Historical View Of Mental Health

Question 1

What is a historical view of mental health?

Answer 1

Hippocrates

Question 2

What was Hippocrates’ disorders identified?

Answer 2

Mania, paranoia, epilepsy and hysteria

Question 3

What was the imbalance of the different fluids?

Answer 3

Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

Question 4

What is trepanning?

Answer 4

Surgical procedure involving the piercing of the skull to create a hole where evil spirits are released
Used for migraines and seizures

Question 5

How would Hippocrates use his ideas to get rid of mental illness?

Answer 5

Leeches. Such out blood.

Extract liquids to make them balance

Question 6

What is the definition of statistical infrequency?

Answer 6

Measurable characteristics, such as anxiety or intelligence, most people score around the central average

Question 7

What are strengths of statistical infrequency?

Answer 7

Works well for reliable measurements of particular qualities

Question 8

What are weaknesses of statistical infrequency?

Answer 8

Not a sufficient measure for diagnosing abnormality: people may be happy and functional in society

Question 9

What is the definition of deviation from social norms?

Answer 9

Behaviours seen as a departure from what society/ culture seems as acceptable

Question 10

What are weaknesses of the deviation from social norms?

Answer 10

Over time, within different groups, there are huge discrepancies between what each would consider normal

Question 11

What is the definition of maladaptiveness?

Answer 11

When a persons way of thinking, emotional responses or actual behaviour is dangerous or prevents them from functioning well
Eg self harming

Question 12

What are used to categorise mental disorders?

Answer 12

DSM and ICD

Question 13

What is the DSM?

Answer 13

A handbook of descriptions and symptoms to allow reliable diagnosis of 157 disorder
Eg obsessive compulsive disorder- pulling hair, resulting in hair loss

Question 14

What are disadvantages to the DSM?

Answer 14

America- ethnocentric

Reliability and validity questioned by Rosenhan

Question 15

What was Rosenhans aim?

Answer 15

Whether sane can be distinguished from the insane

Question 16

What was the sample used in Rosehan’s first study?

Answer 16

8 pseudopatients
Over 20 years old. 3 female 5 male
12 different hospitals - across 5 states in the USA

Question 17

What was the design used in Rosenhan’s study?

Answer 17

‘Empty, hollow, thud’- a crisis in one’s existence
Had to be released only by convincing staff they were sane
Field experiment. - iv - 12 hospitals. Dv- diagnosis received and experiences recorded

Question 18

What we’re the results found in Rosenhans study?

Answer 18

Successfully admitted from all 12 hospitals. Pseudopatients we’re not detected by staff in hospitals. Type 1 error- say healthy person is ill

Question 19

What is the sample used for Rosenhans 2nd study?

Answer 19

Psychiatric staff at a hospital. Judgements made in 193 participants

Question 20

What was the design used in Rosenhans 2nd study?

Answer 20

Staff informed over a 3 month period that 1 or more pseudopatients would attempt to get admission
A 10 point scale (1 pseudopatients. 10 genuine)

Question 21

What we’re the e results found in Rosenhans 2nd study?

Answer 21

41 patients high confidence they were pseudo
19 we’re suspected by a psychiatrist and at least 1 other staff member
No pseudo entered the hospital- lack of reliability
Type 2 error- ill diagnosed healthy

Question 22

What we’re the three conclusions from Rosenhan’s study?

Answer 22

1- unable to reliably identify sane
2- fail to detect insanity
3- behaviour is perceived in a distorted manner eg walking down a corridor out of boredom= nervous

Question 23

What OTHER findings did Rosenhan find?

Answer 23

Powerlessness and depersonalisation. - lack of privacy : patients rooms were entered without permission, no doors on toilet cubicles.

Question 24

What we’re the ethical issues found in Rosenhan’s study?

Answer 24

Labels are sticky. Bad treatment of people with mental illness- institutions against their will.
Staff in study 1- deceived by pseudo patients. Nature of environment was potentially harmful and had to leave hospital by own effort. Witnessed physical and verbal abuse- no way to escape

Question 25

What was the usefulness of research in Rosenhan’s study?

Answer 25

Rosenhan’s findings question the validity and reliability of psychiatric diagnosis
Clear implications for the profession in terms of reviewing diagnostic processes
Showing issues concerning patient experiences
Focus on educating staff and changing the methods of practise involved in diagnosis and treatment of the ‘insane’

Question 26

What is the nature/nurture debate in Rosenhan’s study?

Answer 26

Deviation from social norms and maladaptiveness are more nurture eg some cultures eating insects
Rosenhan- examines way the environment / way were nurtured affects our mental health and treatment from others
Once labelled mentally ill - difficult to have behaviour perceived as anything other than normal

Question 27

What is the reductionist and holistic debate in Rosenhan’s study?

Answer 27

Using statistical infrequency- single factor that determines normal from abnormal is the frequency it is experienced
DSM has a range of criteria- broard spectrum of symptoms. However trying to capture mental illness through a list of criteria is reductionist
Deviation from norms- rules only on specific values of culture
Maladaptiveness is more holistic- Different aspect of functioning- relevant to the individuals cognitive, social and emotional needs

Question 28

Explain the ecological validity in Rosenhan’s study?

Answer 28

Could be high as in natural environment of hospital patients- the researchers experience cannot be entirely valid as they were not experiencing genuine symptoms of insanity

Question 29

What are the three characteristics of mental disorders?

Answer 29

Affective disorder- depression
Psychotic disorder- schizophrenia
Anxiety disorder- specific phobias

Question 30

What are symptoms of an affective disorder and what is the best treatment?

Answer 30

Sadness, emptiness, irritability, social withdraw, fatigue, loss of concentration
CBT

Question 31

What are are positive symptoms of a psychotic disorder?

Answer 31

Addition of new behaviours. Eg hallucinations or delusions

Question 32

What are negative symptoms of a psychotic disorder?

Answer 32

Removal or loss of normal functioning.

Eg reduction of speech

Question 33

What are symptoms of an anxiety disorder?

Answer 33

Sweating, shaking and increased respiratory rate