History and approaches

Question 0

Functionalism

Answer 0

Functionalism was a protest against structuralism. This type of psychology focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior.

Question 1

Structuralism

Answer 1

Mainly concerned with sensation and perception in vision. Also concerned with introspection (systematic observation of one’s own experience; people are asked to analyze what they experienced). It was criticized because someone’s assessment of themselves could be biased and dishonest, therefore inaccurate.

Question 2

Behaviorism

Answer 2

Belief that behaviors can be measured, trained and changed. A theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning (occurs through interaction with the environment): classical conditioning (a neutral stimulus is paired with a naturally occurring stimulus) and operant conditioning (a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior).

Question 3

Gestalt

Answer 3

Organizing clusters of sensations into “wholes”; closure (filling in the gaps); figure (thing you focus on) and ground (thing that helps you see the figure); proximity (pairing up things that are closer to each other); similarity (organizing things that look alike); continuity (organizing things by things that are continuous and not chopped up); connectedness (things that are connected to each other will be seen as one group).

Question 4

Psychoanalysis

Answer 4

Case study, conscious, defense mechanism, ego, Id, superego, unconscious. Goal of this is to look to the past and grow as a person. Focuses on understand the unconscious motivations that drive behavior.

Question 5

Psychodynamic

Answer 5

It’s like psychoanalysis but it focuses on themes across important relationships, childhood, experiences and therapist relationship. The goal is to gain a perspective on these feelings.

Question 6

Humanism

Answer 6

The fundamental belief is that people are good and the mental and social problems result from deviations from this natural tendency. It also focused on the human potential by health.

Question 7

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 7

How do traits promote the survival of genes?

Question 8

Biological psychology

Answer 8

How do our genes, brains and hormones influence us?

Question 9

Cognitive psychology

Answer 9

How do we process, store and receive information?

Question 10

Biophysical psychology

Answer 10

Considers the influence of biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors.

Question 11

Social-cultural psychology

Answer 11

How does behavior/thinking vary across culture?

Question 12

Biological

Answer 12

Explore links between brain and mind.

Question 13

Developmental

Answer 13

Study how our abilities change from womb to tomb.

Question 14

Cognitive

Answer 14

Experiment with how we perceive, think and solve problems.

Question 15

Personality

Answer 15

Investigating our persistent traits.

Question 16

Social

Answer 16

Explore how we view and affect one another.

Question 17

Counseling (psychologist)

Answer 17

Help people with challenges and improve their functioning.

Question 18

Clinical psychology (psychologist)

Answer 18

Assess and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorder.

Question 19

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 19

Founder of structuralism. Father of psychology.

Question 20

William James

Answer 20

Founder of functionalism. Father of psychology.

Question 21

John Watson

Answer 21

Founder of behaviorism. He was inspired Pavlov. He did the little Albert experiment (classical condition to humans).

Question 22

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 22

Did the experiment with the dog (classical conditioning) in which he made the dog associate the bell with a biscuit.

Question 23

B.F. Skinner

Answer 23

He was behaviorist. He focused on operant conditioning.

Question 24

Sigmund Freud

Answer 24

Founder of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic. He began the whole lay down on a couch and don’t face me thing. He also believed that all of our feelings come from our repressed childhood memories.

Question 25

Abraham Maslov

Answer 25

Maslov’s hierarchy of needs.

Question 26

Carl Rogers

Answer 26

Most influential therapist of the the 20th century. He believes that people are good and that they only need 3 things in order to grow an reach their full potential: genuineness, acceptance and empathy (self actualization is achieved when all three are a part of you).