HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
Great Persian Empire (900 to 600 BC), all physical & mental disorders were considered work of the devil.
THE SUPERNATURAL TRADITION
THE SUPERNATURAL TRADITION
a. Magic
b. Sorcery
TREATMENT: Exorcism
Demons & Witches
THE SUPERNATURAL TRADITION
-insanity was a natural phenomenon
-Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses
-DESPAIR & LETHARGY = often identified by the church with the sin of ACEDIA—Latin term of sloth or SLOTH (lack of care) (reluctance to work) (laziness).
TREATMENT: Rest, sleep, healthy & a happy environment
Baths, ointments, various potions
Stress & Melancholy
This King was under a great deal of stress, partly because of the division of the Catholic Church. Was labeled as the “Mad King”
Read Charles VI
(a bishop and philosopher) disease of melancholy (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons.
NICHOLAS ORESME
The followings are ______
-If exorcism failed—confinement, beatings and other forms of torture
-hanging people over a pit full of poisonous snakes (to scare the evil spirits)
TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSION
THE SUPERNATURAL TRADITION
-run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave & jump around in patterns (called rave at present—with music)—DANCE & TARANTISM.
MASS HYSTERIA
THE SUPERNATURAL TRADITION
a phenomenon of emotion contagion in which the experience of an
emotion seems to spread to those around us.
-people are suggestible when in the state of high emotion.
-this SHARED RESPONSE-is sometimes referred to as MOB PSYCHOLOGY.
MASS HYSTERIA
THE SUPERNATURAL TRADITION
-the movements of the moon and stars had
profound effects on people’s psychological functioning. (LUNATIC – from Latin word Luna— meaning moon).
The Moon and the Stars
stages of the moon or the positions of the stars.
Astrology
A Swiss Physician) who rejected notion of possession of devil
PARACELSUS
THE BIOLOGICAL TRADITION
the father of modern Western Medicine (Hippocratic Corpus— he and his associates left a body of work).
-they believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by BRAIN PATHOLOGY, or head trauma & could be influenced by hereditary (genetics).
-he considered BRAIN – seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence & emotion.
-recognize the importance of psychological & interpersonal contributions to psychopathology (such as effects of family stress)
HIPPOCRATES
THE BIOLOGICAL TRADITION
A Roman Physician who adopted the idea of Hippocrates.
Hippocratic-Galenic approach is the humoral theory of disorders.
-It assumed that the normal brain functioning was related to 4 bodily fluids or humors: blood–heart, black bile—spleen, yellow bile—liver and phlegm—brain.
__________ – causes melancholia (depression)
GALEN
Black bile
_________ - ruddy in complexion, cheerful, optimistic, insomnia & delirium
_________ - depressive
_________ - indicates apathy & sluggishness, calm under stress
_________ - hot-tempered
SANGUINE
MELANCHOLIC
PHLEGMATIC
CHOLERIC
(intended to restore the balance of humors in the body)
amount of blood removed from the body, often with leeches.
Bleeding or Bloodletting
This country believed about the movement of air or “wind” in the body (dark wind – yin/ warm, life-sustaining wind –
yang).
China
eating tobacco & a half-boiled cabbage.
Induce vomiting
restoring proper flow of wind through various methods such as ACUPUNCTURE.
Ancient China’s way of Treatment
sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain.
SYPHILIS
- His position was that the causes of insanity were always physical.
- His Emphasis was again on rest, diet and proper room temperature and ventilation.
JOHN P. GREY
This date started the use of electric shock and brain surgery
-insulin (occasionally) given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients, as well as to calm
them down.
1930’s
(Viennese Physician) – began using increasingly higher dosages
(patients convulsed and became temporarily comatose).
MANFRED SAKEL
some uses this theraphy and recovered their mental health, which attributed to the convulsions.
INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY
The mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia). His friend tried this, he discovered the shock made him
“strangely elated.”
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
(Hungarian Psychiatrist)
-observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in individuals with epilepsy
(which later on was not proven true).
-some of his followers concluded that induced brain seizures might cure
schizophrenia then suggested the use of electric shock—
JOSEPH VON MEDUNA
(Italian Physicians).
*A surgeon from London treated a depressed patient by sending 6 small shocks directly through
his brain.
UGO CERLETTI AND LUCIO BINI
-one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry.
-influential in advocating major ideas of the biological tradition.
-he was one of the first to distinguish various psychological disorders
-his descriptions of schizophrenic disorders are still useful today.
EMIL KRAEPELINE
PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION
He proposes the 2 causes of maladaptive behavior—1) social and 2) cultural influences.
-if something was wrong in the environment (such as abusive parents), one’s
impulses and emotions would overcome reason.
TREATMENT: reeducate the individual through rational discussion (the power of
reason would predominate).
PLATO
PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION
He emphasized the influence of social environment and early learning on
psychopathology.
ARISTOTLE
the term moral referred more to emotional or psychological factors rather than to a
code of conduct.
-treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible, which encouraged and
reinforced normal social interaction. Relationships were carefully nurtured.
-well-cared for, massaged, and provided with soothing music.
MORAL THERAPY
it originated with French psychiatrist Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) & close
associate Jean-Baptiste Pussin (1746-1811). Pussin instituted remarkable reforms by
removing chains—used to restrain patients, instituting humane and positive
psychological interventions.
MORAL THERAPY
(16th century) they were more like prisons than hospitals.
ASYLUMS
The period where humane treatment declined.
Mid 19th Century
The period where mental illness was believed to be caused by brain pathology and therefore
considered incurable.
19th century
DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
1) _________ – Sigmund Freud
2) _________ – John B. Watson
- Ivan Pavlov
- B.F. Skinner
Psychoanalytic Theory
Behaviorism
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
(1734-1815) – he suggested that his patients’ problem was
caused by an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms called “animal magnetism.”
-father of hypnosis.
FRANZ ANTON MESMER
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
(1825-1893) – neurologist
-demonstrated that some techniques of
mesmerism were effective with a number of psychological disorders.
JEAN-MARTIN CHARCOT
- from Vienna, he studied with Charcot.
-teamed up with Josef Breuer (1842-1925)—experimented a different
hypnotic procedure. He asked the patients to describe their problems, conflict, and fears in a
much detailed manner.
SIGMUND FREUD
Breuer and Freud discovered the ___________.
unconscious mind
recall & relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and to
release the tension—these release of emotional material is known as ______
catharsis
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL
the structure of the mind
Id, ego, superego
Structure of the mind
= source of strong sexual and aggressive feelings or
energies.
= the energy is the libido
= operates on the pleasure-principle
ID
Structure of the mind
= part of our mind that ensures we act realistically
= reality principle
= mediate conflict between ID & superego
= executive or manager of our minds
EGO
Structure of the mind
= call conscience
= represents the moral principles (instilled by
parents & culture)
= the voice within us (nags at us)
SUPEREGO
Structure of the mind
if Id or Superego becomes too -strong, conflict overtake us and
psychological disorders will develop. These conflicts are all within the mind.
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL
- the conflict of Id and superego produce anxiety that threatens
to overwhelm the ego.
-unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function. (anna
Freud—developed this idea more fully).
Defense Mechanism
Psychosexual stages of development
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Psychosexual stages of development
birth to 2 years. Need for food (Fixation – if we did not receive
appropriate gratification during a specific stage).
Oral
Psychosexual stages of development
1 to 3 years. Toilet train. (fixation = too rigid or too disordered)
ANAL
Psychosexual stages of development
3 to 5 or 6. Early genital self-stimulation.
Phallic
(Oedipus Rex=Oedipus is fated to kiss his father, unknowingly to marry his mother). Strong feelings of envy and anger towards the father.
Oedipus Complex
The attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious and aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex.
Oedipus complex
Strong fears (son) towards the father who may remove his penis
CASTRATION ANXIETY
girl’s psychosexual competition with her mother for possession of her father
Electra Complex
Psychosexual stages of development
7 to adolescence = problem with adjusting to belong to a
group
Latency
Psychosexual stages of development
onset of puberty. Seeks ways to satisfying sexual impulses—
dyadic relationships, aggressive impulses—competition, physically demanding activities.
Genital
