history Flashcards
Name two types of sources of Evidence
primary and secondary source
what is history
the study of the past
what is a source
A source is something that gives us information about a person place or thing in the past
what is prehistory
the period of time before writing was used
what is Archaeology
is the study of the remains left by people in the past
what is historical consciousness
being able to place ourselves in past human experience linking the past the present and the future
what is historian
is someone who is an expert in or a student of history
what is archaeologist
investigates places and objects left by people in the past including the time before written records were kept
what is cross-checking
is more than one source is used to make sure the information is correct
what is archive
is a place where catalogues and stores a collection of written and other sources
what is a museum
is a place that collects and displays object
what is a primary source
is a source from the time of the event; a first-hand account of what happened.
what is a secondary source
is a source from a later date after the time of the event
what is an artefact
is any human-made object eg pottery tool or weapon such as a spear
what is an autobiography?
is an account of a person’s life written by the person themselves
a biography
is an account of a person’s life written by someone else
what is the difference between history and prehistory
history is the period of time when we had writing and prehistory is the period of time before writing
what is a census
the census is a survey of the population
what is a handling box?
contains replicas copies of artefacts so that anyone can examine them without damaging an original.
what is accuracy
judging how accurate/correct the information you are using is
what is a bias
when an account is not balanced but unfairly favours one side
what is an exaggeration
when something is represented as better or worse than it actually was
what is a propaganda
information that has been designed to influence the attitudes of the general public.
tactile source
one that can be touched -a physical object like an arefact
chronology
put events into the sequence in which they happened
reinterpretation
see something in a new or different light
plagiarism
passing someone else’s work or ideas off as your own without citing the real source
cite
to refer to evidence you have gathered or read
bronze age
the period when people made tools and weapons using bronze
excavation
is to dig
aerial photograph
a photo from an elevated position eg from a drone or helicopter.
test trench
is a hole dug to see if it is worth excavating the whole site?
topsoil
the topmost recent layer of soil
radiocarbon dating
the older the thing is the less carbon 14 it contains
hunter-gatherers
hunter animals and gathered berries and nuts
passage tomb
a narrow passage with one or more burial chambers made of large stones and covered in earth or stone
geophysical survey
is like an x-ray of the ground
neolithic
of the new stone age
corbelled roof
a domed roof built by overlapping stone until they meet at the top
pollen analysis
the study of pollen remains to find out what was growing at a site during a particular time period.
stratigraphy
to date artefacts and evidence by how deep in the ground they were when found.
dendrochronology
a method of dating that uses the unique growth patterns of tree rings as a guide
iron age
when people made tools out of iron
conservation
when historic objects are protected and preserved so that they do not decay
nomadic
they regularly moved from place to place.
grave goods
buried them with axes and other valuable items
wattle and daub
wooden sticks are woven together like a basket of wattle and covered with a mixture of mud sand and straw
smelting
melting metal at a high temperature to separate it from the ore
pagan
someone who worships various often with a focus on nature or the earth
Druids
were spiritual figures similar to priests in pre-Christian Celtic Ireland.
beehive hut
was a small stone hut shaped like a beehive where a monk slept.
monks
men who dedicate themselves to a religious order and to life in a monastery
orator
where monks prayed
scriptorium
where manuscripts were copied by hand and illustrated
manuscript
is a book written by hand
refectory
was where the monks ate their meals
round tower
was a bell tower and a safe place for people and treasures if the monastery came under attact
high cross
is a free-standing stone cross usually with elaborate carvings showing biblical scenes
longships
capable of crossing stormy seas but still shallow enough to sail up river
Longphorts
camps by the water used as a base for raids
republic
when the wealthy elite in the senate ruled in the name of the people.
citizens
people who had rights under roman law
forum
large town square that was the centre of business, political administration and religious worship
amphitheatre
where gladiatorial games were held
patricians
the wealthy noble families who ruled rome
toga
a long white robe draped over the shoulder and down to the feet.
stola
a long dress
DOMUS
the large house of a patrician
plebeians
the poor, who made up the vast majority of the roman population.
Dole
a payment of free grain given to the plebeians
insulae
the apartment blocks lived in by plebeians
mosaic
picture made from small pieces of stone, glass or tile
manumission
the freeing of a slave by their master after many years of service
confirmation
roman wedding ceremony
oratory
the art of public speaking
gladiators
slaves who fought in amphitheatres for the entertainment of the crowd
legionaries
roman foot soldiers
polytheists
people who believed in many different gods
monotheists
people who believed in only one god
feudalism
the system of land ownership where rulers( kings, lords) divided the land among their followers in return for loyalty and taxes
peasants
the people who worked on a lords land
bailiff
the official on the manor who
open field system
the system of farming where peasants were each given strips of land to farm in large fields
fallow
the one field left empty every year to let it regain its nutrients
the commons
a large field on the manor where the peasants animals grazed
tithe
the payment of one-tenth of the peasants annual income to the church
knights
warriors of noble birth who fought on horseback and swore an oath of chivalry
oath of chivalry
sworn by a knight to be loyal to a lord and protect the weak
charter
a contract whereby a town was granted freedom to run its own affairs but paid taxes to the king
curfew
a rule that required people in towns to put out their fires at night
guild
an organisation of people who worked in the same trade
masterpiece
a piece of work presented to the guild to judge if someone was good enough to become a master craftsman.
Christendom
the kingdom of Christ referring to Europe.
rule of St Benedict
the strict set of rules that monks lived by
friars
monks who travelled around the country tending to the poor and the sick
normans
descendants of the Vikings who settled in Normandy in France and conquered England and Ireland.
the pale
the area around Dublin directly under the control of the English king
anglo Irish
descendants of the Norman conquerors who adopted many Irish customs and intermarried with the leading Gaelic families
renaissance
means rebirth. refers to the period of European history that saw huge changes in art. literature and science .
humanism
the idea that human beings should be at the centre of everything and we should think about the world in terms of the lives of people live
Patron
a wealthy person who commissioned (hired) an artist to produce an artwork
fresco
a method of painting directly onto wet plaster
sfumato
a painting technique that blurs or smudges lines and colours to soft textures and creates a smoky effect
perspective
the creation of depth and distance in painting
anatomy
the study of the structure of the human body
movable type
a method of printing books that placed individual metal letters into a frame
printing press
to form words, coated them with ink and pressed the frame onto paper
vernacular
language as spoken by people in their native country
sonnet
a fourteen-line rhyming poem form popular during the renaissance
astronomy
the study of the planets and stars
heresy
knowingly holding a view that went against the official teachings of the catholic church.
Quadrant, astrolabe
instruments that determined a ship’s latitude (the distance from the equator) by using the position of the stars and the sun
compass
an instrument used to identify the north and so calculate the direction of the ship
log and line
measured a ship’s speed in knots by letting out a rope whit knots tied in it at regular intervals
caravel
a type of ship large and sturdy enough to make long journeys and sail in all winds. caravels used lateen sails and had carvel built hulls
conquistadores
Spanish for conquerers soldiers who conquered the native peoples of south america
colonisation
when a country takes over another territory and settles some of its own people there to control it
