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Julia C. > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Three-Dimensional Structure

A

The protein itself

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2
Q

What does a proteins three-dimensional structure determine

A

the proteins function

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3
Q

Where do proteins come from?

A

animal-based foods, its from their DNA

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4
Q

what do genes provide?

A

Genotype

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5
Q

what do proteins provide?

A

phenotype

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6
Q

What is a gene?

A

a segment of DNA that contains instructions for
making at least one protein

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7
Q

what is gene expression

A

the process of synthesizing a protein from the
information encoded in a gene

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8
Q

what are alleles

A

Different versions of a gene with such alternative nucleotide “spellings”

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9
Q

Every gene has two parts…

A

a regulatory sequence and a coding
sequence

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10
Q

Transgenic organisms=

A

genetically
modified organisms (GMOs)

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11
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

attempt to replace a person’s defective gene with a healthy one

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12
Q

DNA replication

A

semi conservative

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13
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

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14
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

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15
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

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16
Q

what is a protein

A

Protein is a macromolecule
made of repeating amino acid
subunits.

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17
Q

Amino Acids

A

Building blocks of proteins

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18
Q

Amino Acid Sequence

A

Amino acids bond together to form a
linear chain.

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19
Q

Where do proteins come from?

A

A sequence of DNA that
contains the instructions to make
one or more proteins

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20
Q

where are genes found

A

chromosomes

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21
Q

What is Synthesis of a protein from a
gene called?

A

Gene expression

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22
Q

Gene expression

A

the process
of converting information from
the coding sequence of a gene
into protein

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23
Q

Transcription

A

involves converting DNA to RNA

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24
Q

Translation

A

involves converting RNA into protein

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25
Q

where does transcription happen?

A

occurs in the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells
and the cytoplasm of
prokaryotic cells

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26
Q

where does translation happen?

A

occurs on
ribosomes in cytoplasm

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27
Q

codons

A

Each codon specifies a
particular amino acid

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28
Q

Universal Genetic Code

A

Set of rules relating particular
mRNA codons to particular
amino acids

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29
Q

Genetic engineering

A

manipulating the genome of a living
organism

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30
Q

Organisms that have received recombinant genes are considered what

A

transgenic or genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

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31
Q

Recombinant gene

A

a gene that contains parts of different genes that aren’t found together in nature

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32
Q

Gene expression

A

is controlled in a cell, and this control accounts for its specialization.

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33
Q

Levels of Gene Control

A

Pretranscriptional control.
Transcriptional control.
Posttranscriptional control.
Translational control.
Posttranslational control.

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34
Q

Pretranscriptional Control

A

Active genes are found in euchromatin (loosely packed areas of chromatin).

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35
Q

Transcriptional Control.

A

This control depends on interactions between certain proteins and particular DNA sequences. The proteins are called transcription factors and activators. The DNA sequences are called promoters or enhancers.

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36
Q

Transcription factors

A

help RNA polymerase bind to a
promoter

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37
Q

Posttranscriptional Control

A

After transcription, mRNA is processed before leaving the nucleus. Primary mRNA is converted to a mature mRNA

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38
Q

Translational Control

A

The longer the mRNA is available in the cytoplasm, the more gene product can be translated. Differences in the poly-A tails and/or guanine caps
may determine how long an mRNA is available for translation. Specific hormones may also affect the longevity of mRNA.

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39
Q

Posttranslational Control

A

Some proteins must be activated after synthesis. Chemical modifications such as phosphorylation may also affect
the activity of a protein. Many proteins function only briefly before they are degraded or destroyed by the cell.

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40
Q
A

levels of gene control

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41
Q

What are mutations

A

are permanent changes
in the DNA sequence.

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42
Q

Mutations effects

A

Effects can range from changing
expression of a gene to complete
inactivity of a protein.

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43
Q

Normal red blood cells are…

A

round, carry large amounts of
oxygen, and flow well through
blood vessels

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44
Q

sickle cell disease blood cells

A

differently shaped, do not flow well
through blood vessels.

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45
Q

what is sickle cell disease caused by

A

a genetic mutation in the beta-globin
gene.

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46
Q

what is Beta-globin?

A

s a part of
hemoglobin, which carries
oxygen in red blood cells.

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47
Q

The human body contains many cell types that differ in

A

structure and function

48
Q

Each cell type contains its own

A

specific protein combination to distinguish it from other cells.

49
Q

only certain genes are active in cells that perform specialized functions.

A

Such as nerve, muscle, gland, and blood cells

50
Q

Housekeeping genes

A

govern functions that are common to many types of cells (Active in many cell types for routine functions)

51
Q

Gene expression is

A

controlled in a cell, and this control accounts for its specialization

52
Q

Mutations

A

are permanent changes in the DNA sequence.

53
Q

Mutations in the coding sequence of a gene lead to differences in amino acid sequence

A

These differences can be detrimental, such as in sickled red blood cells.

54
Q

Point mutations:

A

substituting one nucleotide for another

55
Q

Frameshift mutations:

A

change in the reading frame of a gene

56
Q

Rearranged DNA mutations:

A

sections of DNA move

57
Q

point mutations

A
58
Q

frameshift mutations

A
59
Q

rearranged DNA mutations

A
60
Q

Germ-Line Mutations (hereditary)

A

These mutations are present in the egg or sperm cells and can be passed from parent to offspring.

61
Q

Somatic Mutations (nonhereditary)

A

These mutations are present in non–germ-line cells and cannot be inherited.

62
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

signal cells to progress through the cell cycle at the appropriate time.

63
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

signal cells to pause STOP the cell cycle to fix mistakes.

64
Q

Cancer is uncontrolled cell division caused by

A

mutations in DNA.

65
Q

Mutations in two types of gene

A

proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors, cause most cancers.

66
Q

Certain alleles are more common in ethnic groups that

A

have been reproductively isolated for long periods of time

67
Q

How does the organization of chromosomes, genes, and their alleles contribute to human traits?

A

Chromosomes are found in the nucleus

68
Q

How does meiosis produce gametes?

A

the pairs of chromosomes separate and segregate randomly to produce gametes with one chromosome from each pair

69
Q

Cancer

A

disease of unregulated cell division

70
Q

The cell cycle

A

is the orderly sequence of stages that occurs between the time a cell divides and the time the resulting daughter cells also divide.

71
Q

Cells divide to reproduce
themselves for various reasons:

A

Growth and development, Cell replacement, Heal wounds

72
Q

Interphase

A

growth and preparation

73
Q

Mitosis

A

separate copies of chromosomes

74
Q

Cytokinesis

A

divide into two cells

75
Q

cell division

A
76
Q

the division of the cytoplasm, follows mitosis.

A

Cytokinesis

77
Q

Chromosome perspective:

A

DNA replicates during S phase in interphase.

78
Q

the division of the nucleus, follows interphase

A

Mitosis

79
Q
A
80
Q

Sister chromatids

A
81
Q

The human body contains many cell types that differ in structure and function

A

control of gene expression

82
Q

Only certain genes are active in cells that perform specialized functions.

A

gene expression

83
Q

is controlled in a cell, and this control accounts for its specialization.

A

gene expression

84
Q

can be used to inactivate a gene without replacing it with another version.

A

CRISPR

85
Q

CRISPR ON THE FARM

A
  • genetically modified crops e.g. corn, rice, soya beans…etc.
  • genetically modified animals e.g. pig, cattle…
86
Q

ENGINEERED ECOSYSTEMS

A

wipe out disease-carrying mosquitoes or ticks

87
Q

EDITING OUT DISEASE

A

gene therapy

88
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

(CF)

89
Q

what type of disease is Cystic Fibrosis

A

•Genetic disease

90
Q

what is cystic fibrosis cause by

A

a single gene mutation

91
Q

CFTR gene codes the

A

transmembrane regulator protein

92
Q

people with CF have a mutated
version of CFTR that

A

fails to move ions.

93
Q

have two copies of every chromosome.

A

Diploid organisms

94
Q

are a pair of
chromosomes that contain
the same genes.

A

Homologous
chromosomes

95
Q

Alleles

A

are alternative versions of the same gene that have different
nucleotide sequences.

96
Q

Zygote

A

A cell that is capable of developing into an adult organism. The zygote is formed when an egg is fertilized by a sperm

97
Q

eMbryo

A

An early stage of development reached when a zygote undergoes cell division to form a multicellular structure

98
Q
A
99
Q

recoMbination

A

An event in meiosis during which maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments

100
Q

inDepenDent assortMent

A

The principle that alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another during meiosis.

101
Q

recessive allele

A

An allele that reveals itself in the phenotype only if a masking dominant allele is not present.

102
Q

DoMinant allele

A

An allele that can mask the presence of a recessive allele.

103
Q

HeteroZygous

A

Having two different alleles

104
Q

HoMoZygous

A

Having two identical alleles.

105
Q

punnett square

A

A diagram used to determine probabilities of offspring having particular genotypes, given the genotypes of the parents.

106
Q

Where are genes located

A

on chromosomes, which are physically
transmitted from parent to offspring.

107
Q

Diploid organisms have

A

two copies of one organism

108
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

One chromosome from each parent is passed to the offspring.

109
Q

sexual reproduction

A

A combination of maternal and paternal alleles that join during fertilization

110
Q

sexual reproduction

A

Alleles from parents determine genotype and
contribute strongly to phenotype

111
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells that carry only one copy of each chromosome (haploid)

112
Q

Gametes formed by meiosis

A

special cell division producing genetically unique haploid cells

113
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Haploid sperm fertilizes haploid egg –> Result is a diploid zygote –> Zygote divides by mitosis into an embryo

114
Q

Meiosis occurs only at certain times of the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms

A

After the reproductive organs mature to produce gametes.

115
Q

Mitosis takes place almost continuously in …

A

all tissues as part of growth and repair

116
Q

Homologues line up side by side in a
process called

A

synapsis

117
Q
A

Julia C. (5 decks)

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