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Julia C. > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

commonwealth

A

a large territory with a multiplicity of independent regional rulers under a single religion

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2
Q

sequence of Arab conquests

A

Oman, Egypt, Armenia, Iberia

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3
Q

Which battle checked Muslim expansion into Western Europe?

A

Poitiers

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4
Q

Which statement best describes Byzantium in 750 CE?

A

It had lost significant territory to Arab armies, but it was not defeated

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5
Q

Sharia

A

The combined body of the legal verses of the Quran, the prophetic Sunna, and the legal commentaries of the 800s and 900s, covering law as well as morality.

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6
Q

jihad

A

“the struggle”

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7
Q

Umma

A

Community of all who believe in one God, with Muhammad as his prophet, and reject pagan idolatry or associationism, such as the Christian doctrine of Trinity.

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8
Q

Sunna

A

The paradigmatic “path” of Muhammad’s traditions, which, if trodden by believers, will lead to salvation.

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9
Q

where did the Arabs live?

A

The Arabs had been nomadic inhabitants of the Syrian-Arabian desert

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10
Q

Which of the following do NOT govern a Muslim’s behavior?

A

Matriarchal commands

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11
Q

To Sunni Muslims, what authority is considered supreme?

A

The consensus of the umma

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12
Q

In the 9th century, who held de facto power in the Islamic Empire?

A

Turkic guards

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13
Q

Caliph

A

Turkic guards

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14
Q

Trinitarian

A

Christianity based on the doctrine of God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

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15
Q

What is iconoclasm?

A

The destruction of religious images

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16
Q

Which newly-converted Muslim group destroyed the Byzantines at Manzikert?

A

The Seljuks

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17
Q

What prompted the Third Crusade?

A

The loss of Jerusalem

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18
Q

the bread of the Eucharist

A

Byzantium accused Rome of serving unleavened bread, which it denounced as “Jewish.”

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19
Q

Which state represented Islamic civilization at its peak

A

The Mamluks

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20
Q

What kind of market spread directly as a result of Islamic cultural unity?

A

Luxury items

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21
Q

What was the most damaging byproduct of extensive travel in this period?

A

The spread of the Black Death

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22
Q

decentralization

A

greater regional autonomy & power

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23
Q

warring states

A

china kind of a golden age for
martial aristocrats, but not so
good for others

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24
Q

came after Zhou dynasty

A

Qin dynasty

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25
Q

what was the philosophy of the Qin dynasty

A

legalism

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26
Q

became king of Qin in 246 BCE

A

Qin Shi Huang Di

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27
Q

Which state represented Islamic civilization at its peak?

A

The Mamluks

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28
Q

What kind of market spread directly as a result of Islamic cultural unity?

A

Luxury items

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29
Q

What was the most damaging byproduct of extensive travel in this period?

A

The spread of the Black Death

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30
Q

The House of Wisdom was located in

A

Baghdad

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31
Q

Which of these best describes Al-Khwarizmi?

A

mathematician

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32
Q

Which of these was used to calculate the circumference of the earth?

A

the relationship of the earth to the sun

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33
Q

What is Sufism?

A

Meditative devotion to faith, expressed in the form of prayer, ecstasy, chanting, or dancing.

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34
Q

Avars

A

Turkic group in SE Europe

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35
Q

Khazars

A

Jewish Turks in Caucasus

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36
Q

Saljuqs

A

more political than ethnic, but mostly Turk

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37
Q

Rus

A

Scandinavian/Slavs in Eastern Europe

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38
Q

Turkic peoples:

A

Avars, Khazars, and Saljuqs

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38
Q

Bulgars

A

Slavic groups in SE Europe

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39
Q

Slavic peoples:

A

Rus, Bulgars

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40
Q

The Byzantine Empire

A

the eastern half of the old Roman Empire, from the 300s onward became increasingly Christian, and survived until 1453 CE

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41
Q

lingua franca

A

Greek

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42
Q

Emperor Justinian

A

last great Roman Emperor, his general Belisarius re-
conquered much of the old
Roman Empire in Africa &
Italy

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43
Q

Justinian Code:

A

basis of
Roman law = basis of law
in Mid East

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44
Q

The Sassanian Empire 224-651 CE

A
  • multi-ethnic but ruled by
    a Persian elite
  • sponsored Zoroastrianism
    but tolerated other religions
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45
Q

Heraclius

A

set out to re-conquer Jerusalem
for God = basically a Christian holy
war then defeated Persian Sassanians and brought True Cross back to Jerusalem

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46
Q

Leo III the Isaurian (d. 741)

A

– from Syria & spoke Arabic as well as Greek
– overall: excellent commander & general

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47
Q

Who militarily, saved the Byzantine empire from civil war & from Arab/Muslim invasion

A

Leo III the Isaurian (d. 741)

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48
Q

Who forged alliances for the Byzantine Empire with Bulgars and Khazars against Muslims

A

Leo III the Isaurian (d. 741)

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49
Q

Who also forged a marriage alliance with Avars for the Byzantine Empire

A

Leo III the Isaurian (d. 741)

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50
Q

Byzantine missionaries went to Eastern Europe, spread faith & also est. diplomatic & cultural ties between Byz. & Slavs

A

Christianity and the Slavic People

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51
Q

What does “Islam” mean?

A

“submission,” specifically submission to the will of God

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52
Q

Where does the word Allah come from?

A

comes from the Arabic ilah

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53
Q

What does “ilah” mean

A

ilah means “god” & it refers to
non-Abrahamic pagan deities, e.g. Zeus, Ba’al, Lat, Manat, & Uzza

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54
Q

What does Allah mean?

A

Allāh means “The God,” and refers to the God was worshipped by Jews, Christians, & Muslims

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55
Q

where was Muhammad born?

A

570 CE: born in Hijaz region of western Arabia; orphaned early; grew up with relatives

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56
Q

For Muslims who was the messenger of God and the prophet of Islam?

A

Muhammad

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57
Q

For Muslims, it is the word of God as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad

A

Guran/Koran

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58
Q

Sunna

A

words, deeds, and customs of Muhammad

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59
Q

hadith

A

verified reports of Sunna, was collected into books beginning in 600s-700s, 6 canonical collections of hadith after ca. 900 CE

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60
Q

2nd only to Quran in religious, theological, and legal authority

61
Q

al-Shahāda

A

profession of faith

62
Q

al-Ṣalāh

A

daily prayers

63
Q

al-Ṣawn

A

fasting in Ramadan

64
Q

al-Zakat

A

alms for the poor

65
Q

al-Ḥajj

A

pilgrimage to Mecca

66
Q

The Five Pillars

A

al-Shahāda, al-Ṣalāh, al-Ṣawn, al-Zakat, and al-Ḥajj

67
Q

Where does the word jihād comes from

A

the root jīm–hā’–dāl, which means “to strive” or “to struggle.”

68
Q

“greater jihad”

A

a personal struggle against sin

69
Q

“lesser jihad”

A

is armed conflict

70
Q

Classical Islamic thought generally views jihad

A

as a community obligation rather than an individual obligation

71
Q

Most Muslims throughout history have not counted jihad as one of the pillars of Islam, but

A

there have always been some Muslims who do consider it one of the
pillars and a personal, individual obligation.

72
Q

The Rashidun Caliphs

A

Abu Bakr al-Sadiq (r. 632-634)
Umar b. al-Khattab (r. 634-644)
Uthman b. Affan (r. 644-656)
Ali b. Abi Talib (r. 656-661)

73
Q

The vast majority of early Muslims WERE

74
Q

Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 632-640:

75
Q

Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 639-642:

76
Q

Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 632-652:

A

Iraq, Iran,
Armenia

77
Q

Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 642-670:

78
Q

Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 700:

A

Afghanistan &
Pakistan

79
Q

Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 711-714:

A

(most of) Spain

80
Q

750-945: “Golden Age” of

A

he Abbasid caliphate

81
Q

when was the Mongol invasion

82
Q

Christianity spread through Mediterranean even though

A

often
illegal & persecuted

83
Q

when did Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity

84
Q

Theodosius made it favored/official religion of Roman Empire

A

Christianity

85
Q

Roman Empire in Europe was overrun by barbarians & the Church
was all that remained of

A

Roman law, order, & civilization

86
Q

Clovis, king of the Franks, became

A

(Latin/Catholic) Christian

87
Q

various groups of Germanic & Asiatic invaders broke through the Roman frontiers in Europe.

A

4th century CE onwards

88
Q

Other groups within the empire became stronger in the absence of Roman arms.

A

The barbarian invasions meant the end of the old Roman order & the
beginning of new systems of gov’t. & law.

89
Q

N. African Latin/Catholic
Christian philosopher

A

st. Augustine

90
Q

very influential in Christian Europe; his City of God and Confessions widely read provided a philosophical basis for medieval political order

A

St. Augustine

91
Q

Popes

A

the heads of Roman Catholic Church; acc. to believers, they
are God’s representatives on Earth

92
Q

Cardinals

A

high-ranking archbishops

93
Q

Archbishops

A

bishops who oversee several other bishops

94
Q

Bishops

A

high-ranking priests who oversee several churches

95
Q

Priests

A

oversee one church or parish

96
Q

Monks and Nuns

A

usually live in convents; some perform functions
similar to priests

97
Q

Laypeople, the Laity

A

non-clerics

98
Q

Rites that one performs for religious purposes, usually to gain salvation in the next life. In many religions, only certain people (priests) can perform valid sacraments.

A

Sacraments

99
Q

monasticism

A

devotion of one’s life to imitation of a spiritual exemplar, e.g. Jesus and His Apostles

100
Q

hermitic vs. cenobitic
monasticism:

A

individual vs. communal monasticism

101
Q

They were Christian, but they were also violent tribal warlords.

A

The Franks & the Merovingian Kings

102
Q

The pattern: Local princes & lords fought each other to expand their kingdoms. Occasionally, a king like Clovis would unite them for a short time.

A

The Franks & the Merovingian Kings

103
Q

an administrator who helped Merovingian child-kings rule until the came of age

A

mayor of the palace

104
Q

rose to power as “mayors of the palace” under Merovingians

A

The Carolingians

105
Q

replaced the Merovingians & made themselves kings

A

The Carolingians

106
Q

brought more centralized rule to Europe than at any time since the Romans

A

The Carolingians

107
Q

Benedictine monk & missionary who converted pagan German tribes to Christianity

A

St. Boniface

107
Q

destroyed non-Christian sacred shrines, e.g. Thor’s Sacred Oak

108
Q

fought Muslims Arabs/Berbers in the west & pagan Avars in the east

A

Charlemagne (d. 814)

109
Q

imperium christianum

A

“Christian power” or, roughly, “Christian empire”

110
Q

pope made him “emperor of romans” in 800 CE

111
Q

various Carolingian dynasties ruled parts of Europe into the 10th century, but by the 11th century, new dynasties had taken over, e.g. Hugh Capet, (d. 987) founder of the Capetian Dynasty of France

A

Carolingian dynasties

112
Q

Louis the Pious (r. 814-840) his sons, Charles the Bald (d. 877), Lothair (d. 855), and Louis the German (d. 876), inherited the empire & split it
up in 842 with the Strasbourg Oaths and then more formally in 843 with the Treaty of Verdun

A

Carolingian history

113
Q

unified China after 400 years
of fragmentation

A

The Sui Dynasty

114
Q

really only 2 emperors: Wen
Di and Yang Di

A

The Sui Dynasty

115
Q

re- established Confucianism also encouraged Buddhism

A

The Sui Dynasty

116
Q

Great Canal built (connected N. & S. China)

A

The Sui Dynasty

117
Q

set stage for Tang Dynasty

A

The Sui Dynasty

118
Q

equal land distribution est. mints and copper coins

A

Tang Dynasty

119
Q

state exams = competent gov’t. officials

A

Tang Dynasty

120
Q

greater exposure to outside world through trade contacts was also a great age for art and culture

A

Tang Dynasty

121
Q

Li Yuan = Gaozou

A

Early Tang Emperors

122
Q

Li Shimin = Tang Taizong

A

Early Tang Emperors

123
Q

Empress Wu

A

Early Tang Emperors

124
Q

Xuan Zang

A

Chinese Buddhist monk who studied in India & brought Buddhist scripture back to China; argued that perceivable reality is but a
representation of the mind; “Consciousness Only School” of thought

125
Q

Chinese student of Xuan Zang who
argued that all sentient beings posses Buddha-nature;
everything living thing is connected; “Flower
Ornament School” of thought

126
Q

in Tang era, based on Confucian, Daoist, & Buddhist texts

A

Civil Service in Tang China

127
Q

open to most males & allowed for some social mobility

A

Civil Service in Tang China

128
Q

furthered pattern of education & gov’t. that continued into 20th century

A

Civil Service in Tang China

129
Q

new strains of rice = 2 harvests/year = ________

A

population growth, urban growth, & increased trade

130
Q

Islamic incursions into Central Asia ca 750s onward

A

reversed trend of westward expansion

131
Q

large empire = large government = expensive
government = high taxes = poverty, famine, &
unhappy people = ….?

132
Q
A

Mongol Hordes/Khanates/Dynasties

133
Q

known for brutal warfare, e.g.
scorched earth policies, ruining
irrigation, & wiping out cities

A

Ghengis Khan (d.1227)

134
Q

followed traditional (and poorly
understood) ancient Mongol religion
but tolerated all religions as long as
their followers submitted to his
authority

A

Ghengis Khan (d.1227)

135
Q

United Central Asia Mongol tribes. ca. 1206 CE embarked on world
conquest. led Mongols to victory in China, Central Asia, & Mid East. Founded dynasties in China, Central
Asia, Mid East, & Russia

A

Ghengis Khan (d.1227)

136
Q

drifted away from Tang
Buddhism & toward Neo-
Confucianism

A

Song dynasty

137
Q

introduced paper money, introduced moveable type

A

Song Dynasty

138
Q

China saw massive population growth: 5 cities with over 1 million people; total pop. of 120 million = ¼ world’s pop. at the time

A

Song Dynasty

139
Q

perfected civil service with restoration of exams and heavy punishments

A

The Ming Dynasty

140
Q

heavily centralized rule under
powerful emperors, civil servants,
eunuchs, and spies

A

The Ming Dynasty

141
Q

sultan

A

a Muslim ruler, usually more powerful than a king (

142
Q

sultanate

A

realm that a sultan rules

143
Q

khan

A

title used among Central Asian and Middle Eastern peoples;
means “leader;” can be anything from a local lord to an emperor
khanate: realm that a khan rules

144
Q

khanate

A

realm that a khan rules

145
Q

slave who became sultan

146
Q

His daughter, Raziya,
became 1st sultana (female
sultan)

147
Q

defended India against Mongol
invasions

A

Alauddin Khalji

148
Q

wage & price controls to help
common man, especially soldiers & poor

A

Alauddin Khalji

Julia C. (5 decks)

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