Historical Figures (Quiz 1+Midterm) Flashcards
Who was the first to teach a psych course in the US and published The Principle of Psychology?
William James
Who is the Father of American Psychology?
William James
Whose theories are these- functionalism, pragmatism, and James-Lange Theory of Emotion?
William James
Who helped shape views on childhood, sexuality, personality, the meaning of dreams, and memory?
Sigmund Freud
Who made history with the concept of the unconscious mind and the theory that personality lies in 3 elements: the id, the ego, and the superego?
Sigmund Freud
“Freudian slip”, “repression”, and “denial” are all used as daily terms in psych thanks to….
Sigmund Freud
Who is the father of psychoanalytic psychology?
Sigmund Freud
Who was the first to investigate the process of the unconscious mind?
Sigmund Freud
Who is a “founding father” of psychoanalysis and is best known for his conception of the unconscious mind?
Sigmund Freud
Who is this?
-known for his work in human development, personality, clinical psych, and abnormal psych
-explains human behavior
-founding father of psychoanalysis, which is a method for treating mental illness
-he believed that our adult personalities, lifestyles, and development is greatly dependent on our environment and events that happened in our childhood
-developed methods to better understand mental disorders through therapeutic conversations
-contributed to the understanding of the unconscious and psychosexuality
Sigmund Freud
Who is thought to have invented talk therapy?
Sigmund Freud
Who explored id, ego, superego, as well as defense mechanisms and psychosexual stages?
Sigmund Freud
Who developed therapeutic techniques centered on talk therapy that involved the use of strategies such as transference, free association, and dream interpretation?
Sigmund Freud
Who believed that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes and offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on psych behaviors?
Sigmund Freud
Who is the most influential psychologist?
Sigmund Freud
Who pioneered work to better understand mental processes, mental health, and especially mental disorders through therapeutic conversation?
Sigmund Freud
What is the best known conditioning experiment?
Pavlov’s Dog
-famous example of classical conditioning
-Ivan Pavlov defined conditional reflex in this experiment
-the reflex originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain
-behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions in the environment and that the environment shapes behavior
-won a Nobel prize for this in 1904 (don’t need to know date)
Who is known for his classical conditioning theory and contributed to behavior modification?
Ivan Pavlov
Who was a Russian physiologist that was famous for his research in classical conditioning and condition reflexes? His experimental methods help move psych towards objective measurements of behavior rather than introspective and subjective assessments
Ivan Pavlov
What is Pavlov’s theory?
classical conditioning theory
-pair a stimulus with a conditioned response
-within his experiment, he predicted that dogs would salivate in response to food being placed in front of them, so he began an experiment where every time he give the dog food, he would ring the bell. After a while, the dog began to salivate every time the bell would ring because the dog would associate the bell with receiving food
-the same experiment was done with someone carrying the food and having loud footsteps, or another version is using a metronome instead of bell
Who is known for his theories in cognitive dissonance?
Ivan Pavlov
_________________ is having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes according to attitude or behavior
Cognitive dissonance
Who won a Nobel prize in physiology/medicine for his research on digestion? His idea of conditioning began with a study in digestion
Ivan Pavlov
Who made a theory that unconscious responses to stimuli is based on their association to certain rewards?
Ivan Pavlov
Who was involved in behaviorism (radical behaviorism), operational conditioning/instrumental conditioning, shaping, aversive stimulus, punishment, and reinforcement?
BF Skinner
Who created an operant conditioning chamber known as the “_________ box” in which animals were placed in boxes that had levers or buttons available for them to press or move in order to obtain food? The idea was that through different types of reinforcement, we could learn what schedule resulted in the best responses from the animals like giving them a treat every time a button is pressed vs. only giving a treat every 3rd time the button is pressed, and then looking at the results after longer-term studies
Skinner (BF Skinner)
Whose research branches/evolved off of Pavlov’s?
BF Skinner
Who developed the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, by their reinforcements, or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again?
BF Skinner
Who is responsible for developing the principle of reinforcement, meaning if the consequences following a certain action are bad enough there is a high likelihood the action will not be repeated?
BF Skinner
Who developed the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
What is the hierarchy of needs?
-humans need to fill basic requirements before moving on to the next or more advanced needs
-1st need is physiological, which is air, water and food
-2nd is safety needs, which is personal security, employment, and health
-3rd is love and belonging with friendship and intimacy
-4th is esteem, which is respect, self-esteem, and status
-5th is the highest of the hierarchy and it is self-actualization, which is the desire to become the most that one can be
Whose work influenced how we see mental health and the positive aspect of human nature?
Abraham Maslow
Who focuses on the positive aspects of human psychological health? He worked to find answers about individual self-actualization and the pursuit of personal fulfillment
Abraham Maslow
Who combined the concepts of introversion and extraversion which formed personality psychology that further influenced psychotherapy?
Carl Jung
Who believed that the human psyche has 3 parts: ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious?
Carl Jung
Whose key ideas included collective unconsciousness, analytical psychology, and individuation?
Carl Jung
Who frequently corresponded with Freud, sharing his thoughts and ideas, but his ideas differed from Freud- he emphasized the lifelong journey of defining one’s self?
Carl Jung
Who identified extraversion and introversion as personality types?
Carl Jung
Whose work contributed to the understanding of individuation which is a lifelong psychological process of defining one’s self based on a combination of conscious and unconscious elements?
Carl Jung
Who was best known for her groundbreaking work in self-psychology?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Who believed that the conscious self was intrinsic to psychology and invented the paired-associate technique that studied memory?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Who wrote more than 100 professional papers throughout her career and became the first female president of the American psychology association in 1905?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Who was the 2nd woman to complete a PhD in pysch but was not recognized for this achievement bc Harvard did not admit women at the time?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Who was the 1st female president of the American psychology association and the American philosophical association?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Who was the daughter/youngest child of Sigmund Freud?
Anna Freud
Whose work emphasized the importance of the ego in serving and opposing subconscious behavior?
Anna Freud
What 2 figures were considered the founders of psychoanalytic child psych?
Anna Freud and Melanie Klein
Who focused on child analysis, ego psych, and defense mechanisms?
Anna Freud
Who contributed to child psychology and focused her attention on studying juvenile objects?
Anna Freud
Who contributed to understanding how the ego, consciousness, averting painful ideas, impulses and feelings functioned?
Anna Freud
Who worked as an elementary teacher and this ultimately led her to begin work on the psychoanalysis of children?
Anna Freud
Who determined that the primary tactic is repression, especially in children?
Anna Freud
Who studied how children suppressed impulses, urges, and feelings and the results of the repression as they grew older? She saw children playing as an adaptation to the unconscious conflicts from reality
Anna Freud
Who worked on the theory of cognitive development and had a profound influence on psychology, especially the understanding of children’s intellectual growth? He contributed to the growth of developmental psych, cognitive psych, genetic epistemology, and education reform
Jean Piaget
Whose influence on the field of psychology is seen through his theory on cognitive development? Cognitive development revolves around early childhood development and breaks it down into 4 stages
Jean Piaget
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development in children?
1) sensorimotor (birth- 2 y/o)
2) preoperational (2-7 y/o)
3) concrete operational (7-11 y/o)
4) formal operational (12+ y/o)
Who believed children experimented and made observations in order to learn and build on obtained knowledge?
Jean Piaget
Who developed the 1st theory of child cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
Who coined the popular psychological phrases schema, accommodation, and assimilation?
Jean Piaget
Who is regarded as one of the most influential childhood psychologists of all time?
Jean Piaget
Who is best known for his research on children’s cognitive development studying development of his own 3 children and created a theory that described the stages that children pass through in the development of intelligence and formal thought processes?
Jean Piaget
Who is this?
-It was originally thought that children and adults operated the same way mentally, but through his research, it was discovered that the way children think is completely different than the way adults think
Jean Piaget
Who is known for the theory of cognitive development which explores the nature of knowledge and how humans acquire it, espeically children? He placed great emphasis on the education of children stating that education is the only way in which we prevent the collapse of society
Jean Piaget
Whose stage theory on psychosocial development helped create research on human development? He also explored development throughout life including events of childhood, adulthood, and old age
Erik Erickson
Who was the first to study personality and how it develops over a lifetime?
Erik Erickson
Who coined the term “identity crisis” to describe someone who has failed to achieve ego identity during adolescence?
Erik Erickson
Who created the theory of psychological development?
Erik Erickson
Whose key ideas include theory of psych development, identity crisis, and ego psych?
Erik Erickson
Who expanded psychoanalytic theory by exploring development throughout life including events of childhood, adulthood, and old age?
Erik Erickson
Who is best known for his influence on client centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
Who had an emphasis on human potential and believed that humans were fundamentally good?
Carl Rogers
Who formed techniques that encouraged therapists to guide clients to realizations in subtle ways?
Carl Rogers
Who believed that therapist client relationships should be equal, with the therapist providing genuineness and unconditional positive regard or support for the client?
Carl Rogers
Who was one of the pioneers of the humanistic psych movement and believed that humans strive toward self actualization? His work set the tone for more supportive relationships and the development of more modern approaches to psychotherapy
Carl Rogers
Who is known as the father of modern social psychology?
Kurt Lewin
Who used experimentation to study social behavior like nature vs. nurture?
Kurt Lewin
Who believed that the interaction between a person and their environment is what develops a humans personality?
Kurt Lewin
Who invented sensitivity training to combat racial and religious prejudice before the civil rights movement?
Kurt Lewin
Who contributed to gestalt psych by expanding on gestalt theories and applying them to human behavior?
Kurt Lewin
Who was one of the first to study organizational leadership styles and group dynamics?
Kurt Lewin
Who posed the idea that behavior is the result of a person’s interaction with their environment?
Kurt Lewin
Who is known for making psychology a separate science and wrote the first psych textbook “Principles of Physiological Psychology” ?
William Wundt
Who opened the institute of experimental psychology and created the first lab to understand psychological phenomena more clearly?
William Wundt
Who is known as the father of experimental psychology?
William Wundt
Who is considered the father of psychology?
William Wundt
Who separated psychology from philosophy and created the first lab to only investigate psych phenomena?
William Wundt
His social cognitive theory states that we can learn by watching other people’s behavior not just responding to external stimuli
Albert Bandura
Who did the famous bobo doll experiments and exhibited how aggression could be learned simply through modeling?
Albert Bandura
Who studied self-regulation, marking a person’s ability to mediate their behavior in different situations?
Albert Bandura
Who coined the term “self efficacy”, which is an essential concept in the study of motivation and achievement?
Albert Bandura
Who developed the social learning theory (we learn from watching others)?
Albert Bandura
Who is the most cited living psychologist?
Albert Bandura
Who branched off of John Bowlby’s observations in child psych?
Mary Ainsworth
Who contributed to child psych and developed the “stranger situation” experiment to conclude that infants will react in 4 different ways:
1) namely secure
2) ambivalent
3) avoidant
3) disorganized
depending on how attached they are to their caregiver?
Mary Ainsworth
Who performed research on attachment and identified 3 major styles of attachment used to classify children with their parent/caregiver? The 3 styles are titled:
1) secure
2) anxious avoidant
3) anxious resistant
Mary Ainsworth
Who formed the practice of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)?
Aaron Beck
Who popularized the link between thoughts, feelings, and behavior, especially as they pertained to the study of depression?
Aaron Beck
Who emphasized the therapeutic relationship and cognitive concepts and created one of the most popular depression instruments called the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)?
Aaron Beck
Who played a role in the development of a drug used to treat schizophrenia in his quest to reduce use of electric shock on his patients?
Henri Laborit
Who demonstrated the evidence of association in higher order organisms and was crucial in the acceptance of behaviorism in psychological studies?
John Watson
Who discovered that electrical stimulus of different parts of the brain led to different responses in the body?
Wilder Penfield
Who discovered the “engram”, which is the physical basis of memories?
Wilder Penfield
Who developed the brain map known as the “homunculus”?
Wilder Penfield
Who focused on biofeedback, stimulus response theory, anxiety, and fear?
Neal E. Miller
Who studied brain wave activity, heart rate, and pain receptors of his subjects in response to emotional and physiological stimuli?
Neal E. Miller
Who became involved in gestalt psychology and social psychology, and became most known for his conformity experiments that suggested group peer pressure causes people to change their opinions even despite the fact that can be preset (group pressure can cause humans to entirely change opinion in spite of obvious facts)?
Solomon Asch
Who studied racial identification of African American children?
Mamie Phipps Clark
Who used doll play to study children’s habits, development, and self esteem? She found that the majority of children thought that the white doll was the best and that the black doll looks bad
Mamie Phipps Clark
Who made a positive impact on civil rights issues and changed the public school system of America?
Mamie Phipps Clark
Who proposed a theory that the conscious focused on the relationship between a mother and her child, rather than the fathers relationship, which inspired her “object relation theory” that can be described as the mental separation of objects into good and bad aspects?
Melanie Klein
Who helped develop the theory of cognitive dissonance and social comparison to explain the ways in which social conditioning influences human behavior?
Leon Festinger
Who is famous for conducting the Stanford Prison experiment which became an important study in how situational forces can influence human behavior? He showed how authority, or even an illusion of power, can make someone act irrationally.
Philip Zimbardo
Who developed the infamous shock experiment called “Milgram experiment”? This experiment showed how the appearance of power and the illusion of authority over can influence the subordinate’s behavior. He got participants to give a series of increasingly high voltage shocks to another “participant” under the orders who they believed to be a doctor. Eventually the shocks were so high voltage they were deadly. He was very interested in seeing how far he could push a participant to hurt another participant
Stanley Milgram
