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LING 102 > Historical Linguistics > Flashcards

Historical Linguistics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 stages of english?

A

Old, Middle, Early Modern, Modern

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2
Q

What is regressive assimilation?

A

Loss of the nasal consonant

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3
Q

What is umlaut (aka vowel harmony)?

A

When the vowel in one syllable influences the vowel in another

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4
Q

What is it called when you lose a sound at the beginning of the word?

A

Apheresis

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5
Q

“cot” and “caught” used to sound different. What is the process of them becoming more phonologically similar called?

A

merging

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6
Q

consonant deletion and vowel insertion are examples of ___

A

articulatory simplification

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7
Q

____ reflects the preference of speakers for regular patterns over irregular ones

A

analogy

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8
Q

hamburger is an example of

A

reanalysis

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9
Q

When did the Great Vowel Shift occur?

A

Around 1500– during the time of the Black Plague

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10
Q

What are two methods of affix addition?

A

borrowing – taking an affix from another language

grammaticalization – taking a lexical item and weakening its lexical properties

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11
Q

What are two methods of affix deletion?

A

final consonant deletion

vowel deletion

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12
Q

The process of overgeneralizing particular rules in a language/dialect you don’t know very well is called

A

hypercorrection

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13
Q

sequential change involving place or manner articulation is called ___

A

partial assimilation

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14
Q

sequential change involving the effect of front vowels and [j] on velar, alveolar and dental stops is called ___

A

palatalization

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15
Q

palatalization is a kind of ___

A

assimilation

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16
Q

sequential change involving a nasal consonant and its adjacent vowel is called ___

A

nasalization

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17
Q

sequential change involving the vowel from one syllable and its effect on a vowel in another syllable is called ___

A

umlaut

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18
Q

the 4 types of assimilation are:

A

partial assimilation, palatalization, nasalization, umlaut

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19
Q

the process whereby one segment is made less like another segment in its environment is called __

A

dissimilation

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20
Q

the insertion of a consonant/vowel into a particular environment is called __

A

epenthesis

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21
Q

the change in relative positioning of segments is called __

A

metathesis

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22
Q

vowel deletion that involves a word-final vowel is called __

A

apocope

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23
Q

vowel deletion that involves a word-internal vowel is called

A

syncope

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24
Q

the step that precedes vowel deletion is called __

A

vowel reduction

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25
Q

what is a common example of consonant deletion in english?

A

many things starting with k – knee, knight, etc.

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26
Q

the weakening term that involves change of [z] to [r] is called ___

A

rhotacism

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27
Q

the term that involves changing a glide to an affricate is called ___

A

consonantal strengthening

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28
Q

what is the term for the phonological change of adding a phoneme?

A

splitting

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29
Q

what is the term for the phonological change of moving around the organization of phonemes in a word?

A

shifting

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30
Q

what is the term for a word’s meaning changing to become more positive?

A

amelioration

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31
Q

what is the term for a word’s meaning changing to become more positive?

A

pejoration

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32
Q

what is the term for a word’s meaning changing to become weaker?

A

weakening

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33
Q

what is the term for a word’s meaning changing to become more inclusive?

A

broadening

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34
Q

what is the term for a word’s meaning changing to become more exclusive?

A

narrowing

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35
Q

what is the term for a word’s meaning changing to lose its original meaning & take on a new one?

A

semantic shift

36
Q

what is the term for the change in stress patterns of a word to change its meaning?

A

lexical diffusion

37
Q

substratum lexical change is

A

by the dominated group

38
Q

superstratum lexical change is

A

by the dominating group

39
Q

adstratum lexical change is

A

between two equal groups

40
Q

(more/less) frequent words catch on more easily during lexical diffusion

A

less

41
Q

changes that are associated with an (upper/lower) class catch on more easily during lexical diffusion

A

upper

42
Q

what is the most reliable sign of family relationships between languages?

A

systematic phonetic correspondences

43
Q

words that have descended from a common source are called __

A

cognates

44
Q

what is the process of linking two words back to a common etymon by observing phonetic processes?

A

phonetic plausibility

45
Q

what is the process of picking an etymon based on the one that is found in most languages in that family?

A

majority rules

46
Q

Does phonetic plausibility or majority rules take precedece over the other?

A

phonetic plausibility

47
Q

palatalization is common before ___

A

front vowels

48
Q

Do voiced consonants lose their voicing between vowels?

A

No

49
Q

Do voiced consonants often become fricatives?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is the difference between reconstruction and internal reconstruction?

A

Internal reconstruction happens within the same languages while reconstruction happens across languagaes

51
Q

Who was Rask?

A

One of the key discoverers of Indo-European

52
Q

What is Grimm’s Law?

A

a special set of consonant shifts that affected the change from Proto-Indo-European to Germanic

53
Q

What did neo-grammarians argue? What was the problem?

A

that sound laws operate without exception, but they paid no attention to social factors or bilingualism

54
Q

What is it called when you add a letter to a word?

A

epethesis

55
Q

what is it called when you delete a letter from a word?

A

apheresis

56
Q

what is it called when you change the order of letters in a word?

A

metathesis

57
Q

what is it called when you change a consonant from voiceless to voiced?

A

voicing

58
Q

what is it called when a vowel influences another vowel in the word?

A

umlaut / vowel harmony

59
Q

what is it called when a voiced vowel makes a voiceless consonant become voiced?

A

voice assimilation

60
Q

what is it called when a vowel becomes schwa?

A

vowel reduction

61
Q

what is the most common syllable structure?

A

CV

62
Q

what are spoonerisms?

A

slips of the tongue that involve the switching of letters in sentences

63
Q

what is classified as a positive priming effect?

A

when the prime and the target are related in our minds

64
Q

we focus on groups of __-__ words before saccading to the next group

A

2-3

65
Q

we focus on groups of words for about ___ sec. before saccading.

A

1/4

66
Q

Is N-400 lexical or grammatical?

A

lexical

67
Q

Is P-600 lexical or grammatical?

A

grammatical

68
Q

what is bottom-up processing?

A

individual units

69
Q

what is top-down processing?

A

overall meaning

70
Q

what is it called when words beginning with the same phonemes are grouped together?

A

cohort model

71
Q

what is late closure?

A

when you feel inclined to attach a noun to the current clause

72
Q

what is minimal attachment?

A

it assumes the smallest Noun phrases, or minimal embedding.

73
Q

the brain weighs about ___

A

3lbs

74
Q

the brain has about 10-100 ____ neurons

A

billion

75
Q

the 2 hemispheres are joined by the ______

A

corpus callosum

76
Q

Is language more or less lateralized for Left Handers?

A

less lateralized

77
Q

Broca’s Area is in the ____ lobe and is involved in language _____.

A

frontal, production

78
Q

Wernicke’s area is in the ____ lobe and is involved in language _____/

A

temporal, comprehension

79
Q

Which type of brain monitoring involves glucose in the blood stream?

A

PET scans

80
Q

Which type of brain monitoring involves iron in the blood stream?

A

fMRI

81
Q

Which type of brain monitoring is the most accurate?

A

MEG

82
Q

the angular gyrus plays an important role in ___

A

reading

83
Q

Which type of brain monitoring involves slices of the brain?

A

CT scan

84
Q

What is the silence between words in Broca’s aphasics called?

A

dysprosody

85
Q

Omission of “little words” in Broca’s aphasics is called __

A

telegraphic speech

LING 102 (3 decks)

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