History Flashcards
Election of 1860; Who were the candidates and what were the consequences?
Abraham Lincoln (Republican): Lincoln opposed the expansion of slavery, but pledged to not interfere with slavery as it was
Stephen Douglas (Northern Democratic): Douglas advocated for popular sovereignty
John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democratic): Supported the protection of slavery in all territories
John Bell (Constitutional Union): Focused on preserving the Union and took a neutral stance on slavery
Lincoln won the presidency with free states except NJ and didn’t carry any Southern states.
Consequences: The results prompted seven Southern States to secede before his inauguration.
Crittenden Compromise
Last ditch effort to prevent the Civil War; Proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky December 1860. Aimed to resolve the secession crisis. offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30’ line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans
Suspension of habeas Corpus
During times of war, the government is able to temporarily deny individuals the rights to challenge their detention in court.
Anaconda Plan
Made by Gen. Winfield Scott; It would naval blockade the East Coast, control the Mississippi and capture Richmond
Monitor and Merrimack
Ironclad warships that battled each other. Battle of Hampton Roads.
USS Monitor was built by Union Navy, first ironclad warship
Merrimack built by Confederate Navy
Minie Ball
Technological advancement in warfare. Cone shaped, letting it be more accurate and give more range. Soft lead bullets
Emancipation Proclamation
Executive order by President Lincoln. Delcared that all enslaved in Confederate states would be free. It changed the purpose of the war. From mainly being to preserve the Union to abolition of slavery
Trent affair
The South was unable to make money from exports due to the blockade. So they sent representative to Europe since if they were recognized, then the blockade would be seen as illegal. Jefferson sent James Mason and John Slidell. Captain Charles Wilkes ordered them to be arrested. When word reached Europe, and britain would prepare for war. Lincoln would disavow Mason and released the two. Conflict deescalated
Draft Riots
Due to conscription, both sides were facing growing unrest. Intensified class conflicts since wealthy can hire substitutes, this created resentment among poor people. In the North, irish americans feared losing their jobs to freed slaves, so they attacked draft offices, destroyed everything in their path.
Copperheads
Group that opposed Lincoln, conservative Democrats. Opposed the war, draft, suspension of habeas corpus, and the Emancipation Proclamation. They deeply racist, feared freed african americans taking their jobs. Wanted to end the war
Election of 1864
Lincoln would win in a landslide. The end of the war was on the horizon and final surrender of the Confederacy would come just a month after re-election. Lincoln vs. McClellan,
Lincoln’s Assassination
5 days after the surrender at Appomattox, John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln
Fort Sumter
Union Leader: Major Robert Anderson
Confederate Leader: Beauregard
National Bank Act
Purpose was to establish a system of nationally chartered banks and an uniform national currency to address the financial instability caused by the war and lack of cohesive banking system
1st Bull Run/Manassas
Union Leader: General Irvin McDowell
Confederate Leader: General Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston
The union would lose.
Consequences: The victory for Confederates would boost their morale significantly. It would change the expectation of the war from short to long
Fort Henry & Donelson
Command of Mississippi river was imperative since it lead to the heartland of the South. Both sides would create metal warships. Fort Henry would be captured while Donelson would be harder. When Confederates asked for surrender, Grant wanted no terms except immediate and unconditional.
it secured the North’s hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant’s attacks deeper into Tennessee.
Union Gen: Grant
Confed Gen: John B. Floyd
Shiloh
Confederates would attack at dawn near church. Catch Union/Grant by surprise. Leader of Confederates, Johnston would bleed to death from bullet to leg. Beauregard would take over. Grant would push and win. Confederates went back to Corinth. Consequences: Grant’s reputation would decline to heavy casualties. Henry W. Halleck would drive back the Confederates out of Corinth
Antietam
Lee would split his army and deploy them. General McClellan would find the deployment orders. He would move too cautiously. He moved too slowly to save Harpers Ferry and even though he outnumbered the enemy he thought it was the other way around. It would be a draw. It was near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day.
Gettysburg
Would be an attack on Union soil. It would Lee invaded the North again.
Union Gen: George Meade
Confed Gen: Lee, Ewell, Longstreet
Turning point: Lee would be unable to attack again, losing meant confederacy would lose the war.
Gettysburg Address
Vicksburg
Grant’s goal of the campaign was to destroy the rail network to protect his rear. He would attack Jackson to scatter enemy. He would win five battles. He would win control of Vicksburg which in turn gained control of Mississippi. It was a siege
Sherman’s March
The aim was to destroy the economy and infrastructure in order. Sherman would march his army from atlanta to savannah, Georgia. Ruined Georgia. It demoralized the citizens in the South.
National Bank Act
It was the regulation of banks
Set requirements for loans. Northern economy grew from civil war while Southern economy was left destroyed
Clara Barton
Founder of the red cross; nurse during the civil war
“Stonewall” Jackson
General in the Confederate army, led Confederate army in the 1st Battle of Bull Run. Later died due to friendly fire.
George Meade
Commanded the Union Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg
George McClellan
A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; Failure to move troops to Richmond cost him credibility; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America
Robert E. Lee
Confederate general who commanded during the major battles of Gettysburg, Antietam, and Seven Days Battle
Appomattox Court House
a village in Virginia that was the site of the Confederate surrender to Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant
William T Sherman
general whose march to sea caused destruction to the south, union general, led march to destroy all supplies and resources, beginning of total warfare
James Buchanan
15th President of the United States, president when the South seceded from the Union
P. G. T. Beauregard
American military officer who was the first prominent general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
