of the roosting bird
- Estimated 136 million nested in a 849 sq mi area of central Wisconsin
- hunting and destruction of habitat led to pigeon’s extinction
- but what really led to the pigeon’s extinction was the railroad (access to nesting colonies and migration routes) and telegraph (kept hunters informed about their location).
- pigeons laid only 1 egg which played a factor into their demise.
By 1885, the last colony was located in Wisconsin

Question 8

What factors led to the extinction of the Labrador duck?

Answer 8

• eggs overharvested
• Feather trade
• decline in shallow water mollusk populations (food source)

Question 9

Describe the Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862?

Answer 9

Passed on July 2, 1862, this act made it possible for states to establish public colleges funded by the development or sale of associated federal land grants.

Question 10

In the era of protection, what was the principle cause for wildlife declines?

Answer 10

overexploitation

Question 11

What is the Lacey Act (1900)?

Answer 11

Prohibits interstate transport of game that had been killed or possessed in violation of state law.

Question 12

what is the migratory bird law (1913) ?

Answer 12

• gave protection to most migrating birds in North America
• Established federal control over the hunting of all migratory game birds

Question 13

What is the migratory bird treaty act (1918) ?

Answer 13

includes within the concept of “Take” = hunting, capturing, or possessing adults, young, eggs, or nests

Question 14

What is the Migratory Bird Conservation Act (1929) ?

Answer 14

This is an act that made regularly appropriated federal funds available for the purchase of refuge lands.

Question 15

What was the first federal refuge ?

Answer 15

Pelican Island : established in 1903

Question 16

Who is the father of “Conservation Movement”?

Answer 16

Theodore Roosevelt

Question 17

What did Theodore Roosevelt establish?

Answer 17

> 100 national forests
5 national parks
4 national game reserves
51 wild bird refuges

Question 18

what did John Muir contribute to wild places?

Answer 18

• Partly responsible for the development of Yellowstone and Sequoia National Parks.
• Started the Sierra Club

Question 19

Who is Giffored Pinchot

Answer 19

• chief of what is now known as the U.S. Forest Service
• Author of The Fight for Conservation
• Coined the term “Conservation Ethic”

Question 20

Who designed the first migratory bird stamp and was his known for his cartoons ?

Answer 20

Jay “Ding” Darling

Question 21

Who wrote the book Game Management ?

Answer 21

Aldo Leopold

Question 22

What were some of the significant contributions that Rachel Carson made in the Era of Game Management ?

Answer 22

• Warned others of the effects of synthetic chemical pesticides.
• Challenged scientists and the government
• credited for the recovery of the Bald Eagle

Question 23

When waterfowl hunters purchase a federal duck stamp, where do the proceeds go?

Answer 23

To wetland restoration and protection

Question 24

What is the purpose of the Pittman Robertson Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act ?

Answer 24

• Acquisition and improvement of wildlife habitat
• surveys and inventories of wildlife problems
• Acquisition and development of public access use
• Hunter education programs

Question 25

what is the Dingell Johnson Act ?

Answer 25

Tax placed on fishing tackle and boats to provide funding for research and management of game fish species

Question 26

What is the purpose of the Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act?

Answer 26

to ensure that all possible uses and benefits of the national forests and grasslands would be treated equally.

Question 27

Which act allowed the creation of National Wilderness areas on U.S. Forest Service Lands ?

Answer 27

Wilderness Act 1964

Question 28

Explain the success story of the wood duck

Answer 28

• Almost perished in the early 1900s
• hunted through out every season for decorative plumage
  -swamps drained for agriculture
• Timber When wood ducks nested was harvested at high rates.

Question 29

Why is releasing native animals raised in captivity into the wild usually unsuccessful ?

Answer 29

-lose wildness in captivity
- not as hardy - reduced fitness
- often released into unsuitable habitat
- expensive

Question 30

when is put in take management successful?

Answer 30

if an immediate harvest is successful

Question 31

How is the ring necked pheasant an ecological pest?

Answer 31

-filled the agriculture niche
-parasite nester

Question 32

how has ring necked pheasants contributed to the economic and cultural success of South Dakota?

Answer 32

bring in tons of money due to licensed hunting of pheasants

Question 33

List some native species that have benefited from reintroduction programs ?

Answer 33

bison, Mexican gray wolf, wild turkey, Yellowstone wolf, California condor, elk

Question 34

Explain the case study of reindeer on St. Matthews island

Answer 34

Class case of a boom and bust population
high quality and quantity of food resources (lichens)
high birth rate
low mortality
increase in sedges and grasses
extreme snow, winter 1964
cause of decline: overgrazing and decline of lichens

Question 35

what was the period of growing environmental awareness and establishing environmental regulations called ?

Answer 35

Era of Environmental Management

Question 36

What act prevents the “take; of protected marine mammals within territorial water of the U.S.?

Answer 36

Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972)

Question 37

Describe the Endangered Species Act (1973)

Answer 37

protection for species on the brink of extinction. Broadly prohibited taking, hunting, harming, and harassing protected species

Question 38

What is the purpose of an environmental impact statement (EIS) ?

Answer 38

Helps public officials make informed decisions that are a reflection of an understanding of environmental consequences and the alternatives available

Question 39

What is the clean air act (1970) ?

Answer 39

passed to regulate emissions, to protect and improve air quality

Question 40

What is the Clean Water Act (1977) ?

Answer 40

Passed to regulate discharge of pollutants into U.S. waterways.

Question 41

What does CITES stand for?

Answer 41

Convention on international Trade in Endangered species of wild fauna and Flora

Question 42

What act creates a comprehensive strategy for nongame fish and wildlife ?

Answer 42

Fish and Wildlife Act (1980)

Question 43

What is the food security act ?

Answer 43

a five year omnibus farm bill which allowed lower commodity price, income supports and established a dairy herd buyout program.

Question 44

What is the name of the two major plans and conservation strategies in the Era of Conservation Management?

Answer 44

Wildlife Action Plan (2005)
Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy