Historical Perspectives

Question 1

In prehistoric days, diseases were considered by primitive people to be caused by?

Answer 1

Gods
Spirits

Question 2

When a person suffered from a disease, treatment is therefore directed towards mollifying the god or spirit by?

Answer 2

Prayers
Fasting
Some exotic and esoteric ceremonies

Question 3

Example of esoteric ceremonies

Answer 3

Sacrificing animals
Purification processes
Sorcery
Magic
Various incantations

Question 4

Disease is thought to be caused by an imbalance of the negative(Yin) and positive(Yang) forces of?

Answer 4

Oriental culture

Question 5

Recorded numerous ailments with corresponding folk treatment, most of which where influenced by religious beliefs to mythical gods and goddesses.

Answer 5

Edwin Smith Papyrus & Eber Papyrus

Question 6

Four Humors

Answer 6

Blood
Phlegm
Yellow bile
Black bile

Question 7

Greek physicians explained the causes of disease as an imbalance of the four Humors.

Answer 7

Hippocrates

Question 8

Advocated the observation of diseased patients, the formulation of a diagnosis and prognosis, and the diligent treatment of patients.

Answer 8

Hippocrates

Question 9

Elevated the practice of “medicine’

Answer 9

Hippocrates

Question 10

First Introduced the practice of surgery at 219 BC in Rome

Answer 10

Arcagathus

Question 11

He was considered an expert in wound, his use of the knife and cautery earned him the title “carnifex” or “executioner”.

Answer 11

Arcagathus

Question 12

Described the medical practice at his time, and came up with the first account description of heart diseases and mental illness, including the four Cardinal signs of inflammation.

Answer 12

Cornelius Celsus

Question 13

Four Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Answer 13

Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain

Question 14

Became a famous physician to the gladiators. And discovered and explained several anatomic structures. Doing experiments on living animals, in particular apes, he was able to describe internal structures and organs, their structures and physiology.

Answer 14

Claudius Galen

Question 15

Published his works on anatomic descriptions of the human body - De Humanis Corporis Fabrica and dispelled some of Galen’s works.

Answer 15

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

Question 16

Flourished the medical knowledge based on philosophy

Answer 16

Alexander the Great (331 BC)

Question 17

Declared that the soul constituted a higher value than the whole organism, implying that after death, there was noore a physical frame that’s left.

Answer 17

Plato and Aristotle

Question 18

Published the complete textbook on human anatomy.

Answer 18

Andreas Vesalius

Question 19

Presented his report from about 700 autopsies, and surmised that disease occur or “sat” in different organs in different patients.

Answer 19

Dr. John Morgagni

Question 20

He called “the seat and cause of disease” where he explained that all diseases are caused by inflammation of the vein draining the organ.

Answer 20

Dr. John Morgagni

Question 21

Devised the microscope from crude lenses and launched the modern era of microscopy

Answer 21

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Question 22

He discovered algae and protozoa, and his studies of sperm cells and aquatic microbes created the science of microbiology.

Answer 22

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 23

Who first advanced the idea that body react with injurious agents, and it is a disturbed state of the body fluids or humors.

Answer 23

John Hunter

Question 24

Observing such changes in injured frog tongue and webfoot described inflammation with great details and won public acceptance.

Answer 24

Julius Cohnheim

Question 25

Austria who wrote the first handbook of general pathologic anatomy in 1846, and was considered to be the world’s famous pathologist.

Answer 25

Dr. Karl Rokitansky

Question 26

A clinical diagnostician who did the Clinical Observations.

Answer 26

Dr. Joseph Skoda

Question 27

He came up with the theory that all diseases were either crasias or dyscrasias and these causes non-cellular ground substances to produce new defective cells.

Answer 27

Dr. Karl Rokitansky

Question 28

A technique where body organs were lifted and examined without dismemberment from its connection.

Answer 28

Rokitansky Technique

Question 29

Started to cut thin sections of diseased tissues with a razor, and examined them using the latest technology at the time, the microscope.

Answer 29

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)

Question 30

Published his findings later in the book of Pathology(1858), his works came to be known as the basis of modern pathology

Answer 30

Rudolf Virchow

Question 31

According to them all living things are made up of cells (cell theory).

Answer 31

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden

Question 32

Proposed and supported by experimental work that diseases are caused by germs.

Answer 32

Louis Pasteur (1822-1888)

Question 33

He showed that disease among silkworm, anthrax in sheep, and finally rabies in humans are caused by specific microbe and that these microbes are foreign elements.

Answer 33

Louis Pasteur

Question 34

Worked out the pathology of acute inflammation and tuberculosis

Answer 34

Julius Cohnheim

Question 35

Devised many of the stains still in use in most pathology laboratories.

Answer 35

Paul Ehrlich

Question 36

Unraveled the defects in inborn errors of metabolism, he applied quantum physics to chemistry and his discoveries affected the work of all chemists to follow.

Answer 36

Linus Pauling

Question 37

Father of molecular Biology, which provided the base for biotechnology.

Answer 37

Linus Pauling