histopathology+ cytopathology Flashcards

1
Q

histopathologist vs cytopathologist

A

histo (tissue) analyse biopsies (bits of small tissues), resection specimens (organs), frozen sections and post-mortems.

cyto (cells) analyse smears or fine needle aspirates (biopsy eg of thyroid difficult, so aspiration of the cells used)

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2
Q

analysing biopsies

A

if not normal, is it inflamed (what is cause): if not is it cancer (what type eg lymphoma)

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3
Q

analysing resection specimens+ time comparison

A

how far has cancer spread eg in colon: if there is cancer, are the margins clear ie was cancer only in the colon ie has surgeon removed alll the tumour- takes long (a week vs 2 days for biopsy)

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4
Q

analysing frozen section

A

requires rapid diagnosis as patient still in theatre- surgeon sends margin of tumour to see whether all cancer cleared: also whether there’s another type of cancer present

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5
Q

how are sections obtained

A

they are fixed in FORMALIN, and embedded using PARAFFINE wax, then look under slide

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6
Q

what they do with sections

A

stains eg gram stain- also do immunohistochemistry ie identifying antigens using antibodies

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7
Q

kaposi’s sarcoma

A

diagnosed using a rash on skin- indicates HIV/AIDS: is a tumour of endothelial cells: diagnosed using antibodies

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8
Q

analysing enlarged lymph nodes

A

take a fine needle aspiration of the enlarged node- if no pathology, diagnosis is a REACTIVE LYMPHADENOPATHY

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