History and approaches Flashcards
Functionalism
Functionalism was a protest against structuralism. This type of psychology focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior.
Structuralism
Mainly concerned with sensation and perception in vision. Also concerned with introspection (systematic observation of one’s own experience; people are asked to analyze what they experienced). It was criticized because someone’s assessment of themselves could be biased and dishonest, therefore inaccurate.
Behaviorism
Belief that behaviors can be measured, trained and changed. A theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning (occurs through interaction with the environment): classical conditioning (a neutral stimulus is paired with a naturally occurring stimulus) and operant conditioning (a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior).
Gestalt
Organizing clusters of sensations into “wholes”; closure (filling in the gaps); figure (thing you focus on) and ground (thing that helps you see the figure); proximity (pairing up things that are closer to each other); similarity (organizing things that look alike); continuity (organizing things by things that are continuous and not chopped up); connectedness (things that are connected to each other will be seen as one group).
Psychoanalysis
Case study, conscious, defense mechanism, ego, Id, superego, unconscious. Goal of this is to look to the past and grow as a person. Focuses on understand the unconscious motivations that drive behavior.
Psychodynamic
It’s like psychoanalysis but it focuses on themes across important relationships, childhood, experiences and therapist relationship. The goal is to gain a perspective on these feelings.
Humanism
The fundamental belief is that people are good and the mental and social problems result from deviations from this natural tendency. It also focused on the human potential by health.
Evolutionary psychology
How do traits promote the survival of genes?
Biological psychology
How do our genes, brains and hormones influence us?
Cognitive psychology
How do we process, store and receive information?
Biophysical psychology
Considers the influence of biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors.
Social-cultural psychology
How does behavior/thinking vary across culture?
Biological
Explore links between brain and mind.
Developmental
Study how our abilities change from womb to tomb.
Cognitive
Experiment with how we perceive, think and solve problems.
Personality
Investigating our persistent traits.
Social
Explore how we view and affect one another.
Counseling (psychologist)
Help people with challenges and improve their functioning.
Clinical psychology (psychologist)
Assess and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorder.
Wilhelm Wundt
Founder of structuralism. Father of psychology.
William James
Founder of functionalism. Father of psychology.
John Watson
Founder of behaviorism. He was inspired Pavlov. He did the little Albert experiment (classical condition to humans).
Ivan Pavlov
Did the experiment with the dog (classical conditioning) in which he made the dog associate the bell with a biscuit.
B.F. Skinner
He was behaviorist. He focused on operant conditioning.
Sigmund Freud
Founder of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic. He began the whole lay down on a couch and don’t face me thing. He also believed that all of our feelings come from our repressed childhood memories.
Abraham Maslov
Maslov’s hierarchy of needs.
Carl Rogers
Most influential therapist of the the 20th century. He believes that people are good and that they only need 3 things in order to grow an reach their full potential: genuineness, acceptance and empathy (self actualization is achieved when all three are a part of you).
