HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Question 1

anticipated psychology as a science and psychological

measurement as a specialty within that science.

Answer 1

Christian von Wolff

Question 2

book On the Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection by

chance variation in species would be selected or rejected
by nature according to adaptivity and survival value.

humans had
descended from the ape as a result of such chance genetic variations.

Answer 2

Charles Darwin

Question 3

his efforts to explore and quantify individual
differences between people, Galton became an extremely influential contributor to the field of
measurement

classify people “according to their
natural gifts” and to ascertain their “deviation from an average”

contributing to the development of many
contemporary tools of psychological assessment, including questionnaires, rating scales, and
self-report inventories.

Answer 3

Francis Galton

Question 4

pioneered the use

of a statistical concept central to psychological experimentation and testing: the coefficient of correlation

Answer 4

Francis Galton

Question 5

developed the product-moment correlation

technique

Answer 5

Karl Pearson

Question 6

first experimental psychology laboratory,

founded at the University of Leipzig in Germany by

Answer 6

Wilhelm Max Wundt

Question 7

focused on how
people were similar, not different.

viewed
individual differences as a source of error in
experimentation and attempted to control all extraneous
variables to reduce error to a minimum.

ensure observed differences in
performance is due to differences between the people
being measured and not to any extraneous variables.

Answer 7

Wilhelm Max Wundt

Question 8

dealt with individual differences—specifically, individual differences in
reaction time.

Answer 8

James McKeen Cattell

Question 9

was instrumental
in founding the Psychological Corporation,

The goal of the corporation was the “advancement of psychology
and the promotion of the useful applications of psychology.”

Answer 9

James McKeen Cattell

Question 10

students of Wundt at Leipzig

Answer 10

Charles Spearman
Victor Henri
Emil 
Kraepelin
E. B. Titchener
 G. Stanley Hall
Lightner Witmer

Question 11

credited with
originating the concept of test reliability as well as building the mathematical framework for
the statistical technique of factor analysis.

Answer 11

Charles Spearman

Question 12

collaborate
with Alfred Binet on papers suggesting how mental tests could be used to measure higher
mental processes

Answer 12

Victor Henri

Question 13

was

an early experimenter with the word association technique as a formal test

Answer 13

Emil Kraepelin

Question 14

succeed Cattell as
director of the psychology laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania

“little-known founder of clinical psychology”

founded the journal Psychological Clinic.

Answer 14

Lightner Witmer

Question 15

published several articles in which they argued for the measurement
of abilities such as memory and social comprehension

Answer 15

Alfred Binet
Victor Henri

measurement of intelligence
1895

Question 16

published a 30-item “measuring scale of intelligence”

identify Paris schoolchildren with intellectual disability

Answer 16

Alfred Binet

Theodore Simon

Question 17

introduced a test designed to measure adult intelligence. For Wechsler, intelligence was “the
aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to
deal effectively with his environment

Answer 17

David Wechsler
1939

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Question 18

Psychologists called upon by the government service to develop ______

administer them to recruits, and interpret the test data

Answer 18

group intelligence

test

Question 19

the measure of adjustment and emotional stability that could
be administered quickly and efficiently to groups of recruits

indicate yes or no to a
series of questions that probed for the existence of various kinds of psychopathology.

“Personal Data Sheet.”

Answer 19

Robert S. Woodworth

measurement of personality

Question 20

developed a personality test for civilian

widely used self-report measure
of personality.

Answer 20

Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory

Question 21

process whereby
assessees themselves supply assessment-related information by
responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self-monitoring
thoughts or behaviors.

Answer 21

self-report

Question 22

an individual is assumed to
“project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and
motivation.

Answer 22

projective test

Question 23

_______might be an inkblot, a drawing, a photograph,

Answer 23

ambiguous stimulus

Question 24

best known of all projective tests

a series of
inkblots developed by

Answer 24

Rorschach

Hermann Rorschach

Question 25

use of pictures as

projective stimuli were popularized in the late 1930s by

Answer 25

Henry A. Murray

Christiana D. Morgan

Question 26

Galton, Wundt, and other scholars,
researchers at universities throughout the world use the tools of assessment to help advance
knowledge and understanding of human and animal behavior.

Answer 26

traditions

Question 27

ancient china and the examinations developed

there to help select applicants for various positions on the basis of merit.

Answer 27

applied

tradition