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LING 102 > Historical Linguistics > Flashcards

Historical Linguistics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 stages of english?

A

Old, Middle, Early Modern, Modern

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2
Q

What is regressive assimilation?

A

Loss of the nasal consonant

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3
Q

What is umlaut (aka vowel harmony)?

A

When the vowel in one syllable influences the vowel in another

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4
Q

What is it called when you lose a sound at the beginning of the word?

A

Apheresis

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5
Q

“cot” and “caught” used to sound different. What is the process of them becoming more phonologically similar called?

A

merging

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6
Q

consonant deletion and vowel insertion are examples of ___

A

articulatory simplification

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7
Q

____ reflects the preference of speakers for regular patterns over irregular ones

A

analogy

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8
Q

hamburger is an example of

A

reanalysis

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9
Q

When did the Great Vowel Shift occur?

A

Around 1500– during the time of the Black Plague

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10
Q

What are two methods of affix addition?

A

borrowing – taking an affix from another language

grammaticalization – taking a lexical item and weakening its lexical properties

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11
Q

What are two methods of affix deletion?

A

final consonant deletion

vowel deletion

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12
Q

The process of overgeneralizing particular rules in a language/dialect you don’t know very well is called

A

hypercorrection

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13
Q

sequential change involving place or manner articulation is called ___

A

partial assimilation

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14
Q

sequential change involving the effect of front vowels and [j] on velar, alveolar and dental stops is called ___

A

palatalization

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15
Q

palatalization is a kind of ___

A

assimilation

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16
Q

sequential change involving a nasal consonant and its adjacent vowel is called ___

A

nasalization

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17
Q

sequential change involving the vowel from one syllable and its effect on a vowel in another syllable is called ___

A

umlaut

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18
Q

the 4 types of assimilation are:

A

partial assimilation, palatalization, nasalization, umlaut

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19
Q

the process whereby one segment is made less like another segment in its environment is called __

A

dissimilation

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20
Q

the insertion of a consonant/vowel into a particular environment is called __

A

epenthesis

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21
Q

the change in relative positioning of segments is called __

A

metathesis

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22
Q

vowel deletion that involves a word-final vowel is called __

A

apocope

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23
Q

vowel deletion that involves a word-internal vowel is called

A

syncope

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24
Q

the step that precedes vowel deletion is called __

A

vowel reduction

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25
what is a common example of consonant deletion in english?
many things starting with k -- knee, knight, etc.
26
the weakening term that involves change of [z] to [r] is called ___
rhotacism
27
the term that involves changing a glide to an affricate is called ___
consonantal strengthening
28
what is the term for the phonological change of adding a phoneme?
splitting
29
what is the term for the phonological change of moving around the organization of phonemes in a word?
shifting
30
what is the term for a word's meaning changing to become more positive?
amelioration
31
what is the term for a word's meaning changing to become more positive?
pejoration
32
what is the term for a word's meaning changing to become weaker?
weakening
33
what is the term for a word's meaning changing to become more inclusive?
broadening
34
what is the term for a word's meaning changing to become more exclusive?
narrowing
35
what is the term for a word's meaning changing to lose its original meaning & take on a new one?
semantic shift
36
what is the term for the change in stress patterns of a word to change its meaning?
lexical diffusion
37
substratum lexical change is
by the dominated group
38
superstratum lexical change is
by the dominating group
39
adstratum lexical change is
between two equal groups
40
(more/less) frequent words catch on more easily during lexical diffusion
less
41
changes that are associated with an (upper/lower) class catch on more easily during lexical diffusion
upper
42
what is the most reliable sign of family relationships between languages?
systematic phonetic correspondences
43
words that have descended from a common source are called __
cognates
44
what is the process of linking two words back to a common etymon by observing phonetic processes?
phonetic plausibility
45
what is the process of picking an etymon based on the one that is found in most languages in that family?
majority rules
46
Does phonetic plausibility or majority rules take precedece over the other?
phonetic plausibility
47
palatalization is common before ___
front vowels
48
Do voiced consonants lose their voicing between vowels?
No
49
Do voiced consonants often become fricatives?
Yes
50
What is the difference between reconstruction and internal reconstruction?
Internal reconstruction happens within the same languages while reconstruction happens across languagaes
51
Who was Rask?
One of the key discoverers of Indo-European
52
What is Grimm's Law?
a special set of consonant shifts that affected the change from Proto-Indo-European to Germanic
53
What did neo-grammarians argue? What was the problem?
that sound laws operate without exception, but they paid no attention to social factors or bilingualism
54
What is it called when you add a letter to a word?
epethesis
55
what is it called when you delete a letter from a word?
apheresis
56
what is it called when you change the order of letters in a word?
metathesis
57
what is it called when you change a consonant from voiceless to voiced?
voicing
58
what is it called when a vowel influences another vowel in the word?
umlaut / vowel harmony
59
what is it called when a voiced vowel makes a voiceless consonant become voiced?
voice assimilation
60
what is it called when a vowel becomes schwa?
vowel reduction
61
what is the most common syllable structure?
CV
62
what are spoonerisms?
slips of the tongue that involve the switching of letters in sentences
63
what is classified as a positive priming effect?
when the prime and the target are related in our minds
64
we focus on groups of __-__ words before saccading to the next group
2-3
65
we focus on groups of words for about ___ sec. before saccading.
1/4
66
Is N-400 lexical or grammatical?
lexical
67
Is P-600 lexical or grammatical?
grammatical
68
what is bottom-up processing?
individual units
69
what is top-down processing?
overall meaning
70
what is it called when words beginning with the same phonemes are grouped together?
cohort model
71
what is late closure?
when you feel inclined to attach a noun to the current clause
72
what is minimal attachment?
it assumes the smallest Noun phrases, or minimal embedding.
73
the brain weighs about ___
3lbs
74
the brain has about 10-100 ____ neurons
billion
75
the 2 hemispheres are joined by the ______
corpus callosum
76
Is language more or less lateralized for Left Handers?
less lateralized
77
Broca's Area is in the ____ lobe and is involved in language _____.
frontal, production
78
Wernicke's area is in the ____ lobe and is involved in language _____/
temporal, comprehension
79
Which type of brain monitoring involves glucose in the blood stream?
PET scans
80
Which type of brain monitoring involves iron in the blood stream?
fMRI
81
Which type of brain monitoring is the most accurate?
MEG
82
the angular gyrus plays an important role in ___
reading
83
Which type of brain monitoring involves slices of the brain?
CT scan
84
What is the silence between words in Broca's aphasics called?
dysprosody
85
Omission of "little words" in Broca's aphasics is called __
telegraphic speech

LING 102 (3 decks)

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