History

Question 1

first to have a theory about evolution?

Answer 1

Jean baptiste de lamarck (Giraffes)

Question 2

Lamarckian inheritance

Answer 2

habits produce physical changes (muscles used/ not used) - passed on via genetics (controversial). Law of use and disuse

Question 3

who believed in supernatural intervention in human evolution

Answer 3

Alfred Wallace

Question 4

who introduced the controversial idea that animals have mental abilities

Answer 4

Darwin’s mental continuity in the descent of man

Question 5

How did Romanes show that snails have a mind i.e. capacity for memory and learning

Answer 5

They can learn - habituation of being touched, won’t retract after a while. Hence, they are not purely instinctual

Question 6

Recapitulation theory

Answer 6

study growth from foetus onwards to see reflection of evolution - ontogeny reflects phylogeny

Question 7

Who presented the human ape skeleton diagram

Answer 7

Huxley

Question 8

Descartes 1600s: Dualism?

Answer 8

mind-body distinction: our mind is non-physical and separates us from machines and animals

Question 9

Descartes 1600: Reflex Action

Answer 9

mechanistic principle of action: every action is caused by a stimulus.

Question 10

Who described all action as hedonism?

Answer 10

Thomas Hobbes 1600s- believed mind follows physical laws.. human action is based on pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain. (basis of operant conditioning)

Question 11

What did Locke and Hume have in common?

Answer 11

Both believed knowledge is built up entirely from experience - EMPIRICISM

Question 12

when did a complete theory of learning begin to form

Answer 12

1700s

Question 13

what alternative to empiricism emerged in the 1700s

Answer 13

rationalism - immanuel kant - some things (Prioris) exist before birth that help mold and organize experience. Taste aversion in rats

Question 14

When did biology begin to have an influence on learning theory

Answer 14

1800s

Question 15

What did Ivan Sechenov argue in the 1800s

Answer 15

thoughts are REFLEXIVE responses to stimuli

Question 16

The spencer bain principle

Answer 16

responses followed by some pleasant consequence will tend to be repeated (Herbert Spencer 19th C)

Question 17

First to emphasise importance of objective evidence and careful interpretation of behaviour

Answer 17

Lloyd Morgan

Question 18

Morgan’s Canon

Answer 18

parsimony - choose the simplest explanation

Question 19

Baldwin’s principle

Answer 19

if there is a threat in the environment -those who change their behaviour in an adaptive way will have more offspring