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LING 102 > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

1
Q

___, ___ and ___ are the most common word orders for most languages.

A

SOV, SVO, VSO

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2
Q

English has a ___ word order

A

SVO

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3
Q

If a language has VO word order, will it likely have prepositions or postpositions?

A

Prepositions

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4
Q

If a language has an OV word order, will it likely have prepositions or postpositions?

A

Postpositions

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5
Q

____________ affixes occur closer to the root than ______________ affixes.

A

Derivational, inflectional

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6
Q

What are some examples of Indo-European branches?

A 
Germanic
Celtic 
Italic 
Hellenic
Albanian
Armenian
Baltic
Slavic
Indo-Iranian
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7
Q

The Germanic branch of Indo-European can be divided up into ____, _____, ____.

A

North, East, West.

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8
Q

Swedish and Danish are ____ _____ languages.

A

North Germanic

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9
Q

Icelandic, Norwegian and Faroese are all ___ _____ langauges.

A

North Germanic

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10
Q

English, German and Dutch are all ____ ______ languages.

A

West Germanic

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11
Q

The only East Germanic language is _____.

A

(Gothic)

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12
Q

Yiddish, Afikaans and Frisian are all ____ _____ languages

A

West Germanic

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13
Q

Celtic is a branch of the _____-_______ family.

A

Indo-European

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14
Q

The two sub-branches of the Insular branch of Celtic languages are called _____ and _____..

A

Brythonic and Goidelic

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15
Q

(Gaulish) is the only __________ language in the Celtic family.

A

Continental

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16
Q

Welsh, Breton and (Cornish) are all _______ Celtic languages.

A

Brythonic

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17
Q

Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic and (Manx) are all _______ Celtic languages.

A

Goidelic

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18
Q

The four branches of Italic languages are ____, ____, ____ and ____.

A

Ibero-Romance, Gallo-Romance, Italo-Romance and Balkano-Romance

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19
Q

Spanish and Portugese are both ____-______ languages.

A

Ibero

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20
Q

French, Catalan and Romansch are ____-______ languages.

A

Gallo-Romance

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21
Q

Italian and Sardinian are ____-_______ languages.

A

Italo-Romance

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22
Q

Romanian is the best-known _____-______ language.

A

Balkano-Romance

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23
Q

Greek is the only living _______ language.

A

Hellenic

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24
Q

Armenian is the only _______ language, and Albanian is the only ______ language.

A

Armenian, Albanian

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25
Q

Latvian and Lithuanian are the two surviving _____ languages.

A

Baltic

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26
Q

The Slavic family is divided into ____, ____ and ____ branches.

A

East, west, South

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27
Q

Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusan are examples of ____ _____ languages.

A

East Slavic

28
Q

Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian are examples of ____ _____ languages

A

South Slavic

29
Q

Polish, Czech and Slovak are ____ _____ languages.

A

West Slavic

30
Q

Bulgarian and Slovene are ___ ______ languages

A

South Slavic

31
Q

Hindi, Urdu, Farsi, Gypsy/Romany and Kurdish are all ___-_____ languages

A

Indo-Iranian

32
Q

Hindi and Urdu are two dialects of the same language. What are the differences?

A

They have different writing systems and are spoken in different regions.

33
Q

The two branches of Indo-Iranian are ____ and ____.

A

Iranian and Indic

34
Q

What is areal relatedness between languages?

A

Shared features are due to contact and geographical closeness.

35
Q

What is genetic relatedness between languages?

A

Shared features are due to historical relatedness

36
Q

What is linguistic relatedness between languages?

A

Shared features are coincidental, they just work similarly

37
Q

Are interdental fricatives (ie. th) marked or unmarked?

A

Marked

38
Q

Are nasals or oral vowels more marked?

A

Nasals are more marked

39
Q

What are the 5 most common vowels?

A

/a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/

40
Q

If a language only had 3 vowels, what would they likely be?

A

/a/ /i/ /u/

41
Q

What is an average number of vowels?

A

5-9

42
Q

Are long vowels or short vowels more marked?

A

Short vowels

43
Q

Are fricatives or stops more marked?

A

Fricatives

44
Q

what are the most common fricatives?

A

/s/ and /f/

45
Q

What is the most common nasal consonant?

A

/n/

46
Q

Would it be strange to find a language without liquids?

A

Yes – languages wihtout liquids are rare

47
Q

Are voiced obstruents or voiceless obstruents more marked?

A

Voiced obstruents

48
Q

What is the average range of phonemes in a language?

A

11-77

49
Q

Are level tones (high/low) or contour tones (rising/falling) more marked?

A

Contour tones

50
Q

What are the 3 most common consonants in order?

A

/t/ /k/ and /p/

51
Q

What is the maximum number for a consonant cluster in English?

A

3 (ie. skr, spl)

52
Q

Are prefixes or suffixes more marked?

A

Prefixes

53
Q

What is an ergative language?

A

A language that is an exception to the grammatical hierarchies - treats a subject like an object.

54
Q

What is the grammatical hierarchy?

A

Subject > direct object > indirect object

55
Q

If an object is embedded to the right of a verb, ___ _______will also be embedded to the right.

A

extra information

56
Q

How many branches does Indo-European have?

A

9

57
Q

Proximate and obviate are the two types of __-person ______.

A

3rd-person singular

58
Q

Inclusive and exclusive are the two types of __-person _____..

A

1st-person plural

59
Q

What is a NORM?

A

A non-mobile, older, rural male

60
Q

In a bilingual conversation, the primary language is called the _____ language and the secondary language is called the ________ language,

A

Primary: matrix
secondary: embedded

61
Q

What is the lexifier language in creating a creole?

A

The one that supplies most of the vocabulary

62
Q

What is the substratum language in creating a creole?

A

The one that supplies most of the grammar

63
Q

In a creole, is the lexifier or substratum language the one that was there “first”?

A

Substratum

64
Q

The theory that all pidgins started out as the same proto-pidgin is called

A

The Relexification Hypothesis

65
Q

The theory that our universal grammar fills in the gaps of pidgins naturally is called

A

The Biprogram Hypothesis

LING 102 (3 decks)

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