history Flashcards
what is psychology?
the scientific study of human and animal behaviour
what are the 4 different fields of psychology and what are their percents?
48% university, college, school
24% hospital clinic, human service
15% independent practice
13% business, government, other
what is a theory?
a general framework for scientific study
the two types of psychologists are?
research and applied psychologists
what is the difference between research and applied psychologists?
research study the origin, cause or result of certain behaviours. while applied deal directly with patients
what was charles darwin’s theory?
animals and humans evolved and changed
wilhelm wundt’s idea?
train people to be very accurate in describing sensations from objects
what is introspection?
the process of looking into yourself and describing what’s there
what was learned from wilhelm wundts idea
humans are so complex that mechanical measurement won’t describe thoughts
what was sigmund freud’s theory
we are influenced by things we are not aware of and experiences in early childhood
what was william james’s theory
thinking is a “stream” or ideas not separate thoughts
what was james b. watson’s idea
everything we are is caused by learning
define psychoanalysis
a theory that personality is based on impulses and needs that are unknown to us
what is the belief of psychoanalysis
we are guided by impulses in the unconscious
what is the unconscious
psychological part of us that contains childhood conflicts that control our behaviour
how could freud get to a persons unconscious
by talking to a person long enough
what is free association
freudian process where a person says everything that appears in the mind
what is repression
the process of pushing the needs and desires that cause guilt into the unconscious
what was carl jungs idea
the unconscious is a well of mystical and religious beliefs that controls behaviour
what are archetypes
inherited universal human concepts
what is the collective unconscious
jungs term for the portion of a person that contains ideas shared by the whole human race
define persona
a mask people wear to hide what they really are or feel
what was karen horneys idea
humans feel most helpless around the issues of getting enough love
what was alfred alders idea
one of the biggest problems that people face is trying to feel important and worthwhile around others
what was erik erickson’s theory
life is divided into eight stages, the social forces and relationships shape the persons personality
what are the eight stages of erickson’s theory
infancy, year 2, ages 3-5, ages 6-12, adolescence, late teens-age 30, 30-65, 65+
what are the meanings of the eight stages
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs. inferiority
- identity vs identity confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- ego integrity vs ego despair
what was john b. watson’s theory
we are afraid of objects or situations because of the frightening associations we have with them in the past
what was BF skinners theory
everything we do if the result of a mechanical association of events with their consequences
define reinforcements
events that strengthen a behaviour by bringing the desired results
what is modeling
albert banduras term for learning by imitation
what was albert banduras theory
learning is a process of association
what is behaviourism
a personality theory that focuses on overt acts or behaviours rather than consciousness or unconsciousness
what is humanism
personality theory that places emphasis on the positive potential of the person
define ideal self
the goal of each persons development; perfection
define self actualized
the state of having brought to life the full potential of our skills
what is eclecticism
the process of making your own system by borrowing from two or more systems
what is the neurobiological approach
viewing behaviour as the result of nervous system functions and biology
what is the behavioural approach
viewing behaviour as the product of learning and associations
what is the humanistic approach
believing that people are good and that our nature is such that we could reach perfection
what is the psychoanalytic approach
a system of viewing the individual as the the product of unconscious forces
what is the cognitive approach
how humans use mental processes to handle problems or develop personalities
what is the sociocultural approach
behaviour viewed as strongly influenced by the rules and expectations of specific social groups or cultures
