History 1-26 Flashcards
The earliest written compilation of drug written by Emperor Shenung in about 2700 BC.
Veterinary and human medicine were well developed in Asia Minor during antiquity.
Pen Tsao
The oldest record of Egyptian drug codification written about 2000 BC. which deals with veterinary medicine and uterine disease of women and contains a number of prescriptions.
Kahun Papyrus
Greek physician (400-375 BC.) Great teacher of Medicine. Hippocrates adapted the notion of a humoral basis for diseases from philosophies in Asia Minor.
Hippocrates
The four elements of philosophy were;
water, fire, air and earth.
The four elements of philosophy were; water, fire, air and earth. Combinations of these elements gave rise to four humors of the body related to a scale of life from most alive to death. They were
blood (sanguine temperament), phlegm (phlegmatic), yellow bile or urine ( bilious), and black bile (melancholic).
Treatment consisted of attempting to balance these humors by replenishing of deficiencies or removing excesses. Thus drove the practices of bleeding, purging (including vomiting) and sweating that continued well in the 19th century.
Hippocrates
(384 – 322 BC), begun the scientific basis of medicine who made and recorded numerous observation on animals.
Aristotle
(380-270) pupil of Aristotle. He systematically classified medicinal plants in the basis of their individual characteristics rather than their recommended use in treatment.
Theophrastus
A surgeon who improved the work of Theophrastus and who compiled the first Materia Medica which consisted of six volumes describing about 600 plants. Drugs were discussed from the standpoint of name, source, identification, tests for adulteration, preparation of the dosage form, what it would do and what conditions would be used.
Dioscorides
Officialy recognized books of drug preparation.
Pharmacopeias
(131 – 200), his work dealing with physiology and material medica became authoritive which were used widely for 1400 years.
Galen
Developed the practice of pharmacy to a high level and was the first to distill wines and beers to obtain ethanol for preparing tinctures. They were also the first to regulate the practice of pharmacy to standardize the preparation of prespcriptions.
Muslim Culture
(702 - 765) classified drugs and poisons and recognized that the difference between a drug and a poison was a matter of dosage. Any drug can be toxic if given in large amounts.
Geber Ibn Hagar
(1514 - 1544) compiled the first pharmacopeia and described techniques to be employed in preparation of drugs.
Valerius Cordus
(1493 - 1541) introduced the clinical use of laundanum (opium) and a number of tinctures of various plants.
Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
