Historical And Ideological Dimensions Part 2 Flashcards
Development of public school system
Expansion of families
Need for a system of free public schooling
This system no longer needed to foster loyalty to traditional powers such as the church and the crown but at cleat Canadian identity
According to the new model of education
Open to all children of school ages
Secular
Should cultivate social and political bonds within Canada
Important factor of education
Preservation of Canadian autonomy and in the process of Canadian nation building
Objectives for public schools
Basic literacy
Foster new attitudes and loyalties thy with time will define Canadian identity
Final goal
Create Canadian citizens that contributed to the growth of a stable Canadian society
Dual objectives of education
1) schooling provides formal learning opportunities - besides fundamental skills, exposed to new ideas
2) disciplining the individual through emphasis on rules and habits rather than on lessons
Emphasis on rules
Formal regulations governed most aspects of schooling, from text books to school behaviour
How did the regularization of school transform education
A disciplinary process where order was enforced through rituals of repetition
What did school routines allow?
Authorities to more closely monitor and regulate teachers and students behaviours
Did the government authorities gain new powers to regular the lives of young individuals?
Yes
How did the power become so extensive?
Govt authorities were no longer limited to the school setting - act as legal guardians
In loco parentis
A power that granted educators parental authority while children were at school
Absence of proper guidance by parents =
Govt authorities should intervene in order to avoid future dangers to the social order
Foucault argues new mechanisms of power
Surveillance
Regimentation
Categorization
Punishment
What would the technologies foster?
Multiple separations
Individualizing distributions
Organization of surveillance and control
Intensification and ramifications of power
Central function of disciplinary power
Straighten behaviours
The success of this disciplinary power is based in three simple instruments
Hierarchical inspection
Normalizing sanction and it’s combination
Examination
What is the examination?
Normalizing gaze (what students should already know)
a surveillance that qualifies
Classifies and punishes
Industry, science, bureaucratic organization of schooling
Schools do not emerge to create an industrial workforce, industry still influenced public schooling in important ways
Modern industry provided?
Models of organizational management that were applied to school settings in order to increase efficiency
The schooling models that emerged from this logic , emphasized routine and factory like work
Example of the modern industry
Scientific management
Allows employers to control industrial production by dividing task into their basic operations
Educational progressivism what did they hate?
Industrial logic to the field of education
What did educational progressives advocate?
Twin virtues of science and humanism
What did educational progressives propose
Schooling should contribute to the achievement of social progress by encouraging students to develop their human potential
What did progressivism want?
Create schools that promoted artistic and interpersonal development instead of just academic courses
Foster creativity and personal growth
What is considered a teacher
Expert that had received a specialized training in order to be able to teach
Principles of teaching
Subjected to direct and indirect constrains that limited the influence of teachers on educational practice
What were teachers subordinated to?
Educational bureaucracy that treated education matters as technical problems
Regulations set by expert outsides the occupation that took every decision in terms of curricula and the selection of textbooks
Subordinated to the supervision of educational administrators
Educational expansion: educational practices grow in two terms:
- Variety of educational institutions, programs and curricula appears - this opened the door for a range of new courses and subjects that provided students with new ways of thinking
- Increasing numbers of individuals enrolled in education programs. Remained in the programs longer
Result of transformation in educational practice
Increase in educational attainment
Increase in teacher qualifications
Much better equipped classrooms
Central element in social and economic life Beyond schooling
Mid twentieth century education
Formal education had become a credentialing mechanism
Occupations and jobs only could be accessed through the right educational credentials
Educational achievement was linked with the attainment of jobs and it’s wages
The most successful educational ideology of the time was influenced by?
Liberal and human capital positions
Educators and policy makers became centred on issues of
Equality of opportunity and a renewed educational progressivism that stressed child centred learned and educational flexibility
Objective in the educational crisis
Broaden children’s development in order to prepare them for life in a post industrial society
Experimental and innovative practices were designed
Overcome what was believed to be rigid and obsolete pedagogical models based on industrial and bureaucratic principles
What changes were made during the mid 1970s?
Better address local needs and disadvantaged groups impacted schooling in important ways
However inadequate training for teachers and lack of resources to implement educational changes hindered the success of educational liberalization
Chaos caused that many educators decided to go back to old ways of teaching
Problems with the reform in the mid 1970’s
Did not pay attention to social forces outside of the field of education
Political economic and cultural factors that limit the capacity of formal education to effect social change
Open classes and learning resource centres to schools in order to escape the rigid structure of school spatial organization were introduced
Education is a frequent and vulnerable target for state measures that seek to reduce public expenditure
Reduction of wages and costs in the education sector
Teachers = scapegoats
Quebec Ontario and bc became?
More militant
