Historical View Of Mental Health Flashcards
What is a historical view of mental health?
Hippocrates
What was Hippocrates’ disorders identified?
Mania, paranoia, epilepsy and hysteria
What was the imbalance of the different fluids?
Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile
What is trepanning?
Surgical procedure involving the piercing of the skull to create a hole where evil spirits are released
Used for migraines and seizures
How would Hippocrates use his ideas to get rid of mental illness?
Leeches. Such out blood.
Extract liquids to make them balance
What is the definition of statistical infrequency?
Measurable characteristics, such as anxiety or intelligence, most people score around the central average
What are strengths of statistical infrequency?
Works well for reliable measurements of particular qualities
What are weaknesses of statistical infrequency?
Not a sufficient measure for diagnosing abnormality: people may be happy and functional in society
What is the definition of deviation from social norms?
Behaviours seen as a departure from what society/ culture seems as acceptable
What are weaknesses of the deviation from social norms?
Over time, within different groups, there are huge discrepancies between what each would consider normal
What is the definition of maladaptiveness?
When a persons way of thinking, emotional responses or actual behaviour is dangerous or prevents them from functioning well
Eg self harming
What are used to categorise mental disorders?
DSM and ICD
What is the DSM?
A handbook of descriptions and symptoms to allow reliable diagnosis of 157 disorder
Eg obsessive compulsive disorder- pulling hair, resulting in hair loss
What are disadvantages to the DSM?
America- ethnocentric
Reliability and validity questioned by Rosenhan
What was Rosenhans aim?
Whether sane can be distinguished from the insane
What was the sample used in Rosehan’s first study?
8 pseudopatients
Over 20 years old. 3 female 5 male
12 different hospitals - across 5 states in the USA
What was the design used in Rosenhan’s study?
‘Empty, hollow, thud’- a crisis in one’s existence
Had to be released only by convincing staff they were sane
Field experiment. - iv - 12 hospitals. Dv- diagnosis received and experiences recorded
What we’re the results found in Rosenhans study?
Successfully admitted from all 12 hospitals. Pseudopatients we’re not detected by staff in hospitals. Type 1 error- say healthy person is ill
What is the sample used for Rosenhans 2nd study?
Psychiatric staff at a hospital. Judgements made in 193 participants
What was the design used in Rosenhans 2nd study?
Staff informed over a 3 month period that 1 or more pseudopatients would attempt to get admission
A 10 point scale (1 pseudopatients. 10 genuine)
What we’re the e results found in Rosenhans 2nd study?
41 patients high confidence they were pseudo
19 we’re suspected by a psychiatrist and at least 1 other staff member
No pseudo entered the hospital- lack of reliability
Type 2 error- ill diagnosed healthy
What we’re the three conclusions from Rosenhan’s study?
1- unable to reliably identify sane
2- fail to detect insanity
3- behaviour is perceived in a distorted manner eg walking down a corridor out of boredom= nervous
What OTHER findings did Rosenhan find?
Powerlessness and depersonalisation. - lack of privacy : patients rooms were entered without permission, no doors on toilet cubicles.
What we’re the ethical issues found in Rosenhan’s study?
Labels are sticky. Bad treatment of people with mental illness- institutions against their will.
Staff in study 1- deceived by pseudo patients. Nature of environment was potentially harmful and had to leave hospital by own effort. Witnessed physical and verbal abuse- no way to escape
