Historical Globilization Flashcards
what happened during the Columbian exchange
people moved from the old world (Europe) to the new world (America) and brought all of their stuff with them, including culture, animals, ways of life and diseases
what was the biggest factor in Europeans dominating the new world
disease
how did technology benefit the Europeans in imperialism
it got them to the new world and allowed them to defend themselves in a superior manner due to the further advancement of their weapons than those within the places they were conquering
whats imperialism
one country taking over another through the use of superior technology, power and military for some sort of gain
who were the first imperialists
Spanish and Portuguese
what is the treaty of Tordesillas and why was it created
- split the world into east and west sections so that the Spanish have one side and the Portuguese get the other
- created by a pope because he didn’t want Christina nations to go to war against each other
why did European countries want to take over the whole world
because of trade
what happened in the Columbian trade
huge exchange of agricultural goods occurs causing people to become rich, inventing them to continue, resulting in the desire for more land
when did the first stage of imperialism start and what is it referred to
took off in the 1800s and is referred to as old imperialism
what is mercantilism
set of economic policies pursued by governments designated to increase a country’s wealth by creating a favourable balance of trade
what was the motivation and goal behind mercantilism
wealth and power with the goal to strengthen the state and build overall national wealth
how did mercantilism work
colonies become economically dominated by single companies and help countries get access to markets and raw materials required to maintain a favourable balance of trade while governments strictly controlled trade to ensure that their own market was favoured through tariffs and other policies
who were the most successful imperialists
France and Britain
how do mercantilism and imperialism work together
colonies provide raw materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of that country’s industries
what type of system are mercantilism and imperialism viewed as and why
a one-way system because colonies send resources to parent country where they turn them into products and sell them to the colonies
how was mercantilism used in the British empire
British implemented acts within America to turn it into a monopoly and keep American markets captive within their system
what was one of the most significant causes of the American revolution
dissatisfaction with the British mercantilist system and the colonial restrictions in place
when did the industrial revolution mainly take place
between the 18th and 19th centuries
where did the industrial revolution start and how did it spread
started in England and moved around Europe first before going to the Americas and throughout all of the British colonies around the world, with Africa being imperialized last
what are the three factors of production
land, labour and capital
what is land as a factor of production
all resources available including the land and everything that comes with it
what is labour as a factor of production
all human endeavours including mental and physical abilities as well as ideas
what is capital as a factor of production
all human creations that help produce wealth
what did Eli Whitney come up with and what did it do
the cotton gin which was a machine to separate seeds from cotton
what did James watt come up with
steam engine
what did Jethro Tull come up with and what did it do
seed drill that allowed people to grow a lot more food with a lot less labour
how did the creation of technology allow for a globalized economy
it improved transportation methods so that more cargo could be transported to many different places at a faster pace
what is urbanization, why did it occur and what problems did it cause
when people move to the cities to get jobs because that’s where most jobs are located, resulting in cities growing too fast which increased crime and pollution greatly
why was child labour used in the industrial revolution
there was a lot of stuff to be made so people wanted all the labour possible, putting the children’s health at risk and making it so that they could not get an education
what is capitalism
economic system based on the private ownership of the factors of production
what are the 3 laws of economics
self interest, competition, supply and demand
what is the law of self interest
people who work for their own good
waht is law of competiiton
competition forces people to make a better product
what is the law of supply and demand
goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand
who created capitalism
adam smith
what is socialism
philosophy that argues that government control of the economy promotes social justice, resulting in factories being owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all
what started African slavery
really big cash crops were highly labour intensive creating a shortage of labour within the new world
what happened within the triangle trade
resources were brought from the new world to Europe, Europe traded goods made with these resources to Africa in exchange for people who they shipped to the new world to help harvest resources to send back to Europe
what were the 3 main reasons Europeans enslaved Africans
they couldn’t blend into neighbouring nations, Africa was close to seaports, African labourers more familiar with work patterns needed to sustain crops
who were the primary dealers of African slaves
Arab merchants
what happened at Arab slave markets
captives were inspected and assigned a value and were then traded to Europeans to be transported across the Atlantic
where did a large majority of Africans sold into slavery go to work and what was the difference between this and other places
sugar cane fields in the west indies, where the fate was significantly worse than labour on a plantation in the united states
what occurred at slave auctions
a free for all where managers of plantations tugged on the people and fought over who they wanted to take back to their plant
what is imperialism
European policy of conquering or ruling other lands through direct or indirect control with the intention of creating an empire
when did old imperialism occur and what did it mainly involve
from Columbus to beginning of industrial revolution; new world
when did new imperialism occur, what did it cause, and what were the motives
from industrial revolution to world war 1; caused massive change in who was in control of the world; heavily driven by industrial economic process
what was the overarching driving factor for imperialism and what was it mainly about
capitalism as it was really about making money
what are the 5 motives for imperialism
economic, political, military, religious and cultural
what is the theory behind the economic imperialism motive
by creating an empire you increase your access to the 3 factors of production
what are the 3 factors of production and how did they encourage imperialism
land, labour, capital; get more of those with every country you take over
what is the theory behind the political imperialism motive and what did it eventually lead to
business interests, patriotism, world prestige, and competition, as nations constantly wanted to be the best and make the most money, all leading to world war 1
what is the theory behind the military imperialism motive
must obtain certain parts of the world in order to facilitate your empire, and get strategic advantages in order to reach national security
what is the theory behind the religious imperialism motive
church encourage imperialism so that they had the opportunity to Christianize people more easily
what is the theory behind the cultural imperialism motive
social darwinism, humanitarianism and eurocentrism
what is eurocentrism
Europeans view their way of life as better and saw it as right, causing them to look down on cultures dissimilar to their own
what is the theory behind social Darwinism
that societies are in competition and that the strongest excel, resulting in the weak working for or being led by the ‘strongest’
what’s humanitarianism
Europeans felt it was their duty to uplift and enlighten people to the ways of their culture as they thought all other people they came upon who lived in different styles were ‘uncivilized’
whats assimilation
when people force other cultures to change and become like their culture as they think their culture is superior
what are the two types of control and what are they
direct control which is where the mother country has soldiers there and is running the place; indirect control where they use people who are already there to help administer under the existing power structure
whats a colony
civilization made up of people from the mother country
whats a protectorate
country that has some connection to the mother country but the mother country doesn’t have direct control and aren’t trying to colonize
whats paternalism
when you see a group of people as your responsibility but you aren’t trying to assimilate them
what is a nation
group of people that have something to do with each other
what is a nation-state
whole area of land
what is a country
area of land that has borders and a government
what happened during the Berlin Conference
powers of Europe met to divide Africa formally so that there would be no fighting over territory
what type of control did Europe use in Asia, what did this do and why did they do it
were more of a protectory (indirect); restricted rights and freedoms of china; china relies really heavily on other peoples trade so the restricted to that they relied on trade from Britain and other European countries
what are old imperialists
countries that aren’t as technologically advanced/industrialized to remain as powerful in the second phase of imperialism
who were the old imperialists
ottoman empire, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal
why is the ottoman empire significant
they took over Constantinople which was the last of the roman empire
who was the most aggressive and earliest imperialist
Portugal
what are ok imperialists
countries that maintained empires throughout the whole area of imperialism
who found oil
the Netherlands
what was Germany originally made of
lots of provinces
why did people become interested in rubber
when electricity was discovered and they found they could use it to insulate wires
who was ED morel
young official at shipping company observed a fortune in rubber returning from the congo while only guns and manacles were being sent in returned, deducing that the resources were being extracted from the population by force
who were new imperialists
countries late to the imperialist party because their nation-state wasn’t long-established
what were big imperialists
most industrialized and had a system of government that allowed them to function and promote wealth which allowed them to develop their navy and army
what was the ‘crown jewel’ of the British empire
India
who was Cecil John Rhodes
huge political and historical figure that got into the South African government and started apartheid as well as put a vision to building a railway across Africa through British territory
what are Zulu warriors
foot soldiers that had stabbing weapons and shields
why did civilizations tend to be near bodies of water
provides better-growing conditions and allows you to drink, as well as draws animals to the civilization so you can hunt
what did family allow civilizations to do
grow their population, settle down, accumulate wealth and do other things then look for food
what was the first and most prominent form of globalization
silk road/trade
what did the Turks do when they took over Constantinople
cut of direct trade for European nations which motivate them to try and sail around different parts of the world to reach Asia for direct trade
