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LIWORIZ > History and Hermeneutics > Flashcards

History and Hermeneutics Flashcards

1
Q

Conception of time as though it were successive local movements.

A

Cosmological Time

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2
Q

Example:
Cosmological Time: ______
Psychological Time: Melody

A

Notes

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3
Q

Example:
Cosmological Time: Notes
Psychological Time: ______

A

Melody

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4
Q

Conception of time not as measurable local movement but as a span of duration experienced by a conscious subject, which endures in his consciousness or memory

A

Psychological Time

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5
Q

The emphasis is not on the _________, but on the ________________ who experiences time as a synthesis of past, present, and future.

A

duration; conscious subject

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6
Q

Time as a number or a measure?
Ex: November 24, 2005

A

Number

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7
Q

Time as a number or a measure?
Ex: 8 o’clock

A

Number

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8
Q

Time as a number or a measure?
Ex: One hour

A

Measure

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9
Q

Time as a number or a measure?
Ex: Twenty years old

A

Measure

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10
Q

It is not just about dates, persons, or happenings.

A

HISTORY

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11
Q

“_____ was almost certainly the first to formulate a completely new idea of truth and knowledge and who, in a piece of bold anticipation, coined in an absolutely inimitable precision the typical formula of the modern attitude towards truth and reality.” – Pope Benedict XVI (Introduction to Christianity, Ignatius Press, 1990).

A

Giambattista Vico (1668-1774) “Vico”

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12
Q

Human experiences as: __________, __________, and ____________ by our memory.

A

REMEMBERED
RE-PRESENTED
AND RECONSTRUCTED

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13
Q

VERUM ET FACTUM CONVERTUNTUR.

A

Truth and Fact are convertible. Truth is what we ourselves have made.

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14
Q

It was in Vico’s book “___________” (1725/1730/1744/1928) that he fully developed his notion of truth. He reformulated it thus:

A

Scienza Nuova

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

It is a MEMORY when it remembers or recalls it functions as data storage.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A MEMORY when it does not re-present or make present functions as imagination or fantasy.

A

FALSE – it represents and make present functions as imagination or fantasy.

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

It is a MEMORY when it revises (re-visioning) or reconstructs it functions as creative faculty or ingenuity.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

It is about human experiences that are remembered, represented, and reconstructed.

A

HISTORY

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19
Q

History is about human experiences that are ________, ________, and ________.

A

remembered, represented, and reconstructed

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20
Q

Implications of Vico’s Notion of Truth:

The task of the human mind is not to think about being in the _______, but being as we have made it. History is a _______________ for the study of any discipline.

A

abstract; fundamental prerequisite

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21
Q

Implications of Vico’s Notion of Truth:

The factual world is not an ___________________ but our world which we have constructed in history.

A

abstract metaphysical construct

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22
Q

Implications of Vico’s Notion of Truth:

History, previously despised as unscientific, became, alongside mathematics, the only ______________.

A

true science

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23
Q

Thus, Vico’s notion of truth eventually gave birth to the scientific method which is a combination of the ______________ and _______________.

A

primacy of mathematics; observable facts

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24
Q

__________, with his famous classical statement:”So far philosophers have merely interpreted the world in various ways; it is now time to change it” saw in history the arena for man’s self-transcendence.

A

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

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25
Q

According to Karl Marx, man is not just a ________________.

A

factum of history.

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26
Q

VICO: Verum est factum

MARX:

A

Verum est faciendum

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27
Q

VICO:

MARX: Faciendum

A

Factum

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28
Q

VICO: What we made

MARX:

A

What we can make

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29
Q

The concept of objectivity originated from the supposition that the mind is ________, that it copies objects outside it.

A

imitative

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30
Q

Why can we not totally exclude value judgements and creativity?

A

Because history is permeated with meaningful human relationships, understanding or which requires an element of empathy and sympathy which often resist strict methodological procedures.

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Objectivity in history cannot be thought of in this way because the past is gone, never to be repeated.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

______ is the exact correspondence between the mind and reality.

A

Truth

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33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Objectivity in history cannot be thought of in this way because although history requires the conscientious regard for the critical method and standards of history as a discipline, it never implies value judgment or creative reconstruction.

A

FALSE – it always implies

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34
Q

We not totally exclude value judgements and creativity because history is permeated with meaningful human relationships, understanding or which requires an element of _______ and _______ which often resist strict methodological procedures.

A

empathy; sympathy

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35
Q

According to this model, there is objectivity when what is in the mind conforms with reality.

A

VERUM EST ADAEQUATIO REI AD INTELLECTUM

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36
Q

Objectivity in History:

The historian’s heightened sense of his tendency to be _______________;

A

biased or mistaken

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37
Q

Objectivity in History:

A reasonable suspicion that bias, distortion, or error may be ________ in every historical document or narrative that he studies.

A

present

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38
Q

CAUSALITY IN HISTORY

A cause implies necessary connection. It tells us that whenever the antecedent occurs, _________________.

A

the consequent follows

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39
Q

Historical narratives are expected to establish the relation of cause and effect in their explanation.

A

CAUSALITY IN HISTORY

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40
Q

These narratives show that past events, conditions, and processes are consequences of prior conditions.

A

CAUSALITY IN HISTORY

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41
Q

The events of history are caused by the confrontation between the man who recognizes his limits and the man who is carried away by hubris (PRIDE). Man vs. Man vs. Gods

A

HERODOTUS (484-425 B.C.)

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42
Q

Added a personalistic and subjective element in his understanding of history, in such a way that the conversation of the individual, cuts right across the historical events in the world.

A

ST. AUGUSTINE

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43
Q

All history is biography.

A

ST. AUGUSTINE

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44
Q

History is the story of God’s initiative to enter into a covenant. The successes and reversals of history are phases of this covenant.

A

SALVATION HISTORY

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45
Q

Grace, sin, punishment, forgiveness, fidelity, and Divine Providence are the categories in which history is understood.

A

SALVATION HISTORY

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46
Q

I am my nearest neighbor.

A

TACITUS

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47
Q

Every man is the architect of his own fortune.

A

SALLUST

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48
Q

To someone seeking power, the poorest man is the most useful.

A

SALLUST

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49
Q

The higher your station in life, the less your liberty.

A

SALLUST

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50
Q

Roman historians and politicians. History, for them, follows the natural cycle of flowering and fading, birth, and events, brings about the senseless recurrence of rise and fall.

A

SALLUST (86 B.C. -34 B.C.) and TACITUS (55 A.D. - 117 A.D.)

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51
Q

Fate, being the main cause of historical events, brings about the senseless recurrence of rise and fall.

A

SALLUST (86 B.C. -34 B.C.) and TACITUS (55 A.D. - 117 A.D.)

52
Q

Wrote the first history of Rome. History is the interplay of personal and impersonal causes (climate, geography, etc.). He demonstrated for the first time how the destinies of various nations are interwoven.

A

POLYBIUS (201-120 B.C.)

53
Q

He wrote the history of the Peloponnesian wars. For him, history is the interplay of conflicts of interest, in which the stronger always impose his law as the right. Might is right.

A

THUCYDIDES (456-396 B.C.)

54
Q

“Whom the gods wish to destroy…”

A

HERODOTUS (484-425 B.C.)

55
Q

RENAISSANCE and HUMANISM, and later, the _________________ changed our view of history.

A

ENLIGHTENMENT

56
Q

_________ proves that something must be the cause why something happened;

A

Deduction

57
Q

_________ shows that something actually is the cause why something happened;

A

Induction

58
Q

_________ suggested that something is the most likely cause why something happened.

A

Adduction

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The LOGIC of Historical Thought:
A formal logic of deductive inference.

A

FALSE – Not a formal logic

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The LOGIC of Historical Thought:
Consists inductive reasoning from the particular to the general and deductive reasoning from the general to particular.

A

FALSE – Consists neither in inductive reasoning from the particular to the general, not in deductive reasoning from the general to particular.

61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The LOGIC of Historical Thought:
A process of adductive reasoning in the simple sense of adducing answers to specific questions, so that a satisfactory “fit” is obtained.

A

TRUE

62
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The LOGIC of Historical Thought:
The answers may be general or particular, as the questions may require.

A

TRUE

63
Q

History is the process by which human freedom leads to self and social consciousness. This process is realized in the human struggle against nature and social inequalities.

A

KARL MARX

64
Q

CAUSALITY IN HISTORY

There is a loose conception of causality in history. Rather than focusing on one basic cause generating an event, it is more appropriate to say that, in history, there is “______________” where each cause need not exclude the others.

A

causal pluralism

65
Q

According to him, knowledge of history becomes a tool for this struggle.

A

KARL MARX

66
Q

______________ – the ideology of buy and sell with emphasis on instantaneity and disposability.

A

CONSUMERISM

67
Q

Adverse consequences of CONSUMERISM:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. “Throw-away mentality”
  2. Our monumental garbage problem
  3. Our tendency to discard traditional norms, lifestyles, stable relationships, and attachments.
  4. Trivialization of values
68
Q

______________ (the hermeneutical framework which considers the world as self-explanatory)
We can understand history without any recourse to transcendent values of being.

A

SECULARISM

69
Q

_________ and Progress have taken the place of Providence.

A

Reason

70
Q

A problem-solving discipline.

A

HISTORY

71
Q

_________: words can have meanings when considered outside of their use in a determined context.

A

Polysemy

72
Q

Hermeneutics:

Noun: Any activity involved in making the obscure plain, and bringing the unclear to clarify.

A

hermeneia

73
Q

Hermeneutics:

Verb: to interpret or to clarify.

A

hermeneuein

74
Q

Can be oral, written, aural, visual, audiovisual, symbolic/signified, or incarnate

A

Language

75
Q

Is indispensable to communication.

A

Language

76
Q

Can have varied meanings, which depends on the context.

A

Language

77
Q

Reveals and conceals at the same time.

A

Language

78
Q

PERI HERMENEIAS
By _______

“___________ are the symbols of mental experiences, and written words are the symbols of spoken words. Just as all men do not have the same writing, so all men do not have the same speech sounds, but the mental experiences which these words directly symbolize, are the same for all, as also are those things of which our experiences are the images.”

A

Aristotle; Spoken words

79
Q

The son of Hermes, is divine above and goat-like below to signify the ambivalence of language, the duplicity of words.

A

Pan

80
Q

The messages of the gods were often oracular and ambiguous.

A

Pan

81
Q

The inventor of language and the messenger of the gods.

A

Hermes

82
Q

“Hermes is a thief, a liar, and a deceiver.” – Socrates

A

Hermes

83
Q

Asks an open-minded question about past events and answers with selected facts which are constructed in the form of an hermeneutical paradigm.

A

HISTORY

84
Q

UNDERSTANDING IN HERMENEUTICS:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Understanding the text
  2. Understanding the author
  3. Self-Understanding
85
Q

THE QUEST FOR UNDERSTANDING LEADS US:
- From misunderstanding to __________
- From disagreement to __________
- From confusion to _________
- From indifference to __________

A
  • understanding
  • agreement
  • certainty
  • commitment
86
Q

The Hermeneutic Circle operates in different levels:

  • ______: understood in relation to its context; the word to the sentence, the sentence to the paragraph, the paragraph to the whole page of ideas, the page to the entire book.
A

TEXT

87
Q

The Hermeneutic Circle operates in different levels:

  • ______: understood in relation to their life and times, and by situating their ideas within the contexts of the history of ideas.
A

AUTHOR

88
Q

The Hermeneutic Circle operates in different levels:

  • ______: way of understanding must be situated within the context of the community to which they belong and the tradition which shapes the understanding of their community.
A

READER

89
Q

The process of understanding is not linear but circular and spiral.

A

The Hermeneutic Circle

90
Q

States that:
- In order to understand the parts, it is necessary to understand the whole.
- In order to understand the whole, it is necessary to understand the parts.

A

The Hermeneutic Circle

91
Q

States that understanding consists in endless recapitulation and reassessment of previous meanings.

A

The Hermeneutic Circle

92
Q

_________– a uniquely human activity that deals primarily not with information but with that elusive category called MEANING.

A

Understanding

93
Q

MEANING is

_________: It is related to my present or ultimate concern.

A

RELEVANT

94
Q

MEANING is

________: Something/ someone whose worth or value I appreciate.

A

VALUABLE

95
Q

MEANING is

_________: I can own it.

A

APPROPRIABLE

96
Q

EVOLUTION OF THE USAGE

Hermeneia as ________:

A proclamation of the messages of the gods.
A recitation or artistic elocution of Homeric poems.

A

language

97
Q

Hermeneia as production and retrieval of meaning:

  • Refusal to assume the ___________ and the primacy of the subject who decodes a text.
A

continuity of meaning

98
Q

EVOLUTION OF THE USAGE

Hermeneia as ______________:

  • Hermeneia not decoding a prior meaning that must be reconstructed, but letting oneself be regulated by a chain of signifiers with the hope that meaning will emerge through the opposition of these signifiers.
A

production and retrieval of meaning

99
Q

EVOLUTION OF THE USAGE

Hermeneia as commentary:

  • Synonymous with ________ – clarificatory or exploratory explanation about an obscure utterance or text.
A

EXEGESIS

100
Q

EVOLUTION OF THE USAGE

Hermeneia as __________:

Hermeneia broadening of one’s understanding through a fusion of temporal and cultural horizons.

A

commentary

101
Q

EVOLUTION OF THE USAGE

Hermeneia as translation

  • ________ – (latin) movement from one place to another (infinitive: transferre)
A

translatio

102
Q

EVOLUTION OF THE USAGE

Hermeneia as ________:

The movement of meaning from one cultural or temporal context to another.

A

translation

103
Q

EVOLUTION OF THE USAGE

Hermeneia as ________:

Hermeneia bringing an obscure, foreign language into the clarity of a known or familiar language.

A

translation

104
Q

EVOLUTION OF THE USAGE

Hermeneia as language:

LANGUAGE ITSELF IS ALREADY _____________.

A

INTERPRETATION

105
Q

Procedure - Moment - Task at Hand - Result

Research - ________ - Discovery - Data/ Question

A

Heuristic

106
Q

Reconstruction → Arranging the evidences as interpreted to answer the original question posed.
Synthetic → ______________________
Interconnection → Actual composition of my own text
Hermeneutical Paradigm → Opus Magnum

A

Putting back the parts into a whole

107
Q

Investigation → _______________________
Analytic → Looking at the parts
Re-vision → Is my way of looking at the evidences valid/ accurate/ logical?
Matrix of interpretation → Insights/ contexts, meanings

A

Examination of evidences selected

108
Q

Selection → Is it relevant to the question I asked?
Ecstatic → ec-stasis = to stand aside
Refinement/ Criticism → Does the evidence refine my question? Is it authentic?
Result → _________________________

A

Actual evidence/ Authentic sources perspective

109
Q

Research → Re - search
Heuristic → ‘Eureka → I found it!
Discovery → _______________________
Data/ Question → ?

A

To see something/ To uncover

110
Q

Procedure - Moment - Task at Hand - Result

Selection - Ecstatic - ____________ - Actual evidence / authentic sources perspective

A

Refinement/ Criticism

111
Q

Procedure - Moment - Task at Hand - Result

Investigation - Analytic - Interconnection - _________________

A

Matrix of interpretation

112
Q

Procedure - Moment - Task at Hand - Result

____________ - Synthetic - Re-vision - Hermeneutical Paradigm

A

Reconstruction

113
Q

HERMENEUTICAL PARADIGM:
- ___________________
- A Narrative
- Statistical Generalization
- An Analogical Model
- ___________________
- ___________________

A

Causal Model;
Predictive Mode;
A Combination of the Above

114
Q

ELEMENTS of Time

A span of duration
Curious subject and it’s memory
Memory of a person
Both the pleasant and the unpleasant memories

A

Psychological Time

115
Q

HISTORY is not just a study of a ___________.

A

dead past

116
Q

We want to know all causes, all factors that led to this happening.

A

Causality in History

117
Q

Class struggle
Inequalities

A

KARL MARX

118
Q

Why is there a revolution? Why did this happen? Class struggle.

A

KARL MARX

119
Q

YOU ARE NOT A _________________ OF INFORMATION

A

PASSIVE RECIPIENT

120
Q

Salvation history
A cycle
Based on the Providence

A

Sallust & Tacitus

121
Q

____________– we can comprehend history without the basis of religion.

A

Secularism

122
Q

__________ → every action results to an event

A

Cause

123
Q

____________ – what are the other factors affecting history?

A

Polybius

124
Q

_____________ – father of history

A

Herodotus

125
Q

Truth & fact are ___________.
Truth is what we, ourselves, __________.

A

convertible; have made

LIWORIZ (8 decks)

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