History Flashcards
Name the 4 long term causes of WW1
M.A.I.N
- Militarism
- Alliances
- Imperialism
- Nationalism
Who was part of the triple alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
Who was part of the Triple entente?
France, Britain, Russia
Give reasons for each long term cause of WW1.
Militarism- Many people took great rpide in their armies and navies, and wanted their country to have a large and strong military, but as all nations had the same ideology, an arms race began to defide who would have the best army and there was always a temptation to use their weapons if they were idle.
Alliances- As each country began to feel threatened by war, every country wanted friends to back them up, so alliances were formed. This would mean that if a two nation conflict arised, it would become a 6 nation confict as the allies of different countries would be dragged in, causing a widescale war
Imperialism- During this time, many nations were jealous of eachothers’ empires, so a race began to take over as much overseas land as possible, to build the biggest empire. These nations began to see their overseas terretories threatened and therefore though was was the only way to get rid of the threat permanently
Nationalism- At the beginning of the twentieth century, people started taking pride in their countries. People of different nations were convinced that thier people, country and way of doinf thjngs were best, but the only way to prove this was to have a war with their rivals
Which Serbian gang were planning to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
‘The Black Hand’
When was Archduke Franz Ferdinand murdered?
28 June 1914
What was the short term reason for WW1?
The assassination fo Archduke Franz Ferdinand
What city was Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in?
Sarajevo
How many attempts to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdidnand were there?
2 attempts
- A bomb that exploded too late (faliure)
- A gunshot to the throat (success)
What gave Gavrilo Princip the chance to shoot?
The driver of Ferdinand’s car took a wrong turn, as he did not understand German.
How did Ferdinand’s murder lead to war? (Timeline)
28 July: Austria-Hungary blames Serbia for Killing Ferdinand. Austria attacks Serbia
29 July: Russia, who has promised to protect Serbia, gets ready to attack Austria
1 August: Germany, who supports Austria, hears about Russian preparations and declares war on them
2 August: Britian prepares warships
3 August: Germany, who palns to defeat France before attacking Russia, declares war on France
4 August: Germany ask belgium to allow German soldier to march through the country to attack France. Belgium says no. Britian, who has a deal to protect Belgium from attack declares war on Germany.
6 August: Austria Hungary Declares war on Russia
12 August: Britian and France declare war on Austria Hungary
Where was the faild bomb assassination?
By Cumurja Bridge
What was the German plan to avoid a two front war, and what was it called?
Called ‘Der Schlieffenplan’, it was a plan that Germany should qucikly defeat France with a huge knockout blow through Belgium, before then moving the soldiers to the east to face Russia.
What year was ‘Der Schlieffenplan’ put into action?
1914, immediately as the war began
What went so wrong with the Schlieffenplan?
-The Belgian army, who were supposed to be ‘a pushover’, put up a fierce fight.
-The BEF held the Germans at Mons before then being overrun
-An attack performed by the Russians turned out to be much quicker than expected
-Both sides resulted in building trenches, causing a stalemate
Where was ‘No man’s land’
The section between two trenches, which looked like a lifeless wasteland
Name 4 feautres of an average trench.
Duckbaords- used to stop soldiers sinking in the mud
Dugouts- Rooms dug out of the back wall of the trenches, orders were recieved by telephone
Periscope- Enabled troops to see over the edge of the trench withough risk of being shot and exposed
Barbed wire- Slowed down attacking troops
Name 2 issues within trenches during the war.
Trench Rats- Very large, stole food snd infested trenches
Trench Foot- An infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and dirty conditions. If left untreated, it would most likely be amputated.
Why was food rationed, and name 2 things the soldiers ate/drank on the frontlines.
Food was rationed becuase as the army had to grow bigger, there was less food, meaning it had to be rationed and controlled in small amounts, and to not run out. Soldier ate ‘Bully beef’, bread, biscuits and drank tea
What was the treaty of Versailles?
It was a treaty that marked the end of WW1, in which Germany had to pay the price heavily.
What were some facotrs of the treaty of Versailles?
-Germany had to hand over colonies to Britain and France
-Germany must pay for the war in money and goods
-Parts of different countries used to make new countries, like Poland
What was the Leage of Nations?
The league of Nations was set up by the allies after the war to stop any wars from happening again, and to resolve issues peacefully. It was headquatered in Geneva, Switzerland.
State 2 successes and Faliures of the League:
Successes:
-200,000 slaves freed
-Sorted out a dispute between Finalnd and Sweden
Faliures:
-The league never had its own armed forces
-It couldn’t stop Germany expanding its territory between 1936-1939
Who were the big 3?
Britain
France
USA
What is anti-semitism?
Any hostility toward, or discrimination against, Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group.
What things were Jews blamed for?
-Plagues
-Death of Jesus
Where were Jews placed to live away from non-Jews?
Ghettos
What was the Holocaust?
The holocaust was a mass genocide against Jews, carried out between 1941 and and 1945, by Nazi Germany and Nazi allies like Hungary and Croatia.
What other groups were persecuted by Nazi Germany and its allies?
Roma, Sinti Gypsies, Disabled people, Gay people, Polish and Soviet civillians and Soviet PoWs
Name 1 anti-semitic thing that happened in Germany in each year between 1933-1938
-1933: Jews removed from the Media
-1935: All jews removed from the army
-1936: Jewish teachers forbidden to teach non-Jewish children
-1937: Jewish people unable to get a university degree
-1938: Forced to wear distincitve clothing like putting the star of david on their sleeve
Give 2 reasons for Hitler’s rise to power:
-The great depression
-Propaganda
What were some points Hitler made in ‘Mein Kampf’?
-The Germans are the master race
-Germany needs a government led by a strong, single leader
Who was arrested and blamed by the Nazis for burning down the Reichstag?
A young Dutch Communist. Hitler used this to arrest many Communist opponents.
When was the enabling act passed, and what did it allow Hitler to do?
In 1933, the Enabling act was passed which allowed Hitler to gain absolute power and pass any laws he wanted.
What happened on the night of June 30, 1934?
Hitler sent the SS to murder any opposing leading Nazi party members. This was known as the Night of the Long knives.
What happened on June 1934?
Hindenburg died, Hitler was not only chancellor but absolute leader, head of the army (Heer) and Head of state. He was now a dictator. Now known as the führer
Name 4 reasons for the Nazis rise to power:
-Appealing to all Germans (Workers will get bread, people will be employed and Jews will be stopped)
-Hitler’s charismatic leadership (An effective speaker using powerful language)
-Use of Propaganda (Josef Göbbels was placed in charge of Propaganda, being able to manage the radio, news paper and rallies.)
-Effects of the Wall street crash (Many gemrans were unemployed and the German economy could not survive, Hitler promised to change this)
What was Hitlers main weapon against opposition?
The SS and SA
Hitler wanted to control the poeple into obedience through what?
Propaganda
Intimidation
The youth
Economic success
What were some of Hitlers actions in each years since 1936-1939?
-1936 Hitler invades the Rheinland and takes it back from the French
-1937 Hitler helped the Spanish dictator Franco to win the civil war
-1938 German troops marched into Austria without a single shot fired. Austria was now part of the German Reich
-1939 Hitler invades the rest of Czechoslovakia and demanded Poland return the danzig corridor to connect East Prussia and clamed this land shouldn’t of been taken away as part kf the treaty if Versailles. Poland refuses, and Germany invades. Poland falls within 3 weeks.
What was Appeasement?
The name given to Britain’s policy in the 1930s of allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked, to avoid conflict.
What were Hitler’s foregin policies?
-Living space (Lebensraum)
-Unite all German speakers
-Create a Greater Germany, to make it into its former glory (Großdeutschland)
Who were the Axis and Allied powers?
Axis:
-Nazi Germany (And allies e.g Hungary, Croatia)
-Imperial Japan
-Fascist Italy
Allies:
-Britian (And colonies)
-USA (And allies, like ROC (China))
-The Soviet Union (U.S.S.R)
When did WW2 start, and how?
German troops invaded Poland on the early morning of September 1st, 1939.
And Britain and France attacked German troops on the 3rd.
When did France fall?
June, 1940
When was the Soviet Union invaded?
1941
When was the British evactuation at Dunkirk?
May 1940
When was the Battle of Britain?
July-Oct 1940
When was Pearl Harbour?
December 1941.
What happened at Stalingrad?
German troops capture Stalingrad from the Russians but are auickly encircled, as Romanian troops on the South and Italian troops in the north, as well as German troops are unable to hold off the Russians. Stalingrad is encircled and General von Paulus surrenders his remaining tanks. The tide lf the war changes.
What was the key reason for the Soviet Union ebing able to turn the tide of the war on the Eastern front?
Allied pressure to open a Western front, but particularly U.S aid.
When was the Russian Revolution?
1917
Who were the main belligerents in the Russian revolution?
The communists (Red Army)
The Tsarists
Why did the Russian revolution take place
It took place becuase of Food shortages, poor tretament of people and Government corruption
When was Tsar Nocholas II abdicated?
16 March, 1917
What did the Bolscheviks think of at the time of the revolution?
-The war should be stopped
-Peasants should have a share of the land
-Workers should own a share of the factory they worked at
Why did Russia become a one party state?
Becuase Lenin had lost the elections badly, and he shut down the constitution (Constituent Assembley)
Why was Lenin keen on Signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 with the Germans?
Lenin feared that if he didn’t, the Germans would move on to caputre St.Petersburg and remove the Bolschviks from power. This treaty resulted in most of russias coal mines, 30% of Russias population, 50% of Russias factories and 30% of Russian agricultural land being annexed by Germany.
What were some of the policies the Bolscheviks put into action immediately as they got power?
-Men equal to women
-Rich families had to share their houses with poor families
-Money and jewelry taken from the rich people given to the state
What was the name of the Royal family (Tsars)?
The Romanov Family
When was the Royal family murdered?
1918
When did the civil war start in Russia?
1918
Who were the belligerents of the Civil war?
The Red army
The White army
What were Britain’s aims after WW1?
-Wanted to make Germany weak
-Didn’t want to humiliate them
-Wanted to end German threat to the British Navy
What were the USA’s aims after WW1?
-Wanted to prevent Germany becoming agressive
-Didn’t want to punish them
-Wanted self determination (Different national groups to have the right to rule themselves)
What were France’s aims after WW1?
-Wanted revenge on Germany for all the suffering
-Wanted Germany to pay for all the damages cuased by the war
-Wanted to weaken Germany’s armed forces so that they could never attack France again
When did the Bolscheviks sieze power?
25 October 1917
What was the Gestapo and when was it created?
The gestapo was Nazi Germany’s secret Police, created in 1933
When and where was Hitler born?
Austria, 1889
What was the figure that Germany had to pay for the war?
£6600 million
When was the treaty of versailles signed?
1919
Why did the Black Hand plot to kill Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
Becuase he was seen as a threat to serbian indipendence, especially since the goal of the Black hand was to achieve a greater Serbia.
