Historical Foundations of Work

Question 1

Horticultural Practices

Answer 1

1. Shifting Cultivation
2. Long-Growing Trees
3. Slash and Burn Farming

Question 2

Examples of Horticultural Societies

Answer 2

1. Yanomani
2. Samoans

Question 3

Intensive Agriculture

Answer 3

Food production that employs permanent cultivation of fields, made possible by more modernized tools (horse drawn cart, complex water storage system)

Question 4

Second Agricultural Revolution

Answer 4

1. Occurred in Great Britain from in 18th and 19th century.
2. Improvement in agricultural technology.
3. Positive effects: larger populations, greater surpluses
4. Negative effects: greater division of labor and unequal distribution of surplus.

Question 5

Economic Sectors

Answer 5

1. Primary (raw materials and basic foods)
2. Secondary (Transformation of raw materials into goods)
3. Tertiary (services or any kind)

Question 6

Characteristics of Industrialized Societies

Answer 6

1. Large Urban Centers
2. Tertiary sector (services)
3. Self-Sustaining and self-perpetuating (since they can make their own goods)
4. Increased efficiency (less time training due to division of labor and mass production).

Question 7

First Industrial Revolution

Answer 7

1. 1770 in Great Britain.
2. 1830 in US
3. Textile machinery

Question 8

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 8

1. 1870-1910
2. Europe, America, and Japan
3. Electricity, steam engines, telephones, cars
4. More effective use of natural resources.

Question 9

Samuel Slater

Answer 9

1. British entrepreneur who smuggled textile mill plans from Britain into the US.
2. Opened textile mill in NE U.S in the Blackstone River Valley

Question 10

Factors explaining rapid industrialization of US

Answer 10

1. Fighting a civil war
2. Acquired land West of Mississippi it could exploit.
3. Many immigrants who could work in the factories.

Question 11

John and William Cockerill

Answer 11

Spread industrialization (steam engine in particular) from Britain to Belgium.

Question 12

Besemer Process

Answer 12

Process to create molten steel

Question 13

Alfred Krupp

Answer 13

Spread industrialization from Britain to Germany (specifically, the Besemer Process)

Question 14

Richard Trevithick

Answer 14

1. Developed first low powered steam locomotive in 1803.
2. Idea of putting paddle wheel on steam ships to move more efficiently.

Question 15

Mechanization

Answer 15

When a process that was previously performed by one or more humans can be done more effectively and efficiently by a machine.

Question 16

Market Revolution

Answer 16

1. Creation of a Market Economy. This is when the production of goods is affected by the forces of supply and demand.
2. First half of the 19th century.

Question 17

Causes of the Market Revolution

Answer 17

1. The Industrial Revolution
2. War of 1812
3. Jefferson’s Embargo (1807)
4. Second Barbary War of 1815
5. Inventions improving transport (railroads, increase in roads, canals)
6. Inventions improving agriculture (steel plow, mechanical reaper).
7. Improvements in manufacturing (interchangeable parts, factory system)

Question 18

Jefferson’s Embargo

Answer 18

1. 1807
2. Policy of complete economic isolationism.
3. Contributed to Market Revolution in US by transferring investments from commerce and into manufacturing

Question 19

First Labor Union

Answer 19

1. Cordwainers (shoemakers) in Philadelphia (1794).
2. Their livelihoods threatened by the efficiency and cheap, unskilled laborers of shoe factories.

Question 20

Labor Conspiracy Theory

Answer 20

1. Legal doctrine which holds that workers attempting to collectively bargain interferes with the labor market and destroys competition.
2. Caused by the “Cordwainers case”: Commonwealth v Pullis.

Question 21

Clayton Act

Answer 21

1. 1914
2. Progressive Era
3. Helped Labor Unions by saying that they were not an article of commerce and did not violate anti trust laws. (Fighting against the Labor Conspiracy Theory)

Question 22

Norris-LaGuardia Act

Answer 22

1. Progressive Era
2. Made “yellow dog” contracts unenforceable (contracts employers made employees sign to not join a union)

Question 23

National Labor Relations Act

Answer 23

1. NLRA, or Wagner Act (1935)
2. President Roosevelt
3. Gave most workers in private sector the right to form unions, collectively bargain, and strike.

Question 24

Labor-Management Relations Act

Answer 24

1. Or, Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
2. Made to give employers more power, as some thought the previous NLRA gave workers too much power.
3. Created the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (helps to resolve strikes that create national emergencies)
4. Banned “Closed Shops” (an employment circumstance where only union members can be hired and stay employed).

Question 25

Causes of decline of unions in US

Answer 25

1. In 1970’s, Economy shifted more to services, which had low unions presence.
2. Businesses moved operation to states less friendly to unions.
3. Globalization made it easy to find cheaper labor abroad.

Question 26

Craft Unions

Answer 26

1. Unions organized by skill set (carpenter, cobbler, etc).
2. Downside is that it only protects the skilled laborers, not unskilled laborers working in the same industry.

Question 27

Industrial Unions

Answer 27

1. Unions organized by industry (mining, railroad, etc), not skill set.
2. Benefit of this type is that it protects unskilled workers in the industry, along with the skilled ones.
3. Example: The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Question 28

Key Figures in US Unionization

Answer 28

1. Mary Harris Jones (Mother Jones)
2. Eugene Debs
3. John Lewis
4. Philip Murray

Question 29

Primary Labor Market

Answer 29

1. Comprised of highly skilled or well-educated members.
2. Most belong to unions.
3. Employed by large corporations, good pay and benefits, part of a profession (not just a job)

Question 30

Secondary Labor Market

Answer 30

1. Tends to include unskilled laborers or those with less education.
2. Work in smaller firms with less stability and lower pay.