conditioning and cognition

Question 1

the outcome density effect

Answer 1

participants’ causal judgements of the action tend to be higher when the non-contingent outcome is more likely to occur

Question 2

does the R-W model anticipate backward blocking

Answer 2

no it says you only learn about stimuli that are present

Question 3

what does backward blocking suggest

Answer 3

you learn/ reason about absent cues

Question 4

what is learned predictiveness

Answer 4

Things that were predictive in the past are learnt about faster currently

Question 5

what would an encapsulated modular view of the brain tell us

Answer 5

there is a section of the brain that handles conditioning and it is independent of other systems

Question 6

2 approaches to showing independence of cognition and conditioning?

Answer 6

1. evidence that conditioning occurs in the absence of cognition
2. circumstances in which conditioning and cognition predict you will do two different things

Question 7

how can cognition and conditioning predict you will do two different things

Answer 7

there’s a dissociation between explicit expectations and conditioned anticipatory behaviour

Question 8

how does conditioning without awareness differ for delay and trace conditioning

Answer 8

trace -> no conditioning without awareness

delay -> conditioning without awareness

Question 9

can you get conditioning without awareness

Answer 9

Still no convincing laboratory evidence that conditioning occurs in the absence of contingency evidence

Question 10

how can process dissociation further explain conditioning without awareness

Answer 10

maybe its not awareness that’s important but control - i still wont drink that spirit again even though i know it was the oysters that made me sick

Question 11

what does process dissociation tell us

Answer 11

it might be that all forms of learning involve a little bit of top down cognitive control and some automaticity on later behaviour

Question 12

whats the advantage of studying how conditioning and cognition predict different responses (2) over studying conditioning without awareness (1)

Answer 12

there’s no requirement to prove the absence of something as there is in 1

Question 13

does awareness matter when studying how cognition and conditioning predict different things (2)

Answer 13

no - people can be aware it is just that their thoughts and reasoning predicts a different behaviour to their conditioning

Question 14

what does it mean if we see immediate responsiveness to an instruction that a colour will signal a shock

Answer 14

it suggests top down expectations are important for this type of conditioning

Question 15

what does the Perruchet effect tell us

Answer 15

conditioned responses are not always based on your conscious expectations

Question 16

what happens in a 50% PRF test when S- is presented four trials in a row

Answer 16

the participant will have a strong expectation of S+ occurring because it is due
BUT conditioned response decreases

Question 17

how does the perruchet effect manifest in a RT task

Answer 17

tone and visual cue paired together on 4 trials

you are faster to respond to the visual cue appearing even though you said you didn’t think it would happen

Question 18

do Mitchell De Houwer and Lovibond support conditioning without awareness

Answer 18

no - it is all top down according to them

Question 19

what do Mitchell de Houwer and Lovibond say about Perruchet effect

Answer 19

that it is the strongest evidence for dissociation between CR and conscious expectation of the US

Question 20

if people are aware that conditioning has occurred can they always be under conscious control of the consequences of their conditioning

Answer 20

no due to the dissociation at the behavioural level

Question 21

does perruchet effect demonstrate that learning requires independent systems?

Answer 21

no just independent outputs at the behavioural level

Question 22

does the perruchet effect demonstrate whether conditioning is produced completely by a modular system

Answer 22

no

Question 23

what does the perruchet effect tell us about awareness

Answer 23

nothing - not needed doesnt matter

Question 24

who came up with the taxonomy of memory systems

Answer 24

Squire et al - they based it on the fact that you can get conditioning w/o awareness for delay conditioning

Question 25

what does the taxonomy of memory systems divide memory into

Answer 25

declarative (conscious, facts, semantics etc)

non-declarative (automatic, non-conscious)

Question 26

what does declarative memory manifest into

Answer 26

semantic (facts) and episodic (memories you can relive) knowledge

Question 27

what does non declarative memory manifest into

Answer 27

skills, priming, dispositions (conditioning) and non-associative simple forms of learning

Question 28

what is a multiple systems model like the taxonomy of memory systems

Answer 28

it is independent in terms of what it perceives, does and the outcomes it generates

Question 29

how does a single learning system argue against a multiple one?

Answer 29

it says both explicit knowledge and conditioning are produced by the same learning system and are more closely related than multiple systems say

Question 30

what happens if you manipulate explicit knowledge according to a single learning system model

Answer 30

it also affects conditions under which you should see a CR e.g. skin conductance and shock

Question 31

how would propositional v non-propositional learning differ

Answer 31

propositional = symbolic statement that reflects beliefs about events
non-propositional = doesn't require symbolic representation of relationships in the same way, may happen automatically through strengthening and weakening of synapses

Question 32

is the Perruchet effect consistent with a propositional only view of learning

Answer 32

no, it is not consistent with the view that it’s all one learning system

Question 33

rule based v instance based learning?

Answer 33

rule based = symbolically representing a rule that generalises given the rule’s conditions are met
instance based = surface level learning about physical features and CS-US sequences which generalises based on similarity of stimuli

Question 34

how do you distinguish rule v instance based learning

Answer 34

look at the manner in which knowledge is generalized to new situations

Question 35

which mode of learning do high performers use in negative and positive patterning studies

Answer 35

rule based learning

Question 36

what if you give participants a memory task during the negative and positive patterning studies

Answer 36

they revert back to instance based learning because they can’t think as deeply anymore

Question 37

whats model based v model free learning

Answer 37

model based = goal directed behaviour

model free = habitual behaviour/ reinforced/ S-R

Question 38

in sequential choice tasks what does a model free learner do

Answer 38

do the same thing again after they have received a reward

Question 39

what do model based learners do in sequential choice tasks

Answer 39

they make a mental model and select the choice with highest chance of reward

Question 40

what is wrong about the old idea that conditioning involves physiological or emotional responses but not cognition

Answer 40

a lot of our physiological responses are receptive to top down cognition.