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History Flashcards

1
Q

Q: Why did Europeans begin exploring?

A

A: They wanted new trade routes, to spread Christianity, and to gain wealth and power.

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2
Q

Q: Who was Christopher Columbus?

A

A: He sailed in 1492 and “discovered” the Americas, thinking he reached Asia.

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2
Q

Q: What was the Columbian Exchange?

A

A: The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (Americas).

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2
Q

Q: Who were some key explorers?

A

A:Vasco da Gama: Sailed to India by sea.
Ferdinand Magellan: Led the first expedition to sail around the world.

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2
Q

Q: What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A

A: An agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide the world’s land for exploration.

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2
Q

Q: What was the Renaissance?

A

A: A time of renewed interest in art, learning, and culture from ancient Greece and Rome.

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2
Q

Q: Who were some famous Renaissance artists?

A

A:Leonardo da Vinci: Painted the Mona Lisa.
Michelangelo: Sculpted David and painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

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2
Q

Q: What is Humanism?

A

A: A belief in the value of human experience, creativity, and reason, focusing on education and individual potential.

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3
Q

Q: What started the Protestant Reformation?

A

A: Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses in 1517, criticizing the Catholic Church for selling indulgences.

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4
Q

Q: Who was Martin Luther?

A

A: He started the Protestant Reformation by questioning the Catholic Church’s practices.

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5
Q

Q: What was the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

A

A: The Catholic Church’s response to the Reformation, trying to fix issues and stop the spread of Protestantism.

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6
Q

Q: Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?

A

A: He proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was at the center of the solar system.

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7
Q

Q: What was the Scientific Revolution?

A

A: A period where people used science and experiments to understand the world, leading to big discoveries.

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8
Q

Q: Who was Galileo Galilei?

A

A: He supported Copernicus’s theory and used a telescope to study space. He was put on trial by the Catholic Church.

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9
Q

Q: What did Isaac Newton discover?

A

A: He discovered the laws of motion and gravity, explaining how objects move.

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10
Q

Q: What was the Enlightenment?

A

A: A period of time when thinkers used reason and logic to challenge traditional ideas about government and society.

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11
Q

Q: Who was John Locke?

A

A: He believed in natural rights (life, liberty, property) and said governments should protect them.

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12
Q

Q: Who was Voltaire?

A

A: He argued for freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state.

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13
Q

Q: What was the impact of the Enlightenment?

A

A: It led to new ideas about democracy, rights, and government, influencing the American and French Revolutions.

14
Q

Q: What is “separation of powers”?

A

A: A government idea by Montesquieu that divides power into branches to prevent any one part from becoming too powerful.

15
Q

Explorer

A

A: A person who travels to unknown places to discover new lands, people, or resources.

16
Q

Navigation

A

A: The process of planning and directing the course of a ship or vehicle.

17
Q

Caravel

A

A: A small, fast ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century, used for exploring.

18
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

A: The exchange of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Americas and Europe after Columbus’s voyages.

19
Q

Indulgence

A

A: A certificate sold by the Catholic Church that people believed could reduce punishment for sins (this led to protests in the Reformation).

20
Q

Empire

A

A: A group of territories or nations ruled by a single government, usually an emperor or monarch.

21
Q

Colonization

A

A: The act of establishing control over a foreign land and settling there.

22
Q

Treaty

A

A: An agreement between two or more countries to settle disputes or share resources.

23
Q

Renaissance

A

A: A period of renewed interest in art, science, and the culture of ancient Greece and Rome, starting in the 14th century.

24
Q

Humanism

A

A: A belief in the value of human experience, reason, and creativity, focusing on education and the arts.

25
Q

Protestant Reformation

A

A: A movement in the 1500s that began with Martin Luther’s protests against the Catholic Church, leading to the formation of new Christian religions.

26
Q

Indulgence

A

A: A pardon given by the Catholic Church to reduce the punishment for sins (this was criticized during the Reformation).

27
Q

Heresy

A

A: A belief or opinion that goes against the official teachings of a religion.

28
Q

Excommunicate

A

A: To officially remove someone from membership in a church.

29
Q

Catholic Counter-Reformation

A

A: The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation, including reforms and efforts to stop the spread of Protestantism.

30
Q

Monarchy

A

A: A form of government where one person, usually a king or queen, rules the country.

31
Q

Divine Right

A

A: The belief that a monarch’s authority to rule comes directly from God, not from the people.

32
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

A: A period of major advances in science and thinking in the 1500s and 1600s, when new methods of observation and experimentation were developed.

33
Q

Heliocentric

A

A: The idea that the Sun is at the center of the solar system, and the Earth and other planets orbit around it.

34
Q

Telescope

A

A: A tool used to observe distant objects in space, invented by Galileo.

35
Q

Gravity

A

A: The force that pulls objects toward each other, like the Earth pulling things toward its center.

36
Q

Enlightenment

A

A: A period in the 1700s when people used reason and logic to question traditional beliefs about government, religion, and society.

37
Q

Natural Rights

A

A: The idea that all people are born with certain rights, such as life, liberty, and property, which should be protected by the government (John Locke).

38
Q

Social Contract

A

A: The idea that people give up some freedoms in exchange for protection and order from the government (Jean-Jacques Rousseau).

39
Q

Separation of Powers

A

A: The division of government into different branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) to prevent one branch from becoming too powerful (Montesquieu).

40
Q

Monarch

A

A: A king or queen who rules a country, often with absolute power.

41
Q

Revolution

A

A: A complete change in government or society, often through force or rebellion.

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