Historical Perspectives On Disability And Sport

Question 1

Historically, what fid it mean to be different?

What was the double standard?

Answer 1

It meant to be destroyed, tortured, exorcised, sterilized, ignored, exiled, etc…

Physicalvs.mental (MR vs. MI)

Question 2

iClicker: which of these groups received the worst treatment throughout most of history?

Answer 2

c) mental illness

Question 3

Survival and Superstition ( 3000 to 500 B.C), what was the concept of survival?
What did they believe during that time and age?

Answer 3

• Survival of the Fittest

- Superstition

Question 4

During Humanitarian Reform ( 500 B.C to 400 A.D), what was the doctrine at that time?
What was the double standard?
What kind of treatment people with mental impairments received?
What kind of evolution occurred at that time?

Answer 4

• Doctrine of the survival of the fittest.
• The double standard was… those who became physically impaired in battle where honoured but those w/ physical impairments were ignored.
• Treatments for ppl w/ mental impairments= purification, exorcism, etc..
• Evolution in understanding of mental illness.

Question 5

How did Hippocrates describe mental illness?

What did plato advocate for people with mental impairments ?

Answer 5

• Hippocrates described mental illness as a disease of natural causes
• Plato advocated for care, cure for mental illness involving physical activity, massage, hydrotherapy. (= Combination of medication & physical activity is a good combination and has a lot more benefits)

Question 6

During Judeo-Christian Influence ( A.D. 400-1500), what was the influence of Religion?
What kind of environment did individuals with disabilities (physical & mental) survive in?
What was the double standard at the time?

Answer 6

• Religion influence: increased the level of acceptance, understanding, humanitarian treatment of people with disabilities.
• Protective environment of monasteries & royal courts.
• Double standard:MI=> possessed by devil, mental retardation=> “Children of God”

Question 7

During the Influence of Science and Medicine (16th-17th Centuries),

• what happened to people with mental illness?
• Who received education?
• Who received good treatment? and how were they perceived?

Answer 7

• they were persecuted
• deaf children of the noble birth
• people with Mental Retardation, perceived as a burden on society.

Question 8

iClicker: who was the first to develop a system in which the physical, intellectual & moral development of the child was stressed?

Answer 8

Edouard Seguin

Question 9

During Initial Acceptance (18th century),

• what was the transition that occured?
• what was the influence of the French revolution?
• What kind of schools appeared by the end of the 18th century?

Answer 9

• fear, superstition, hostility to compassion & education
• individual responsibility & human treatment for people with mental illness
• Schools for blind & deaf children

Question 10

iClicker: In which period individuals w/ disabilities were no longer viewed as the work of Satan & were allowed to survive

Answer 10

• Initial acceptance

Question 11

During the beginnings of Educational Treatment (19th century),

• What did Jean Marc Itard show?
• What did Eduard Seguin led?
• What was the notion of Residential institutions?

Answer 11

• Jean Marc Itard: Children w/ severed MR could be taught & improved functioning could result.
• Edouard Seguin: Educational system in which the physical, intellectual & moral development of the child was stressed.
• Residential institutions for people w/ MR & deaf& blind persons throughout USA ( European influence)

Question 12

During Social Reform (20th century),

• how was the period of social reform viewed as towards individuals with disabilities?
• What was the effects from the two world wars?

Answer 12

• Emergence of concern about disability from fields of education, psychology and medicine.
• Quest for quantification of disability & individuals (IQ test)
• Positive effects from the two world wars upon attitudes about persons with disabilities.

Question 13

iClicker: which of the following is not an effect of the two world wars?

Answer 13

a) none of the above (they are all effects produced by the world wars)

Question 14

• What are the new trends?
• At some point in time, individuals with disabilities will not be considered as”_____” but_________.
• What kind of concept is this?

Answer 14

• Progressive inclusion and acceptance i.e: commonwealth games.
• Hope that individuals with disabilities will not be considered as” Surplus population” but, rather individuals who can and will contribute to the betterment of society.
• concept of “ true inclusion”

Question 15

What is the Disablement Model (according to the WHO definition)?

Answer 15

Disablement Model=>Trauma or Disease=>Impairment=>Disability=>Handicap.

Question 16

What is a trauma?

Answer 16

Injury to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent.

• i.e: TBI, amputation, SCI

Question 17

What is a Disease (active pathology)?

Answer 17

Interruption of normal cellular processes.

• i.e: cancer, Parkinson’s, Diabetes, heart disease, stroke, etc..

Question 18

What is an impairment, physiologic impairments? give examples for musculoskeletal system, pulmonary system and neuromuscular system.

Answer 18

Loss or abnormality at the tissue, organ, or body system levels.

• Musculoskeletal system: muscular atrophy (decrease in ROM=flexibility), decrease in bone mass, muscle strength, inflammation, etc..
• Pulmonary system: loss of a lung, decrease in breathing capacity
• Neuromuscular system: demyelination, decrease in balance, coordination, proprioception.

Question 19

What is a Disability?

Answer 19

Any restriction or lack of ability to perform a task or an activity in the manner considered normal for a person, such as disturbance in basic activities of daily living. (i.e: shower, driving a car, etc..)

Question 20

What is a Handicap?

Answer 20

A disadvantage resulting from an impairment or disability that limits or prevents fulfillment of an individual’s role.(= cannot play the role they used to do)

• i.e: mother cannot give a bath to her baby

Question 21

What are the key points of World Wars?

Answer 21

1. increase in the # of ppl w/ disability, 2. increase in health services.

Question 22

What are the significant events in parasport sport chronology: international perspectives?

Answer 22

1. First sports club for the Deaf (Berlin)
2. First international Silent Games (Paris)
3. Sir Ludwig Guttman established the Spinal Injuries Centre of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital (England)= war veterans
4. First Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralysed (England)
5. International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF)
6. International Sport Organization for Disabled (ISOD) (amputation and locomotor disabilities=problem walking)
7. First male wheelchair entrant in Boston Marathon
8. First female wheelchair entrant in Boston Marathon
9. & 8. => =integration. Could be used as a model for the Olympics

Question 23

1 .What are the key point for the chronology of Paralympic games?
2. What is the first impairment in the Paralympic Games?

Answer 23

• 1985 negotiation b/w IPC & IOC ( same city as the olympics)

IPC: international paralympic commitee
IOC: international olympic commitee

• Spinal cord injury

Question 24

What is the IPC mandate?

Answer 24

1. To promote elite sports for athletes with disabilities.

2. to integrate these athletes to the olympics.

Question 25

Who is not going to the paralympics?

Answer 25

CISS (Comite international des Sports des Sourds)