History and Civilization Flashcards
Hindu god of creation
Brahma
Who led the Apaches in their efforts to resist Army attempts to force them onto a barren reservation in the American Southwest?
Geronimo
______ was an American philosophical movement that contended that organized religion and political parties were detrimental to individualism, and that people should be self-reliant.
Transcendentalism
Ptolemy I started the
Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt - Ancient Greek State with Alexandria as capital, lasted until conquered by Rome after Actium
Which two rivers formed the European frontier of the Roman Empire?
Rhine and Danube
Code of the Japanese warrior class, the samurai
Bushido
Reagan officials ______ and _____ were blocked from contributing funds to the _______, so they sold weapons to ____ to raise cash.
Oliver North and John Poindexter
Nicaraguan Contras
Iran
Posited supply and demand
David Ricardo
The most popular of the Wild West shows was led by _____ _____.
Buffalo Bill Cody
political liberalization of communist Czechoslovakia between January and August, 1968.
Prague Spring
______ used the telescope to conduct systematic observations of the heavens and confirmed ______ model.
Galileo
heliocentric
In the Pacific Theater of WWII, General _____ used a strategy known as _____ _____, which bypassed heavily defended Japanese positions and attacked weaker ones.
Douglas MacArthur
island-hopping
Negotiations to end the Vietnam War, occurring primarily between Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese diplomat _____, took place in which city?
Lê Ðức Thọ
Paris
In 1922, Great Britain granted Ireland _____ status, making the island the equivalent of Canada, New Zealand, or Australia.
dominion
In 1942, the United States achieved two naval victories which proved crucial to victory against Japan. What were they?
The Battle of the Coral Sea & Battle of the Midway
Who seized power of the Mexican government in 1834?
Santa Anna
1947 act passed by Republican Congress to outlaw closed shop and require right-to-work.
Taft-Hartley Act
_____ refers to the removal of the Papacy from Rome to Avignon, France in 1305. The next seven Popes would sit in Avignon, where the French King could dominate the Church. Damaged church’s prestige.
The Babylonian Captivity
maverick carmaker who built only 51 of the cars named for him
Preston Tucker
In 1952, _____ ran for President against _____.
Republican Eisenhower against Dem Adlai Stevenson
_____were Enlightenment thinkers and writers who were dedicated to discovering social problems and positing resolutions by the implementation of natural law.
Philosophes
1848 Italian revolutions, ____ declared a republic.
Mazzini
Who led American troops in the South during the War of 1812?
Andrew Jackson
____ was currency printed by a bank (today’s bills are printed by the federal government).
scrip
Coined by Gertrude Stein, the ______ was a term used for that generation that came of age during World War I, became disillusioned with life, and demonstrated a lack of cultural or emotional stability.
Lost Generation
What system of defense characterized warfare on the Western Front?
trench warfare
Active in the early years of the 20th century, the _____ were a group of journalists and authors who exposed corruption in business and government.
muckrakers
Concerned about skyrocketing debt, _____ ____ ran as an independent candidate for President in 1992.
Ross Perot
Dominated by the _____, the National Convention of France organized an emergency government in 1793 called ______.
Jacobins
The Committee of Public Safety
Published abolitionist newspaper
William Lloyd Garrison
1800s employers often shared the names of union agitators amongst themselves, with each agreeing not to hire the agitator, a tactic known as _____.
blacklisting
1932 presidential election
FDR defeated Hoover
_____refers to paying the Catholic Church for appointment to Holy Offices, such as Cardinal or Bishop. The practice was prevalent during the late Medieval period, and was a significant source of revenue for the Church.
Simony
What was Woodrow Wilson’s campaign slogan in 1916?
“He kept us out of the War.”
Swiss city of Calvin’s later life
Geneva
_______ specialized in painting the Frontier, and his most famous paintings are of evocative scenes of the lives of fur traders and pioneers, and of political activities in rural areas.
George Bingham
What follower of Plato advocated empiricism?
Aristotle
Biden Secretary of HHS
Xavier Becerra
paper currency, issued by the North during the Civil War
greeenbacks
Asked to leave Massachusetts, ______ established _______ in 1636, granting his fellow colonists complete religious freedom.
Roger Williams
Providence
Jeremy Bentham founded
Utilitarians
The signatories of the _____-____ Pact of 1928 pledged not to use military force as an aggressive means.
Kellogg-Briand
Began around 3000 B.C. and marks man’s first significant use of metals, writing, and the development of city-states.
the Bronze Age
The purchase of ____ from Catholic Church allowed a person to shorten their (or a deceased loved one’s) time in purgatory, and in some cases forgave sins before they were committed.
indulgences
Andrew Jackson’s successor
Martin Van Buren
The first Chinese civilization was the ____ Dynasty, which rose along the banks of the Huang He River around 1750 B.C.
Shang
Title adopted by Hitler
Fuhrer
Which Byzantine Emperor attempted to re-conquer the lands of the Western Roman Empire, beginning in the 530s?
Justinian
In 1617, Ferdinand II was named King of Bohemia, and sent his representatives to Prague. Bohemian Protestants, concerned that Ferdinand II would remove their religious rights, ______, beginning the Bohemian Revolt and the ______.
threw them out the window
Thirty Years War
____ refers to the sharing of cultures between societies.
cultural diffusion
_____ was located on the banks of the Mississippi River, near modern-day St. Louis, and was characterized by massive burial mounds.
Cahokia
In 1965, who published Unsafe at Any Speed, which detailed efforts by American automakers to resist measures designed to increase user safety?
Ralph Nader
_______ required the purchase of a revenue mark for newspapers, advertisements, and legal documents.
The Stamp Act
UK reign 1830-37, son of George III, no legit heir
William IV
_____ was a Dutch Renaissance humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly, which criticized the hypocrisy and immorality of the Catholic Church.
Erasmus (1466-1536)
sought to reform church from inside.
______ contended that although government was supreme, it was required to follow certain natural laws; rights to which all human beings were entitled, simply by virtue of their humanity. Any infringement of these rights justified the overthrow of that government.
Locke - Treatises on Government
Succeeded Henry VI
Edward IV, 1461-83 - died suddenly, princes in the tower
Justinian’s forces re-conquered North Africa by defeating the ___, and Spain, by defeating the ____.
Vandals, Ostrogoths
Who was the chief playwright of Spain’s Siglo d’Oro, reportedly writing over 1,000 plays?
Lope de Vega (1562-1635) was the key playwright in Spanish culture. De Vega was also a poet and novelist, and was considered so comic that Cervantes nicknamed him “The Phoenix of Wits.”
Tecumseh’s army was defeated by ______ at the Battle of _____ in 1811.
William Henry Harrison
Tippecanoe
City of Minotaur’s labyrinth
Knossos
In 1831, _______ ______ led a band of slaves in a revolt in Virginia.
Nat Turner
UK Reign 1422-1461, 1470-71. Hundred Years War, in which his uncleCharles VIIcontestedhis claim to the French throne.
Henry VI
Preceded Gordon Brown as UK PM
Tony Blair
The _____ Doctrine held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any European country that signaled a shift from communism to capitalism. The Doctrine was announced retroactively to justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
Brezhnev
During the Battle of _____, the United States annihilated Japanese naval forces, ending the Japanese Navy as a fighting force and paving the way for U.S. forces to retake the Philippines.
Leyte Gulf
The _____ was the first complete codification of French law. While it provided for freedom of conscience and property rights, the law disallowed female equality.
Code Napoleon
Italian immigrants and Anarchists who were arrested, tried and convicted for the murder of a payroll clerk in 1927. The case generated protest.
Sacco and Vanzetti
Real name of Deep Throat
Mark Felt
In 1961, President Kennedy met with Premier ____ of the U.S.S.R. in Vienna to discuss West Berlin.
Khrushchev
What Florentine is considered the father of modern historical study?
Modern history’s father is Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444), who composed The History of the Florentine People. Although he probably didn’t mean to, Bruni was the first historian to secularize history by concentrating on human endeavors rather than theology.
_____ published _____ holding that man was born with natural rights superior to government rights.
John Locke
Second Treatise of Government
US policy against USSR pushing up against the edge of war
brinkmanship
Under the _____, the United States announced that it would use preemptive strikes against any nation known to be aiding or abetting a terrorist group hostile to the United States.
Bush Doctrine
Succeeded Zachary Taylor
VP Millard Fillmore after Taylor died in office.
UK reigned 1558-1603, Virgin Queen, religion was ____, daughter of ____
Elizabeth I
Protestant
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Continued impressment by the British Navy, the blockade of the American coast, and the pressure of the War Hawks led to _____’s request that Congress declare the ______.
Madison
War of 1812
During the _____, man and man’s predecessors began using stone tools and mainly lived in small roving groups of hunter-gatherers.
Paleolithic Era
Religion adopted by the Persian empire to justify continued conquest
Zoroastrianism
Year of Magna Carta
1215
______, a prominent newspaper publisher, accused _____ of being a Communist spy.
Whitaker Chambers
Alger Hiss
The ____ were Jesus’ close group of followers, who claimed that Jesus had risen from the dead.
Apostles
Preceded Margaret Thatcher as PM
James Callaghan
1566 - Calvinist mobs broke into churches and destroyed statues in _____. King _____ was furious and dispatched _____ to suppress.
Netherlands
Philip II
Duke of Alba
Negotiated Treaty of Versailles for France
Clemenceau
Beginning with _____, who ruled from 284 to 305 B.C., the Roman empire was ruled as two separate halves, normally under two separate emperors who were ostensibly pledged to mutual defense.
Diocletian
What term best describes the United States’ foreign policy towards Europe in the 1930s?
isolationist
Biden Ambassador to UN
Linda Thomas-Greenfield
Preceded David Cameron as UK PM
Gordon Brown
In 1870, Kaiser Wilhelm sent a telegram from Ems, a German resort, to Bismarck, detailing the French government’s request, under threat of war, that the Kaiser not allow his relative to accept the offer of the vacant Spanish throne. Telegram was leaked by _____ leading to _____.
Bismarck
Franco-Prussian War
The _____ issued the Port Huron Statement, which called for university decisions to be made through student participatory democracy.
Students for a Democratic Society
The central text of Daoism is the _____, reputedly composed by ____.
Tao-Te Ching
Lao-Tse
Biden Secretary of Defense
Lloyd Austin
William Henry Harrison political party
Whig
In 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella completed the conquest of Spain from the _____ by successfully capturing _____.
Moors
Granada
Chinese name for Yellow River
Huang He
Some 25,000 Indians served in the armed forces during World War II, the most famous of which were the ______.
Navajo Code Talkers
The introduction of what currency triggered the Berlin Crisis of 1948?
Deutsche Mark
UK reign 1760-1820, House Hanover, defeated France in Seven Years War, lost American Revolution, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
George III
Churchill’s predecessor as PM
Clement Attlee
Confucius attributed societal harmony to following the Rules of _____.
Propriety
Group of military officers dedicated to modernizing the Ottoman state in the early 1900s
Young Turks
About 40,000 years ago, migrants began arriving in the Americas over the _____ _____ _____.
Bering Land Bridge
The Treaty of _____ ended the Spanish-American War
Paris
Biden Secretary of State
Antony Blinken
Which emperor became a Buddhist convert, ensuring the widespread influence of Buddhism?
Ashoka, ruled a state in southern India
Native American tribes along the upper Atlantic seaboard were known as
Woodland Tribes
President who established the Peace Corps
JFK
Ruled Britain as Lord Protector under Parliament
Oliver Cromwell, 1653-58
Author of All Quiet on the Western Front
Erich Maria Remarque
lands between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, stretching down into Palestine.
the Fertile Crescent
The principal religious text of Ancient Egypt was the ____, which was a guide to navigating the afterlife.
Book of the Dead
In August of 1789, France’s new National Assembly issued the ______, a statement of principles of the new government.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Reagan 1980 campaign question
Are you better off than you were four years ago?
First temporary and permanent English colonies in New World
Roanoke and Jamestown
_____ advocated for human treatment and separate asylums for criminals and insane.
Dorothea Dix
In 1966, Chairman Mao commenced the _____, which attempted to remake the Chinese society along pure Communist lines.
Cultural Revolution
Biden Secretary of the Interior
Deb Haaland
A member of the Creole class in Venezuela, _____ led revolutions against Spanish authority in Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia, beginning in 1815.
Simon Bolívar
takes place when many customers withdraw their money simultaneously
bank run
What were the Wars of the Roses
(1455-1485) were a long-running English civil war between two noble families, the House of Lancaster and the House of York, for control of the English Crown.
Woodrow Wilson was governor of ___
NJ
Armed with chariots and compound bows, the ____ conquered Egypt and brought the Middle Kingdom (circa 2040 B.C. to 1640 B.C.) to an end.
Hyksos
The _____ __ _____ resolved the French and Indian War in 1763.
Treaty of Paris
_____ _____ led a revolution against the Ottoman Empire in Egypt in the 1805s.
Muhammad Ali
Dutch explorer of New York
Henry Hudson
What 1454 treaty ended the near ceaseless wars which had dominated northern Italy for decades?
The Peace of Lodi ended military conflict between Milan, Venice, and Florence, and military conflict did not arise between the three powers until the 1490s.
The era of peace marked the pinnacle of the Italian Renaissance.
The _____allowed Johnson to vastly increase the scope of U.S. operations in Vietnam; from a few thousand troops in 1964 to 450,000 troops in 1967.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
In late 1989, President George H.W. Bush ordered 24,000 troops into _____ to remove ____ from power.
Panama
Manuel Noriega
Theodore Roosevelt’s chosen successor
Taft
_____ advocated deductive methodology of reason and logic, unlike Bacon.
Descartes
The region of Renaissance Italy, directly under the control of the Catholic Church, was known as the _____ _____.
Papal States
In 1630, faced with defeat by Ferdinand II’s forces, the desperate Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire called upon which monarch for assistance?
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (Thirty Years War)
1863 battle marking end of Union offensive in Tennesee and Georgia
Battle of Chickamauga
The ______ offered 160 acres of free land upon the Great Plains to anyone who was willing to farm it for five years.
Homestead Act
In 1928, the Democratic Party nominated _____ for President.
Al Smith
In 1772, colonists disguised as Indians set fire to the _____, a British ship which ran aground off Rhode Island.
Gaspee
Both the ____ (1450) and the ____ (1480) enabled sailors to determine latitude by measuring the altitude of heavenly bodies, and thus better chart their course.
quadrant, astrolabe
Pennsylvania was a _____ colony, granted by_____ to _____, a prominent _____, in 1681.
proprietary colony
King Charles II
William Penn
Quaker
____ is a school of thought which places primary importance on the individual, rather than on God.
Humanism
In 1898, the sinking of the _____ in Havana Harbor provided the excuse for an American declaration of war on ____.
Maine
Spain
At the _____ _____ in 1885, the Great Powers set in place the rules for African colonialism.
Berlin Conference
_____ drafted the US Constitution.
James Madison
LBJ’s vice president
Hubert Humphrey
What did the colonists term the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act?
Intolerable Acts
Soviet government agency that administered detention camps where political dissidents and criminals were worked to death in a brutal system of oppression.
Gulag
At the _____, Holy Roman Emperor _____, who had the power to execute Luther for heresy, called upon Luther to renounce his beliefs. Luther refused to do so and was condemned to banishment.
Diet of Worms
Charles V
First Tudor monarch
Henry VII
Latin term meaning “family father” and refers to the common Roman tradition wherein the father of the family (its eldest male) had the right to dominate the family
pater-familias
Mother of Henry VIII’s male heir
Jane Seymour
____ refers to the exchange of animals, plants, human population, and communicable diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
Columbian Exchange
________ such as Kit Carson and Jim Bridger were primarily fur trappers and hunters. They were some of the earliest explorers of the American West, following in the footsteps of Lewis and Clark.
Mountain Men
In the Cuban Missile Crisis, ______ backed down when JFK vowed not to _______.
Khrushchev
Invade Cuba
UK reign 1547-1553, succeeded Henry VIII, Protestant reforms
Edward VI
Which Florentine is considered the father of modern political science?
Machiavelli
Which Dutch Renaissance painter was the first to use oil paint successfully?
Jan van Eyck (1390-1441) was the first to take full advantage of the availability of oil paint, which allowed him to employ incredible amounts of detail in his work.
Britain’s Prime Minister after WWII, nationalized industries and established NHS
Clement Attlee
_______, a Catholic priest whose radio show attracted a nationwide audience, established the National Union for Social Justice.
Father Charles Coughlin
In 1984, _____ _____ sought the Democratic Party’s nomination for President and received a historic 21% of the vote
Jesse Jackson
_______ by ______ takes place in gulag camps
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
Who turned Italy into a battleground by inviting the French to enter the peninsula in 1494?
Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan, invited the French to intervene in the affairs of his neighbor and hated rival, the Kingdom of Naples.
In response, the Papal States and Venice joined with Spain, which dispatched an army to halt the French conquests. A trend had begun, and for the next three centuries Italy would be a battleground for larger foreign powers.
The 1852 election was the last time the ____ Party fielded a presidential candidate.
Whig
1534 _____ deliberately contravened the Pope’s authority in England, and marked an expansion of ____’s power at the expense of the Church.
Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII
English Civil War arose from conflict between _____ and Parliament
Charles I
wrote The Second Sex, which addressed human history from a feminist perspective.
Simone de Beauvoir
UK reign 1685-1688, brother of Charles I, Catholic, deposed in Glorious Revolution 1688
James II/VII
During the end of the Zhou Dynasty, a series of civil wars broke out throughout China, known as the _____ .
Warring States Period
Who signed English Bill of Rights in 1689?
William and Mary
The ______, prominent throughout much of the 19th century, held that women were the moral leaders of the home and ensured children were raised with principle.
cult of domesticity
_____ refers to the acquisition of colonies in Africa during the late 19th century. The largest colonial powers were Britain, France, and Germany.
Scramble for Africa
theory which appealed to reason as the source of knowledge about the universe.
rationalism
President who dispatched federal troops to force Little Rock Central High to integrate
Eisenhower
James Buchanan’s VP
John C. Breckenridge
Under the _____, the newly elected President appointed those who’d helped him to federal office, such as Postmaster.
Spoils System
French finance minister under Louis XIV, a staunch mercantilist
Colbert
In 1801, Napoleon and the Pope reached an agreement known as the _____ _____ _____.
Concordat of 1801
In 1521, ______ conquered the ____in modern-day Mexico, and in 1534, ______completed the conquest of the ____ of Peru.
Hernán Cortés, Aztecs
Pizarro, Incas
Congress of Vienna surrounded _____ with independent nations; established cooperative agreement between 39 _____ states called.
France
Germany
Period of rebirth, outgrowth of culture after medieval period
Renaissance
In 1688, _____’s son ensured a _____ lineage, leading to the _______ in which ______ crowned ______.
James II/VII's Catholic Glorious Revolution Parliament William and Mary
What group was formed in 1940 to support isolation and mobilize American public opinion against involvement in WWII?
The America First Committee
In 1555, ____ abdicated and permanently divided the Hapsburg domains. His brother _______ (1503-1564) was named Holy Roman Emperor and given direct control of the dynastic Hapsburg lands in Austria. His son ______ (1527-1598) inherited the rest of the Empire, including Spain and its colonies in the New World, the Netherlands, and territories in Italy.
HRE Charles V
Ferdinand I
Philip II
In 1954, the United Fruit Company asked President Eisenhower for assistance in protecting their assets in _____.
Guatemala
After the Tet Offensive, “most trusted” reporter _______ declared the war was lost.
Walter Cronkite
______ was an Egyptian leader who dominated Egypt upon its independence in the early 1950s.
Nasser
Andrew Jackson’s _____ was a group of informal advisors.
Kitchen Cabinet
The ____ conquered much of Mesopotamia between 900 and 500 B.C. and developed a powerful empire that rivaled the Babylonians.
Assyrians
Ancient Greek state in Egypt
Ptolemaic Kingdom
He published the first American dictionary
Noah Webster
Russian ____ were “Councils of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Deputies,” who were to serve as local governments under the Provisional Government that could hold national elections.
soviets
diplomacy or politics based not on idealistic, moral, and ethical principles, but upon practical and material factors.
realpolitik
During the Reformation, contemporaries said that _____ “laid the egg that Luther hatched.”
Erasmus
In 1911, a fire at the ______ _____ ______ led to improved workers’ safety laws.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
anti-competitive measure that takes place when competitors agree that they will match prices
price fixing
In the spring of 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference sought to draw attention to segregation in which Southern city?
Birmingham, Alabama
_____’s works dwell on dark themes as their characters struggle to make sense of surreal, nightmarish surroundings that are incomprehensibly complex or nonsensical.
Kafka
Inventor of the internet
Tim Berners-Lee
One of the most popular Romantic writers, Sir _____ _____ set his stories in the Scottish Highlands.
Walter Scott
____ is a pronounced use of chiarorusco in which there are intense contrasts of dark and light, with darkness dominating the painting. Employed by artists such as _____ (1571-1610) during the Baroque period.
Tenebrism
Caravaggio
Parisian workers and students reacted to _____’s Four Ordinances restricting civil liberties and the suspension of the French Constitution in July 1830 by _____.
Charles X
Barricading the streets
From 1600 until the Meiji Restoration, Japan was under the control of the ____ Shogunate.
Tokugawa
William the Conqueror defeated ____
Harold II
President 1923-29
Coolidge
In 1973, Israel, supported by an American airlift, turned back a surprise attack by Egypt and Syria, known as the _____.
Yom Kippur War
Political party led by Nelson Mandela
African National Congress
coined money (typically silver or gold)
specie
Presidential election of 1908
Taft defeated William Jennings Bryan, yet again
Although President Nixon released redacted transcripts, he still refused to release the tapes themselves, citing _____.
executive privilege
Japanese word meaning “divine wind”
kamikaze
____ is the codification of Muslim law and bars such activities as eating pork and drinking alcohol.
sharia
In addition to doubling the size of the Prussian Army to 80,000 men, _____ was an Enlightened Despot; he improved education, allowed freedom of the press and religion, and devoted attention to scientific agriculture.
Frederick II/Frederick the Great
Active during the late 19th century, the _____ fielded James G. Weaver as a Presidential candidate in 1892. They sought to build a coalition of urban workers and farmers in the Midwest
Populist Party
Unlike the Transcendentalists, _____’s writings convey a belief in original sin and that man was inherently imperfect.
Melville
A powerful chief, ____, united the Zulu into a single tribe beginning in the early 1800s, and successive rulers gradually expanded the Zulu state.
Shaka
Ran for President in 1924 on the Progressive Party ticket
Robert La Follette
In ______’s Social Contract, published in 1762, he contended that individuals entered into social contracts with one another.
Thus, the will of the people was the sovereign power in a state, and rulers were subservient to that sovereign power.
Rousseau
Battle where Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra
Battle of Actium
Who was Frederick the Great
Frederick II of Prussia, ruled 1740-1786
John D. Rockefeller’s company
Standard Oil Company
Which royal family ruled Russia, beginning in 1613?
Romanovs
After President McKinley was assassinated in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became President. What phrase summarized Roosevelt’s foreign policy?
“Walk softly, and carry a big stick.”
1520s - Holy Roman Emperor & Europe’s most powerful monarch
Charles V, Habsburg
What action did Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher take to revitalize the British economy?
privatization
Nickname of Attila the Hun
“Scourge of God”
Who led the New York Journal, a rival to Pulitzer’s New York World?
William Randolph Hearts
The _____ civilization rose to prominence in modern-day Cambodia and Laos beginning in the 500s, achieving its peak between 889 and 1454.
Khmer
Leader of Russian Provisional Government in 1917 after abdication
Kerensky
____ refers to the time between when man first emerged and the existence of written records.
prehistory
Result of synthesis in Marx’s philosophy.
dictatorship of the proletariat
_____ emphasized vibrant colors which were sometimes unrealistic, and placed less emphasis on accurate description and minute detail in their paintings. Most famous artist was _____.
Fauvists
Matisse
1975 - 35 nations signed the ________ and formerly ratified the European territorial boundaries put in place after World War Two, and set up “watch committees” to conduct surveillance on human rights violations in the countries which had signed the agreement.
Helsinki Accords
The _____ Dynasty replaced the Ming in 1644.
Qing
Under ____, a landowner provided land, seed, and needed farm implements to poor black and white farmers in exchange for a portion of the harvested crop (usually 50%).
sharecropping
In a speech, Gerald Ford announced his WIN campaign. What did WIN stand for?
Whip Inflation Now
Ruled Russia 1762-1796
Catherine the Great
What organization was founded to aid Southern blacks migrating north during the First Great Migration?
National Urban League
Who ran against Grant in the presidential campaign of 1872?
Horace Greeley
In 1680 a group of Pueblo Indians in modern-day New Mexico, led by _____, a Pueblo religious leader, revolted against Spain, driving the Spanish from the colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.
Popé
Wrote Critique of Pure Reason
Kant
Strom Thurmond ran for president as a ____
Dixiecrat
The ______ asserted that no further European colonization would be allowed in the New World and any attempt to do so would result in American intervention.
Monroe Doctrine
______ such as Frederick the Great were encouraged to allow religious freedom and freedom of speech, the press, and private property while still maintaining an absolute hold on power.
Enlightened despots
In 1895, ____, with arms and ammunition smuggled in from the United States, began a revolution against the Spanish government in _____.
José Martí
Cuba
UK reign 1485-1509, culmination of the War of the Roses.
Henry VII
In three separate phases between 1750 and 1800, what country was divided between Austria, Russia, and Prussia?
Poland
_____ were the wealthy class of Romans, who dominated the Roman Republic throughout much of its history through their dominance of the Roman Senate.
Patricians
In a speech before Congress in January, 1941, Roosevelt announced his Four ____
Freedoms
In Confucianism, the _____ is the path upon which one travels to learn virtue.
Dao
In 1994, U.S. troops were dispatched to ____ as part of Operation Uphold Democracy
Haiti
Epic poem written down around 400 B.C, describes the interaction between a warrior and the god Krishna, in which Krishna lays out the principles of reincarnation and atman, the eternal self.
The Bhagavad Gita
Henry VIII’s son who was crowned at 9 and died at 15
Edward VI
______ is a belligerent nationalist foreign policy. The term was used in the 1890s to describe those who supported continued American expansion, by diplomatic means if possible, but by war if necessary.
Jingoism
_____ introduced tobacco to Virginia.
John Rolfe
What was the target of the initial American attack during the War of 1812?
Canada
nickname given by German children to the American bomber pilots who carried food into Berlin in 1948-1949
Raisin Bombers
Author of “Civil Disobedience” essay saying individuals should disobey immoral laws
Thoreau
Mau Mau rebels were in
Kenya
Hundred Years War between which two countries?
England and France, 1337
The Treaty of Paris (1898), ending the Spanish-American War, provided for American annexation of _______.
the Philippines
Active between 1865 and 1869, the _____ was a federal agency that assisted newly freed blacks.
Freedmen’s Bureau
Which Macedonian emperor conquered Greece in 338 B.C.?
Philip II of Macedon
The French government’s Ambassador to the United States, _____ _____ , violated diplomatic protocols by directly requesting that the American people support the French Revolution, despite Washington’s declaration of neutrality.
Citizen Genet
In Eastern Europe, where did the collapse of Communism first begin?
Poland, Lech Walesa as head of trade union Solidarity
1820 arrangement admitting a slave state, a free state, and disallowing slavery north of a line.
Missouri Compromise
First general of Union Army
George McClellan
Under the ______ Doctrine the U.S. provided aid to anti-communist resistance movements in an effort to supplant Soviet-backed communist governments in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
Reagan Doctrine
The process of readying a nation for war is known as _____.
mobilization
_______ was the only woman to rule over Hapsburg lands.
Maria Theresa (1717-1780)
Republican President and VP candidates in 1880
James Garfield and Chester Arthur
Who led the combined United Nations Command (the anti-Communist forces) during the early years of the Korean War?
General Douglas MacArthur
Japanese suicide pilots who, after minimal training, flew their planes directly into American ships or naval vessels
kamikazes
philosophical belief that absolute truth doesn’t exist, but rather that truth is changeable
pragmatism
Pocahontas married _____
John Rolfe
US operation in response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait
Operation Desert Storm
Under the command of Grand Inquisitor _______, the Spanish Inquisition burned some 2,000 suspected Muslims and Jews at the stake between 1480-1530.
Tomas de Torquemada
In ____, the Greek philosopher ___ adopted much of ____’ methods and applied them to examine the ideal means of governing a society.
The Republic
Plato
Socrates
Biden Secretary of the Treasury
Janet Yellen
King ______ relied on ______ to guide French foreign policy through the Thirty Years War
Louis XIII
Cardinal Richelieu
The actions of what monarch brought about the decline of the Dutch Republic?
Louis XIV - wars drove the Dutch bankrupt and made them flood their farmland
Venice is located on the
Adriatic Sea
What was the underlying reason behind the three Anglo-Dutch Wars of 1652-1674?
Trade dominance
Nixon’s White House Counsel, attempted to organize coverup
John Dean
Martin Van Buren’s successor
William Henry Harrison
President Eisenhower’s Secretary of State, ______, announced a strategy known as ______ in the United States’ dealings with the Soviet Union.
John Foster Dulles
brinkmanship
Principle established in Plessy v. Ferguson
separate but equal
Party made up of states’ rights Southern Democrats, who opposed President Truman’s support for civil rights
Dixiecrats
These Laws removed the citizenship of all German Jews, and prohibited all marriages and sexual intercourse between Jews and Germans.
Nuremberg Laws
The _____ arrived in the Indian subcontinent around 1700 B.C., quickly conquering the native inhabitants.
Aryans
Whose forces sacked Rome in 1527?
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V’s forces sacked Rome as part of the Italian wars which had begun in the 1490s.
First Vice President to become President following the death of a sitting President.
John Tyler
Beginning around 550 B.C., _____ began expanding the Persian Empire, conquering much of the Middle East.
Cyrus the Great
radical Protestant sect that rejected infant baptism, the concept of the Trinity, and supported polygamy.
Anabaptists
1920 presidential election
Warren G. Harding (R) defeated Dem James G. Cox (with FDR as VP nominee)
Britain passed the ______ in August 1775 in response to the Olive Branch Petition. The Act was virtually a declaration of war against the American colonies. All commerce and trade with the colonies was forbidden.
Prohibitory Act
The _____ restored the status quo antebellum after the War of 1812, no decisive victory.
Treaty of Ghent
Fate of Charles I of England
Executed by Parliament
German word for a sudden attempt to overthrow the government
putsch
Author of Utopia
Thomas More
Agreement resolving the Balkan Wars in 1990s
Dayton Accords
In 1959, Vice President Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev engaged in the _____ _____ about the merits of communism and capitalism.
Kitchen Debate
President Theodore Roosevelt summed up his labor policy by the term
Square Deal
Chief of Birmingham, AL Police in 1963
Bull Connor
Unsecured loans led to repeated bailouts of which entities in the 1980s?
Savings and Loans Banks (S&L)
In March 1918, Germany launched the ______ _____, with forces transferred from the Eastern Front.
Ludendorff offensive
Irish Home Rule advocate rebellion in 1916
Easter Rising
In April 1961, Cuban dissidents, funded by the CIA, invaded Cuba in the _____ operation approved by President Kennedy.
Bay of Pigs
Marx work emphasizing the economic interpretation of history
Das Kapital
Under the _____ of 1887, lands belonging to the Indian tribes were surveyed and allotted to individual Indians and lands deemed to be “excess” were confiscated and sold to white settlers by the government.
Dawes Act
Lincoln’s first choice to lead Union Army
Robert E. Lee
A _______ was a grant from the King of England giving special privileges, such as self-government, to a colony.
royal charter
During the early days of the French Revolution, the _____ were those members of the National Assembly who demanded that the King be removed and a republic declared.
Jacobins
Preceded John Major as PM
Margaret Thatcher
Which Roman Emperor issued the Edict of Milan in 313 A.D.?
Constantine the Great issued the Edict of Milan, which not made Christianity legal throughout the Empire.
Lincoln took advantage of the Union victory at the Battle of ____ to make what announcement?
Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation
Bill Clinton kept a card with him during the campaign that read:
It’s the economy, stupid.
one-legged governor of New Netherland
Peter Stuyvesant
While Italian humanism looked to classical Greco-Roman texts for inspiration, the Northern Renaissance was influenced by the writings of Church Fathers, such as ____. Historians call this reconciled version _____.
St. Augustine
“Christian Humanism”
Biden Secretary of Commerce
Gina Raimondo
Inventor of phonograph
Thomas Edison
Founder of Daoism
Lao-Tse
In 1701 the Spanish King died without an heir and left his throne to Louis XIV of France, leading to _______ which was ended by _______.
War of Spanish Succession
Treaty of Utrecht
1337: In addition to being the King of England, ____ was the Duke of Normandy, and as such was required to pay homage to _____ of France.
Edward III, Philip VI
In the 1960s, ____ was identified with the rejection of conventional societal norms
counterculture
UK reign 1625-1649, fought armies of Parliament during English Civil War, lost, executed by Rump Parliament —> Commonwealth of England.
Charles I
Booker T. Washington institute
Tuskegee
Which artists are considered the Trinity of Italian Renaissance art?
Raphael, Michelangelo, and da Vinci
During a process known as _____, European nations provided independence to former colonies throughout the globe.
decolonization
End of the Thirty Years War
Peace of Westphalia in 1648
Who did voters elect as President of the French Republic in December 1848?
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew)
_____ _____, a Bohemian church reformer, was burned at the stake for heresy in 1415. considered as one of the Reformation’s forbearers.
Jan Hus
A _____ is the opposite of a strike, whereby unionized workers are prevented from coming into the workplace.
lockout
French scientist who discovered diseases were caused by germs
Pasteur
Between 1405 and 1433, ____, a Chinese admiral and diplomat, commanded several expeditions that sailed as far as the eastern coast of Africa.
Zheng He
In an effort to shore up South Vietnam as the United States cut troop levels, Nixon ordered U.S. troops to attack which ostensibly neutral country?
Cambodia
geographical unit, under one form of government, in which the populace shares a common ethnic and cultural background.
nation-state
The Qin Empire’s focus on construction such as roads, canals, and the Great Wall, as well as the large army, was expensive and taxation was heavy. After Shi Huangdi’s death, a series of tax revolts broke out and brought the ___ Dynasty to power.
Han
Chiang Kai-Shek captured Beijing in 1928 and drove Mao’s troops north on the _____.
Long March
_____ wrote _____, a pamphlet advocating for immediate independence?
Thomas Paine
Common Sense
Preceded Tony Blair as PM
John Major
Killed at Battle of Trafalgar
Admiral Horatio Nelson
In response to a 1964 North Vietnamese attack on the USS Turner Joy and the USS Maddox, Congress passed which measure that allowed the President to conduct all necessary measures to ensure that South Vietnam survived?
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
His opposition to the Reformation brought about his death by beheading when England broke with the Catholic Church.
Thomas More, 1478-1535
In a deal brokered by President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime Minister _____ returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt’s _____ in exchange for diplomatic recognition.
Menachem Begin
Anwar Sadat
Between 1989 and 1991, President George H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev negotiated START I. What did START stand for?
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties
rose to power in the early 1920s by promoting fascist solutions for Italy’s problems.
Mussolini
Period of peace and prosperity throughout much of the Mediterranean world that began with the reign of Augustus Caesar that lasted more than 200 years
Pax Romana
______ (1321-1384) was an English advocate for Catholic Church reforms. Contending that the Church should follow Scriptural law, he denounced the extravagance of bishops, cardinals, and the Papacy. Translated Bible into English.
John Wycliffe
French Calvinists
Huguenots
Around 2200 B.C., Sargon conquered several of the Sumerian city-states of Mesopotamia, merging them into the ____ Empire
Akkadian
These two nonbinding laws stated that the Alien and Sedition Acts were invalid as being against the Constitution.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Princes of Brandenburg-Prussia, which would become the Kingdom of Prussia after the War of the Austrian Succession.
Hohenzollerns
____ who published Being and Nothingness in 1943, denied the existence of the divine.
Sartre
In 1877, the _____ _____ Tribe refused to vacate their lands in the Pacific Northwest and move to an Idaho reservation.
Nez Perce
Current President of Italy
Mattarella
The Turks captured _____ in 1453, bringing an end to the _______.
Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
_____ refers to a total abstention from alcohol.
Temperance
Ruled Russia 1672-1725
Peter the Great
During the 1960 presidential election, Kennedy contended that the U.S. had significantly fewer weapons than the Soviet Union, a _____ that he promised to remedy in the event he was elected.
“Missile Gap”
Who proposed the Missouri Compromise?
Henry Clay
During the Korean War, President ____ replaced General _____ with General _____
Truman
MacArthur
Ridgeway
Which culture invented the alphabet?
Phoenicians
William the Conqueror said ______, who came before Harold II, had promised him the throne
Edward the Confessor
Head of the Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre
Biden Chief of Staff
Ron Klain
religion that arose in Iran around 1000 B.C., and was formalized around 600 B.C.
Zoroastrianism
The Holy Roman Emperor was typically from the _____ familial line and ruled directly over his hereditary lands in ____.
Habsburg
Austria
nickname for Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and supported the South
copperhead
_____ led the Mormons to Utah, where it was hoped that their isolated location in the Utah desert would provide some degree of protection.
Brigham Young
_____ were peace discussions between Israel and Egypt in 1978. President Carter served as a mediator between the two sides and they signed a peace treaty in 1979.
The Camp David Accords
Who did the Populist Party support in the 1896 presidential election?
William Jennings Bryan
First Lancaster king
Henry IV
In approximately 100 A.D., ___ nomads began trading across the Sahara Desert using camels as pack animals.
Berber
As his favorability waned, Carter gave his famous “____ Speech” in 1979.
Malaise
____ sought to reintroduce Catholicism in England after Henry VIII
Bloody Mary
What enabled Polynesian sailors to traverse the vast distances of the Pacific?
The outrigger canoe
As promised in the Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934), what country received independence from the United States on July 4, 1946?
The Philippines
Term for laws that govern both human society and the universe, discoverable by reason and determined by nature.
Natural law
The term “____” comes from the Greek words for “the love of wisdom.”
philosophy
In 1937, the Japanese invaded China and by December had laid siege to ______. The Japanese ruthlessly slaughtered civilians.
Nanking
Term for the “common man” of the 1950s commuting to white-collar job
Man in the gray flannel suit
Founded around 1451, the ______ was a loose political alliance of five Indian nations.
Iroquois Confederacy
Beginning in 1956, the United States embarked upon the largest public construction project since the erection of the Great Pyramids. What was the project?
Interstate Highway System
_______ by _______ is the story of a Russian doctor in first half of 20th century, unfavorably depicted Russian Revolution
Dr. Zhivago by Pasternak
Led by ______, the _____
deposed ______, the U.S.-backed President of Cuba.
Castro
Communists
Fulgencio Batista
The Treaty of _____ ended the Revolutionary War.
Paris
UK reigned 1911-1936, grandson of Victoria, WWI, married Mary of Teck, first cousin of Nicholas II of Russia and Kaiser Wilhelm
George V
Luther viewed salvation as stemming from _____, as opposed to the Catholic belief that _____ and _____ would lead to salvation. Thus, Luther’s views stood directly against those of the Pope and the Catholic Church.
faith alone
taking the seven sacraments
good works
Ghanaian UN Secretary General
Kofi Annan
Ancient Greek battle to repel second Persian invasion
Thermopylae
Long-running English civil war between two noble families, the House of Lancaster and the House of York, for control of the English Crown.
The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)
During his Presidency, Richard Nixon focused primarily on foreign policy efforts, and was assisted by his National Security Advisor _____ _____.
Henry Kissinger
Elected president in 1888
Benjamin Harrison (R), defeated Cleveland (D)
Cultural reaction to Enlightenment, emphasized emotion and feeling.
Romanticism
Who said “L’etat c’est moi”
Louis XIV
______ was a nativist party, with membership limited to Protestants of British-American ancestry. Sought to bar further immigration.
Know-Nothing
With the assistance of the United States, ______ seized power in Chile in 1973, deposing the country’s democratically elected Marxist government.
Augusto Pinochet
The _____ were a group of small city-states on the north coast of Africa that demanded tribute from the American government to refrain from attacking American ships.
Barbary Pirates
______ refers to an artistic technique, developed during the Renaissance, that used darkness and light to create the illusion of depth.
Chiaroscuro
UK PM who succeeded Churchill
Anthony Eden
The sun god _____ was the primary god in the Egyptian pantheon.
Ra
Who was known as “The Wizard of Menlo Park”?
Thomas Edison
Flemish painter of the 16th and 17th centuries, noted for extravagant Baroque style. He is famous for his Counter-Reformation pieces depicting mythological and religious subjects.
Rubens
Preceded Boris Johnson as UK PM
Theresa May
Ronald Reagan’s 1984 campaign slogan
Morning in America
What was the dominant religion of the Dutch Republic during the 16th and 17th centuries?
Calvinism
Nixon asked for the support of the ______, those Americans who did not participate in the counterculture, did not agitate in the protests against the Vietnam War, and did not actively engage in politics.
silent majority
To raise money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, Pope Leo X (1475-1521) authorized the sale of ____.
indulgences
Dutch painter and etcher of the 17th century, during the Dutch Golden Age of artistic and cultural achievements best known for portraits and Biblical scenes.
Rembrandt
Which French King conquered Burgundy, eliminating a longstanding threat from France’s east?
Louis XI (1423-1483) conquered Burgundy, a duchy to the east of his territories. With the exception of Brittany and the English-controlled city of Calais, most of France was under the control of France’s Valois monarchy.
Who became the General Secretary of Russia’s Communist Party in 1985?
Gorbachev
France’s Fifth Republic was led by
de Gaulle
1stLord Protectorof theCommonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland(1653–1658). Served as the commander of theNew Model Armyduring theFirstandSecond English Civil WarsagainstKing Charles I. Succeeded by son Richard Cromwell, who was weak —> restoration.
Oliver Cromwell
Who was the first black student to attend the University of Mississippi?
James Meredith
In 1520, Pope _____ sent a ______ demanding that Luther recant his statements or risk excommunication.
Leo X papal bull (an edict)
American antebellum _____ were suspicious of the new German and Irish immigrants.
nativists
Hitler’s annexation of Austria was known as the _____
Anschluss
UK PM during Suez Crisis
Anthony Eden
What WWII General was placed in charge of the Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force?
Eisenhower
Farming innovations such as ______’s reaper and ______’s plow fuel the growth of US urban centers?
Cyrus McCormick
John Deere
Hitler’s desire for a portion of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland led to what international conference in 1938?
Munich Conference
Premier French diplomat from the 1790s through the 1830s, and represented his government at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-15.
Talleyrand
_____ published his three laws of planetary motion in 1605.
Kepler
Nine Days Queen - nominated by ____, died at 17 in Tower of London
Lady Jane Grey
Edward VI
Jimmy Carter fended off 1980 primary challenge from ____
Edward Kennedy
National assembly of France was the ______, summoned by _____ to resolve government fiscal crisis in 1788.
Estates-General
Louis XVI
Preceded Theresa May as UK PM
David Cameron
Although it took centuries, the remnants of the Akkadian Empire combined into ____ in the north and _____ in the south
Assyria
Babylonia
During the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Catholic King _____ was deposed, and Protestants ______ were named by Parliament as co-regents.
James II
William and Mary
The _____, signed by _____, forcibly ejected Indians from lands east of the Mississippi.
Indian Removal Act
Jackson
The process of pumping air through molten iron is known as the _____ _____.
Bessemer Process
Confederate capitals
Montgomery AL and then Richmond VA
What was the most famous battle of the Spanish-American War?
On July 1, 1898, Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders launched a successful attack against Spanish forces on San Juan Hill.
Richard the Lionheart succeeded
Henry II, his father
Which empire was the first to introduce coined money?
Lydians
In October 1973, in response to _____’s subpoena requesting that he turn over White House tapes, Nixon ordered his Attorney General ______ to fire him. After the AG refused, Nixon got ______ to do it. Situation known as ______.
Archibald Cox
Elliot Richardson
Robert Bork
Saturday Night Massacre
Author _____ _____’s books such as Ragged Dick, which told “rags to riches” stories, were best-sellers during the late 1800s.
Horatio Alger
In 1903 this man introduced his 15-hp Arrow model car
George Pierce
In Hinduism, _____, how one behaved in an earlier life, determines the station into which rebirth takes place.
Karma
Under the _____ System, international trade is denominated in dollars.
Breton Woods
His first act as president pardoned all Vietnam War draft evaders.
Carter
British king captured and ransomed on the way back from a Crusade
Richard the Lionheart
In 1814, after Napoleon’s first surrender, the British launched a counterattack in the ______ region of the US and attempted to take ______.
Chesapeake
Fort McHenry
______ wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Who assassinated MLK?
James Earl Ray
a system of credit, whereby a good is purchased for a fixed amount of payments spread over an extended period
installment plan
____ on Long Island was the first large-scale planned community
Levittown
What French realist artist painted The Absinthe Drinker and Olympia?
Manet
The ____ Empire controlled Persia from 1501 to 1722. The shahs were devoted Shiites, and much of the Persian population followed their example.
Safavid
During the last week of December 1944, the Germans launched their last major offensive of the War in the Ardennes forest, known as the Battle of the _____?
Bulge
The ________ were a set of three conflicts between the Roman Republic and Carthage that began in 264 B.C. and lasted until 146 B.C., when Carthage was defeated.
Punic Wars
Who seized control of the Roman state after the assassination of Julius Caesar and renamed himself ____.
Caesar’s nephew Octavian, renamed himself Augustus Caesar.
wandering bands of people who move from place to place to support their livelihood
nomads
Washington Post reporters who did much of the reporting on the Watergate scandal
Woodward and Bernstein
What English author composed Utopia, a blueprint for a perfect society brought about by mixing civic humanism with religious ideas?
A chief writer in the English Renaissance, Sir Thomas More composed Utopia in 1516. More was also a prominent advocate for Church reform and opposed any break with the Catholic Church.
What Prussian Prime Minister stated in 1862 that a unified Germany would only be achieved through “blood and iron”?
Otto von Bismarck
The ____, published by ____, was the first to reach the 1,000,000 mark in the 1890s.
The New York World, published by Joseph Pulitzer
Two members of the ______ Party tied in the electoral college in the 1800 election
Democratic-Republican
Jefferson and Burr
workers sit down on the job, and refuse to work until their demands are granted.
sit-down strike
The ____ Empire arose in the Turkish areas of Central Asia and gradually expanded westward. By the 1400s, the armies had occupied much of Anatolia and were poised to conquer Constantinople and expand into Europe.
Ottoman
Thomas Edison’s main competitor in the field of electricity products during the late 1800s, and successfully manufactured machinery for alternating current (AC) transformers.
George Westinghouse
name of symbolic Englishman who personifies the nation
John Bull
New Amsterdam was taken from the Dutch by _____
James, Duke of York (later King James II), brother of Charles II
The ____ Empire conquered much of Mesopotamia between the 1300s and 1200s B.C. They were among the first to use iron weapons and pioneered the use of chariot warfare.
Hittite
The ____ were the landed aristocracy who dominated the Prussian social order and comprised the officer corps of Frederick William’s and Frederick II’s expanded Prussian army.
Junkers
Location of Magna Carta signing
Runnymede
In 1775, the _______ started the Revolutionary War.
Battles of Lexington and Concord
