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Abnormal Psych > Historical Figures (Quiz 1+Midterm) > Flashcards

Historical Figures (Quiz 1+Midterm) Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the first to teach a psych course in the US and published The Principle of Psychology?

A

William James

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1
Q

Who is the Father of American Psychology?

A

William James

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2
Q

Whose theories are these- functionalism, pragmatism, and James-Lange Theory of Emotion?

A

William James

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3
Q

Who helped shape views on childhood, sexuality, personality, the meaning of dreams, and memory?

A

Sigmund Freud

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4
Q

Who made history with the concept of the unconscious mind and the theory that personality lies in 3 elements: the id, the ego, and the superego?

A

Sigmund Freud

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5
Q

“Freudian slip”, “repression”, and “denial” are all used as daily terms in psych thanks to….

A

Sigmund Freud

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6
Q

Who is the father of psychoanalytic psychology?

A

Sigmund Freud

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7
Q

Who was the first to investigate the process of the unconscious mind?

A

Sigmund Freud

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8
Q

Who is a “founding father” of psychoanalysis and is best known for his conception of the unconscious mind?

A

Sigmund Freud

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9
Q

Who is this?
-known for his work in human development, personality, clinical psych, and abnormal psych
-explains human behavior
-founding father of psychoanalysis, which is a method for treating mental illness
-he believed that our adult personalities, lifestyles, and development is greatly dependent on our environment and events that happened in our childhood
-developed methods to better understand mental disorders through therapeutic conversations
-contributed to the understanding of the unconscious and psychosexuality

A

Sigmund Freud

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10
Q

Who is thought to have invented talk therapy?

A

Sigmund Freud

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11
Q

Who explored id, ego, superego, as well as defense mechanisms and psychosexual stages?

A

Sigmund Freud

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12
Q

Who developed therapeutic techniques centered on talk therapy that involved the use of strategies such as transference, free association, and dream interpretation?

A

Sigmund Freud

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13
Q

Who believed that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes and offered evidence that cultural differences have an impact on psych behaviors?

A

Sigmund Freud

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14
Q

Who is the most influential psychologist?

A

Sigmund Freud

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15
Q

Who pioneered work to better understand mental processes, mental health, and especially mental disorders through therapeutic conversation?

A

Sigmund Freud

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16
Q

What is the best known conditioning experiment?

A

Pavlov’s Dog
-famous example of classical conditioning
-Ivan Pavlov defined conditional reflex in this experiment
-the reflex originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain
-behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions in the environment and that the environment shapes behavior
-won a Nobel prize for this in 1904 (don’t need to know date)

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17
Q

Who is known for his classical conditioning theory and contributed to behavior modification?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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18
Q

Who was a Russian physiologist that was famous for his research in classical conditioning and condition reflexes? His experimental methods help move psych towards objective measurements of behavior rather than introspective and subjective assessments

A

Ivan Pavlov

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19
Q

What is Pavlov’s theory?

A

classical conditioning theory
-pair a stimulus with a conditioned response
-within his experiment, he predicted that dogs would salivate in response to food being placed in front of them, so he began an experiment where every time he give the dog food, he would ring the bell. After a while, the dog began to salivate every time the bell would ring because the dog would associate the bell with receiving food
-the same experiment was done with someone carrying the food and having loud footsteps, or another version is using a metronome instead of bell

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20
Q

Who is known for his theories in cognitive dissonance?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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21
Q

_________________ is having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes according to attitude or behavior

A

Cognitive dissonance

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22
Q

Who won a Nobel prize in physiology/medicine for his research on digestion? His idea of conditioning began with a study in digestion

A

Ivan Pavlov

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23
Q

Who made a theory that unconscious responses to stimuli is based on their association to certain rewards?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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24
Q

Who was involved in behaviorism (radical behaviorism), operational conditioning/instrumental conditioning, shaping, aversive stimulus, punishment, and reinforcement?

A

BF Skinner

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25
Q

Who created an operant conditioning chamber known as the “_________ box” in which animals were placed in boxes that had levers or buttons available for them to press or move in order to obtain food? The idea was that through different types of reinforcement, we could learn what schedule resulted in the best responses from the animals like giving them a treat every time a button is pressed vs. only giving a treat every 3rd time the button is pressed, and then looking at the results after longer-term studies

A

Skinner (BF Skinner)

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26
Q

Whose research branches/evolved off of Pavlov’s?

A

BF Skinner

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27
Q

Who developed the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, by their reinforcements, or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again?

A

BF Skinner

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28
Q

Who is responsible for developing the principle of reinforcement, meaning if the consequences following a certain action are bad enough there is a high likelihood the action will not be repeated?

A

BF Skinner

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29
Q

Who developed the hierarchy of needs?

A

Abraham Maslow

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30
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs?

A

-humans need to fill basic requirements before moving on to the next or more advanced needs
-1st need is physiological, which is air, water and food
-2nd is safety needs, which is personal security, employment, and health
-3rd is love and belonging with friendship and intimacy
-4th is esteem, which is respect, self-esteem, and status
-5th is the highest of the hierarchy and it is self-actualization, which is the desire to become the most that one can be

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31
Q

Whose work influenced how we see mental health and the positive aspect of human nature?

A

Abraham Maslow

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32
Q

Who focuses on the positive aspects of human psychological health? He worked to find answers about individual self-actualization and the pursuit of personal fulfillment

A

Abraham Maslow

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33
Q

Who combined the concepts of introversion and extraversion which formed personality psychology that further influenced psychotherapy?

A

Carl Jung

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34
Q

Who believed that the human psyche has 3 parts: ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious?

A

Carl Jung

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35
Q

Whose key ideas included collective unconsciousness, analytical psychology, and individuation?

A

Carl Jung

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36
Q

Who frequently corresponded with Freud, sharing his thoughts and ideas, but his ideas differed from Freud- he emphasized the lifelong journey of defining one’s self?

A

Carl Jung

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37
Q

Who identified extraversion and introversion as personality types?

A

Carl Jung

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38
Q

Whose work contributed to the understanding of individuation which is a lifelong psychological process of defining one’s self based on a combination of conscious and unconscious elements?

A

Carl Jung

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39
Q

Who was best known for her groundbreaking work in self-psychology?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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40
Q

Who believed that the conscious self was intrinsic to psychology and invented the paired-associate technique that studied memory?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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41
Q

Who wrote more than 100 professional papers throughout her career and became the first female president of the American psychology association in 1905?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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42
Q

Who was the 2nd woman to complete a PhD in pysch but was not recognized for this achievement bc Harvard did not admit women at the time?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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43
Q

Who was the 1st female president of the American psychology association and the American philosophical association?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

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44
Q

Who was the daughter/youngest child of Sigmund Freud?

A

Anna Freud

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45
Q

Whose work emphasized the importance of the ego in serving and opposing subconscious behavior?

A

Anna Freud

46
Q

What 2 figures were considered the founders of psychoanalytic child psych?

A

Anna Freud and Melanie Klein

47
Q

Who focused on child analysis, ego psych, and defense mechanisms?

A

Anna Freud

48
Q

Who contributed to child psychology and focused her attention on studying juvenile objects?

A

Anna Freud

49
Q

Who contributed to understanding how the ego, consciousness, averting painful ideas, impulses and feelings functioned?

A

Anna Freud

50
Q

Who worked as an elementary teacher and this ultimately led her to begin work on the psychoanalysis of children?

A

Anna Freud

51
Q

Who determined that the primary tactic is repression, especially in children?

A

Anna Freud

52
Q

Who studied how children suppressed impulses, urges, and feelings and the results of the repression as they grew older? She saw children playing as an adaptation to the unconscious conflicts from reality

A

Anna Freud

53
Q

Who worked on the theory of cognitive development and had a profound influence on psychology, especially the understanding of children’s intellectual growth? He contributed to the growth of developmental psych, cognitive psych, genetic epistemology, and education reform

A

Jean Piaget

54
Q

Whose influence on the field of psychology is seen through his theory on cognitive development? Cognitive development revolves around early childhood development and breaks it down into 4 stages

A

Jean Piaget

55
Q

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development in children?

A

1) sensorimotor (birth- 2 y/o)
2) preoperational (2-7 y/o)
3) concrete operational (7-11 y/o)
4) formal operational (12+ y/o)

56
Q

Who believed children experimented and made observations in order to learn and build on obtained knowledge?

A

Jean Piaget

57
Q

Who developed the 1st theory of child cognitive development?

A

Jean Piaget

58
Q

Who coined the popular psychological phrases schema, accommodation, and assimilation?

A

Jean Piaget

59
Q

Who is regarded as one of the most influential childhood psychologists of all time?

A

Jean Piaget

60
Q

Who is best known for his research on children’s cognitive development studying development of his own 3 children and created a theory that described the stages that children pass through in the development of intelligence and formal thought processes?

A

Jean Piaget

61
Q

Who is this?
-It was originally thought that children and adults operated the same way mentally, but through his research, it was discovered that the way children think is completely different than the way adults think

A

Jean Piaget

62
Q

Who is known for the theory of cognitive development which explores the nature of knowledge and how humans acquire it, espeically children? He placed great emphasis on the education of children stating that education is the only way in which we prevent the collapse of society

A

Jean Piaget

63
Q

Whose stage theory on psychosocial development helped create research on human development? He also explored development throughout life including events of childhood, adulthood, and old age

A

Erik Erickson

64
Q

Who was the first to study personality and how it develops over a lifetime?

A

Erik Erickson

65
Q

Who coined the term “identity crisis” to describe someone who has failed to achieve ego identity during adolescence?

A

Erik Erickson

66
Q

Who created the theory of psychological development?

A

Erik Erickson

67
Q

Whose key ideas include theory of psych development, identity crisis, and ego psych?

A

Erik Erickson

68
Q

Who expanded psychoanalytic theory by exploring development throughout life including events of childhood, adulthood, and old age?

A

Erik Erickson

69
Q

Who is best known for his influence on client centered therapy?

A

Carl Rogers

70
Q

Who had an emphasis on human potential and believed that humans were fundamentally good?

A

Carl Rogers

71
Q

Who formed techniques that encouraged therapists to guide clients to realizations in subtle ways?

A

Carl Rogers

72
Q

Who believed that therapist client relationships should be equal, with the therapist providing genuineness and unconditional positive regard or support for the client?

A

Carl Rogers

73
Q

Who was one of the pioneers of the humanistic psych movement and believed that humans strive toward self actualization? His work set the tone for more supportive relationships and the development of more modern approaches to psychotherapy

A

Carl Rogers

74
Q

Who is known as the father of modern social psychology?

A

Kurt Lewin

75
Q

Who used experimentation to study social behavior like nature vs. nurture?

A

Kurt Lewin

76
Q

Who believed that the interaction between a person and their environment is what develops a humans personality?

A

Kurt Lewin

77
Q

Who invented sensitivity training to combat racial and religious prejudice before the civil rights movement?

A

Kurt Lewin

78
Q

Who contributed to gestalt psych by expanding on gestalt theories and applying them to human behavior?

A

Kurt Lewin

79
Q

Who was one of the first to study organizational leadership styles and group dynamics?

A

Kurt Lewin

80
Q

Who posed the idea that behavior is the result of a person’s interaction with their environment?

A

Kurt Lewin

81
Q

Who is known for making psychology a separate science and wrote the first psych textbook “Principles of Physiological Psychology” ?

A

William Wundt

82
Q

Who opened the institute of experimental psychology and created the first lab to understand psychological phenomena more clearly?

A

William Wundt

83
Q

Who is known as the father of experimental psychology?

A

William Wundt

84
Q

Who is considered the father of psychology?

A

William Wundt

85
Q

Who separated psychology from philosophy and created the first lab to only investigate psych phenomena?

A

William Wundt

86
Q

His social cognitive theory states that we can learn by watching other people’s behavior not just responding to external stimuli

A

Albert Bandura

87
Q

Who did the famous bobo doll experiments and exhibited how aggression could be learned simply through modeling?

A

Albert Bandura

88
Q

Who studied self-regulation, marking a person’s ability to mediate their behavior in different situations?

A

Albert Bandura

89
Q

Who coined the term “self efficacy”, which is an essential concept in the study of motivation and achievement?

A

Albert Bandura

90
Q

Who developed the social learning theory (we learn from watching others)?

A

Albert Bandura

91
Q

Who is the most cited living psychologist?

A

Albert Bandura

92
Q

Who branched off of John Bowlby’s observations in child psych?

A

Mary Ainsworth

93
Q

Who contributed to child psych and developed the “stranger situation” experiment to conclude that infants will react in 4 different ways:
1) namely secure
2) ambivalent
3) avoidant
3) disorganized
depending on how attached they are to their caregiver?

A

Mary Ainsworth

94
Q

Who performed research on attachment and identified 3 major styles of attachment used to classify children with their parent/caregiver? The 3 styles are titled:
1) secure
2) anxious avoidant
3) anxious resistant

A

Mary Ainsworth

95
Q

Who formed the practice of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)?

A

Aaron Beck

96
Q

Who popularized the link between thoughts, feelings, and behavior, especially as they pertained to the study of depression?

A

Aaron Beck

97
Q

Who emphasized the therapeutic relationship and cognitive concepts and created one of the most popular depression instruments called the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)?

A

Aaron Beck

97
Q

Who played a role in the development of a drug used to treat schizophrenia in his quest to reduce use of electric shock on his patients?

A

Henri Laborit

98
Q

Who demonstrated the evidence of association in higher order organisms and was crucial in the acceptance of behaviorism in psychological studies?

A

John Watson

99
Q

Who discovered that electrical stimulus of different parts of the brain led to different responses in the body?

A

Wilder Penfield

100
Q

Who discovered the “engram”, which is the physical basis of memories?

A

Wilder Penfield

101
Q

Who developed the brain map known as the “homunculus”?

A

Wilder Penfield

102
Q

Who focused on biofeedback, stimulus response theory, anxiety, and fear?

A

Neal E. Miller

103
Q

Who studied brain wave activity, heart rate, and pain receptors of his subjects in response to emotional and physiological stimuli?

A

Neal E. Miller

104
Q

Who became involved in gestalt psychology and social psychology, and became most known for his conformity experiments that suggested group peer pressure causes people to change their opinions even despite the fact that can be preset (group pressure can cause humans to entirely change opinion in spite of obvious facts)?

A

Solomon Asch

105
Q

Who studied racial identification of African American children?

A

Mamie Phipps Clark

106
Q

Who used doll play to study children’s habits, development, and self esteem? She found that the majority of children thought that the white doll was the best and that the black doll looks bad

A

Mamie Phipps Clark

107
Q

Who made a positive impact on civil rights issues and changed the public school system of America?

A

Mamie Phipps Clark

108
Q

Who proposed a theory that the conscious focused on the relationship between a mother and her child, rather than the fathers relationship, which inspired her “object relation theory” that can be described as the mental separation of objects into good and bad aspects?

A

Melanie Klein

109
Q

Who helped develop the theory of cognitive dissonance and social comparison to explain the ways in which social conditioning influences human behavior?

A

Leon Festinger

110
Q

Who is famous for conducting the Stanford Prison experiment which became an important study in how situational forces can influence human behavior? He showed how authority, or even an illusion of power, can make someone act irrationally.

A

Philip Zimbardo

111
Q

Who developed the infamous shock experiment called “Milgram experiment”? This experiment showed how the appearance of power and the illusion of authority over can influence the subordinate’s behavior. He got participants to give a series of increasingly high voltage shocks to another “participant” under the orders who they believed to be a doctor. Eventually the shocks were so high voltage they were deadly. He was very interested in seeing how far he could push a participant to hurt another participant

A

Stanley Milgram

Abnormal Psych (5 decks)

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