History Flashcards
El estudiante comprenderá los orígenes y evolución de la neuropsicología como disciplina
Cerebral hypothesis vs Cardiac hypothesis
Hipocrates, Alcmaeon y Plato: feelings in heart and intellectual in the brain.
Aristotle and Empedocles: Intellectual processes in heart.
Galeno
Cerebrospinal fluid for mental activity
Andrés Vesalius
Nervous tissue for mental activity
Phrenology (Localizationist)
Franz Gall & Casper Sprurzheim.
Mental activities situated in specific areas.
27 mental faculties.
Holistic (Antilocalizationist)
Initiated by Pierres Flourens
Brain functioned in a global and unitary manner
Weakness: was equating the human and animal brains.
Aphasiologists
Paul Broca & Carl Wernicke
Broca: confirm the relationships of expressive language and the left frontal lobe.
Wernicke: identifies the main center of receptive language in the posterior region of the temporal lobe.
Broca’s area
Manages expressive language
It’s aphasia affects speaking, but usually not comprehension.
Arcuate fasciculus (Wernicke)
Connects the centers of receptive and expressive language (Broca’s area and center of receptive language).
Paul Broca
Correlation of language with the third frontal convolution.
First analysis of cerebral asimetry.
Language is not a unitary function localized in one part: comprehension and expression.
Wernicke’s aphasia
Lesion in the first temporal convolution.
The patient spoke fluently and was amble to produce language (sometimes nonsense), and did not understand anything that was said to him.
Broca’s aphasia vs Wernicke’s aphasia
Motor expression / Sensory comprehension
Branches of research
Localizing dialectics
Antilocalizationist
Associationism
Associationist - Lichtheim
First model of explanation of aphasias
“House model”: Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas + center of concepts
Explains dissociations that may occur in language disorders and associations between the centers.
(1) William Osler
The concept of neuropsychology was first used by him
(2) Neuropsychology had alredy become a common term in the field of neurosciences in…
In the late 50’
(3) Friedrich Golz
His studies with dogs support the idea that brain functions are in a global manner (anti-localizationism)
(4) John Hughlings Jackson
A focal lesion would cause a disorganization, not a disappearance of the function.
Contribution to hemispheric asymmetries.
(5( Karl Lashley
Proposed currently basic principles such as…
Law of mass action: the consequence that an injury has on behavior.
Principle of equipotentiality: any brain area is capable of taking control of any type of behavior.
(6) Kurt Goldstein
Pioneers of NP REHABILITATION
Studied the consequences of war injuries on the CNS
(7) Donald Hebb
Leading representatives of contemporary NP
Studies on MEMORY, establishing neurophysiological differences between STM and LTM
Influence of Luria
Antilocalizationist: brain as a complex functional system
Syndromic analysis
Proposes three functional units to understand the holistic meaning of brain function.
Three functional units of Luria
FIRST FUNCTIONAL UNIT
Regula el tono y el estado de vigilia; fundamental para una actividad mental organizada.
LOCALIZACIÓN: Núcleos de la formación reticular en el troncco cerebral y tálamo.
Three functional units of Luria
SECOND FUNCTIONAL UNIT
Obtiene, procesa y almacena información del mundo exterior. Cada lóbulo consta de áreas primarias (receptivaas), secundarias (codificadoras) y terciarias (integradoras).
LOCALIZACIÓN: Lóbulos occipital, temporal y parietal.
Three functional units of Luria
THIRD FUNCTIONAL UNIT
Control de las formas más complejas de la conducta. Programación, regulación y verificación de la actividad mental y la conducta. Iniciativa y control atencional.
LOCALIZACIÓN: Lóbulo frontal.
Ben Yishay 70-80
Importance of considering interpersonal and social needs
Muriel Lezak (1986)
Emotional responses of the patient and family
Sohlberg and Mateer
Treatment and management of ADHD
Prigatano
Awareness of brain damage
NP Rehab currently
It’s a multidisciplinary task (can have dissadvantages with the changes involved).
Since 1975
Emergence of brain imaging
Standarized tests in diagnosis
Development of NP Rehab
Professionalization of NP
Increase in number of publications
Conceptual integration
Expansion in the field of work
