Histopathology (All Topics) Flashcards by Rory Challenger

Cardiac Pathology:

What is the definition of atherosclerosis?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac Pathology:

What are the steps in atherogenesis?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac Pathology:

What are the 3 principal components of atherosclerotic plaques?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac Pathology:

Which blood vessels are more commonly affected?

How are they affected?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac Pathology:

What are the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myocardial Infarction:

What is the pathogenesis of Myocardial Infarction?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myocardial Infarction:

What are the mechanical complications of Myocardial Infarction?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myocardial Infarction:

What are the arrhythmia caused by Myocardial Infarction?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myocardial Infarction:

What are the pericardial complications of Myocardial Infarction?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myocardial Infarction:

What is the evolution of Myocardial Infarction Histological findings?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart failure:

What are the common causes of Heart Failure?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart failure:

What are the complications of Heart Failure?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart failure:

What is the pathophysiology of Heart Failure?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart failure:

What does left Ventricular Failure cause?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart failure:

What does Right Ventricular Failure cause?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart failure:

What is the definition, common phenotype and histological findings of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart failure:

What are the genetic defects in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heart failure:

What effect can Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in young people?

What is Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy and what are its effects?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiomyopathy:

What is/are the mechanism, causes and indirect myocardial dysfunction of Dilated cardiomyopathy?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiomyopathy:

What is/are the mechanism, causes and indirect myocardial dysfunction of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiomyopathy:

What is/are the mechanism, causes and indirect myocardial dysfunction of Restrictive cardiomyopathy?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myocardial Infarction:

What is a Mural Thrombus?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiomyopathy

What is Arrythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Acute Rheumatic Fever:

What is the peak age of Rheumatic Fever?

What are its effects on:

Heart
Joints
Skin
CNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

**_Acute Rheumatic Fever:_** What are the major clinical features of Acute Rheumatic Fever? What is the Jones Major Criteria?

**_Acute Rheumatic Fever:_** What are the minor symptoms of Acute Rheumatic Fever?

**_Acute Rheumatic Fever:_** What are the common causative organisms?

**_Acute Rheumatic Fever:_** What is the treatment of Acute Rheumatic Fever?

**_Infective Endocarditis:_** What are the causes of Infective Endocarditis?

**_Infective Endocarditis:_** What are the causative organisms, virulence, vegetation morphology and spread of Acute and Subacute Infective Endocarditis?

**_Infective Endocarditis:_** What are the clinical features of Infective Endocarditis?

**_Infective Endocarditis:_** What values are commonly affected in Infective Endocarditis?

**_Infective Endocarditis:_** What is the Duke criteria?

**_Infective Endocarditis:_** What what is the treatment of Infective Endocarditis?

**_Infective Endocarditis:_** What is Chronic Rheumatic valve disease?

**_Infective Endocarditis:_** What is Mitral valve prolapse?

**_Vegetative Endocarditis:_** What is/are the pathology and characteristics of Vegetations of Rheumatic heart disease?

**_Vegetative Endocarditis:_** What is/are the pathology and characteristics of Vegetations of Infective endocarditis?

**_Vegetative Endocarditis:_** What is/are the pathology and characteristics of Vegetations of Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (marantic)?

**_Vegetative Endocarditis:_** What is/are the pathology and characteristics of Vegetations of Libman-Sacks endocarditis?

**_Valve disease:_** What is/are the pathophysiology and causes of Aortic Stenosis?

**_Valve disease:_** What is/are the pathophysiology and causes of Aortic Regurgitation?

**_Valve disease:_** What is/are the pathophysiology and causes of Mitral Stenosis?

**_Valve disease:_** What is/are the pathophysiology and causes of Mitral Regurgitation?

**_Pericarditis:_** What is the definition of Pericarditis and what are the subtypes?

**_Pericarditis:_** What is the definition of Pericardial effusion and Hemopericardium?

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the tissues lining the Oesophagus?

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the main Paediatric Congenital Gastrointestinal Diseases?

**_Oesophagus:_** What is/are aetiology, symptoms, genetics, investigations and treatment for hirschsprung's disease?

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the Mechanical Acquired Gastrointestinal diseases?

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the inflammatory Acquired Gastrointestinal diseases?

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the ischaemic Acquired Gastrointestinal diseases?

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the characteristics of reflux oesophagitis (GORD)? * Complications * Treatment

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the characteristics of Barrett’s oesophagus?

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the characteristics of Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma?

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the characteristics of Squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma? * Aetiology * Epidemiology

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the characteristics of Squamous cell oesophageal carcinoma? * Presentation.

**_Oesophagus:_** What are the characteristics of Varices?

**_Stomach:_** What are the cells lining the stomach?

**_Stomach:_** What are the characteristics of Gastritis, Acute and Chronic?

**_Stomach:_** What are the characteristics for the special types of Gastritis?

**_Stomach:_** What are the characteristics of Gastric ulcer? * Symptoms

**_Stomach:_** What are the characteristics of Gastric ulcer? * Risk factors * Investigations * Complications

**_Stomach:_** What are the characteristics of Gastric lymphoma?

**_Duodenum:_** What are the characteristics of Duodenal ulcer?

**_Duodenum:_** What are the characteristics of Coeliac disease? * Aetiology * Symptoms

**_Duodenum:_** What are the characteristics of Coeliac disease? * Investigation * Management

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What is the epidemiology for Crohn’s Disease?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What is the aetiology for Crohn’s Disease?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What is the pathophysiology for Crohn’s Disease?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What are the Clinical features of Crohn’s Disease?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What are the complications of Crohn’s Disease?

Acquired Diseases: What are the investigations for Crohn’s Disease?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What is the management for Crohn’s Disease?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What is the epidemiology for Ulcerative Colitis?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What is the aetiology for Ulcerative Colitis?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What is the pathophysiology for Ulcerative Colitis?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What are the clinical features of Ulcerative Colitis?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** What are the extra-GI manifestations of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease?

**Acquired Diseases:** What are the complications of Ulcerative Colitis?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** How do you investigate Ulcerative Colitis?

**_Acquired Diseases:_** How do you manage Ulcerative Colitis?

**_Oesophagus:_** What is the classification of Acquired Gastrointestinal Diseases?

1. **Mechanical** 1. Obstruction 2. **Inflammatory** 1. Acute colitis 2. Chronic Colitis 3. **Ischaemia** 1. ****Ischaemic coclitis

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** How are tumours of the colon and rectum classified?

* **Neoplastic Polyps** * Adenomas * **Non-Neoplastic polyps** * Hamartomatous polyp * Hyperplastic polyp * Inflammatory * **Colorectal cancer**

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What is/are the definition, aetiology epidemiology and classification of Adenomas Neoplastic Polyps?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What are is/are the disease progression and risk factors for malignancy of Adenomas Neoplastic Polyps?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What is/are the genetics and epidemiology of Hamartomatous polyps?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What disease are Hamartomatous polyps also seen in and what do they carry an increased risk of?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What are the clinical feature of Hyperplastic Syndrome?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What are the clinical features of Inflammatory Syndrome?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What is the epidemiology of colorectal cancer?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What is the aetiology of colorectal cancer?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What are the clinical features of colorectal cancer?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What are the investigations of colorectal cancer?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What is the classification of colorectal cancer?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What is the management of colorectal cancer?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What are the features of Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What are the features of Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer/Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What is/are the aetiology, investigations and management of C.Difficile?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What is/are the aetiology, symptoms and complications of diverticular disease?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What is the definition of Carcinoid Syndrome?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What are the differences between Carcinoid syndrome and Carcinoid crisis?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What are the investigations and management of Carcinoid Syndrome?

**_Tumours of the colon and rectum:_** What are the familial syndromes of colorectal cancer?

* **Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)** * **Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer/L**

**_Pancreatic Disease:_** What are the functions, secretions and islets of Langerhans for Exocrine glands?

**_Pancreatic Disease:_** What are the functions, secretions and islets of Langerhans for Endocrine glands?

**_Pancreas:_** What is the role of the pancreas? What is secretin? (add and buffering with HCO3-)

**_Pancreas:_** What is CCK?

**_Pancreas:_** What is/are the aetiology, symptoms and signs of Metabolic Syndrome?

**_Pancreas:_** How is Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosed?

**_Pancreas:_** What is T1DM and T2DM?

**_Pancreas:_** What are the complications of Diabetes?

**_Pancreas:_** What is/are the aetiology, presentation and histology of acute pancreatitis?

**_Pancreas:_** What is/are the aetiology, presentation, histology and complications of chronic pancreatitis?

**_Pancreas:_** What is/are the aetiology, presentation, histology and prognosis of Acinar Cell Carcinoma?

**_Neuroendocrine Tumours:_** What is/are the aetiology and genetics of Neuroendocrine tumours?

**_Neuroendocrine Tumours:_** What are the functional and nonfunctional Neuroendocrine tumours?

**_Neuroendocrine Tumours:_** What are the investigations and management of Neuroendocrine tumours?

**_Neuroendocrine Tumours:_** What is the aetiology of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia?

**_Neuroendocrine Tumours:_** What are the main Pancreatic Malformations?

**_Pancreatic Carcinoma:_** What are the epidemiology, site and risk factors of ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas?

**_Pancreatic Carcinoma:_** What are the clinical features of ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas?

**_Pancreatic Carcinoma:_** How do you investigate adenocarcinoma of the pancreas?

**_Pancreatic Carcinoma:_** How do you manage adenocarcinoma of the pancreas?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What is the basic structure of the Liver?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What are centrilobular and Periportal hepatocytes?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What are the main functions of the liver?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What is/are the definition and main features of Cirrhosis?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What are the main causes of Cirrhosis?

**_Liver Pathology:_** How can Cirrhosis be classified?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What is the pathophysiology of Macronodular Cirrhosis?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What are the implications of different Child Pugh scores?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What is the definition of Portal Hypertension?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What are the causes of Portal Hypertension?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What is/are the definition and subtypes of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What is/are the epidemiology, genetics, subtypes and treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What is/are the definition, epidemiology, and investigations of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What is/ are the histology, symptoms and treatment of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What is/are the definition and epidemiology of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What are the investigations for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)?

**_Liver Tumours:_** What are the clinical features of Hepatic adenoma?

**_Liver Tumours:_** What are the clinical features of Haemangioma?

**_Liver Tumours:_** What are the clinical features of Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

**_Liver Tumours:_** What are the clinical features of Cholangiocarcinoma?

**_Liver Tumours:_** What are the clinical features of Metastases from other primary tumours?

**_Modified Child Pugh Score:_** What is the score of 1, score of 2 and score of 3 for: 1. Ascites 2. Encephalopathy 3. Bilirubin 4. Albumin 5. Prothrombin time (sec \> normal).

**_Alcoholic Liver Disease:_** What are the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of Hepatic Steatosis (Fatty Liver)?

**_Alcoholic Liver Disease:_** What are the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of Alcoholic hepatitis?

**_Alcoholic Liver Disease:_** What are the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of Alcoholic Cirrhosis?

**_Genetic Causes of Cirrhosis:_** What is the incidence, age, pathophysiology and histology of Haemochromatosis?

**_Genetic Causes of Cirrhosis:_** What are the signs/symptoms and investigations of Haemochromatosis?

**_Genetic Causes of Cirrhosis:_** What is the incidence, age, pathophysiology and histology of Wilson’s Disease?

**_Genetic Causes of Cirrhosis:_** What are the signs/symptoms and investigations of Wilson’s Disease?

**_Genetic Causes of Cirrhosis:_** What is the incidence, age, pathophysiology and histology of Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?

**_Genetic Causes of Cirrhosis:_** What are the signs/symptoms and investigations of Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?

**_Liver Pathology:_** What happens when portal pressure exceeds 10 to 12 mmHg?

Liver Pathology: What are the causes of Cirrhosis?

Alcoholic hepatitis Hepatic steatosis Alcoholic Cirrhosis Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Viral Hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Biliary causes of cirrhosis Primary biliary cirrhosis Primary Sclerosing cholangitis

**_Liver Tumours:_** What is the classification of liver tumours?

* **Benign** * Hepatic adenoma * Haemangioma * **Malignant** * Hepatocellular * Carcinoma * Angiosarcoma * Hepatoblastoma * Cholangiosarcoma * Metastasis from other primary sources

**_Urological Pathology:_** What is/are the subtypes and aetiology of Cystitis?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What are the predisposing factors and clinical features of Cystitis?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What are the complications and treatment of Cystitis?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What are the main types of Bladder tumours?

1. Transitional cell tumours 2. Squamous cell carinoma 3. Adenocarinoma

**_Urological Pathology:_** What is/are the epidemiology and contributing factors of Transitional Cell tumours?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What is/are the clinical features and diagnosis of Transitional Cell tumours of the bladder Bladder?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What are the features of Squamous cell carinoma Bladder tumours?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What are the features of Adenocarcinoma Bladder tumours?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology, symptoms and treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology, risk factor, grading and diagnosis of Prostate Cancer?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What are the subtypes of Prostitis and their causes?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What are the features of Seminoma testicular tumours?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What are the features of Teratoma testicular tumours?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What are the features of Maldescent of testis?

**_Testicular Tumours:_** What are the % incidence, types and predisposing factors for Germ cell testicular tumours?

**_Testicular Tumours:_** What are the % incidence, types and predisposing factors for sex chord - stromal testicular tumours?

**_Urological Pathology:_** What are the types of testicular tumours?

1. Seminoma 2. Teratoma 3. Maldescent of testis

**_Renal pathology:_** How can diseases of the kidney be classified?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is Nephrotic Syndrome and what are the key words in EMQs for it?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is Nephritic syndrome and the symptoms it presents with?

**_Renal pathology:_** What are the symptoms of Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are investigations and Biopsy findings of Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are epidemiology, aetiology and symptoms of IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are the complications and Biopsy findings of IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are the definition, symptoms and classification of Rapidly progressive (Crescentric) GN?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are genetics and symptoms of Hereditary Nephritis (Alport’s syndrome)?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are aetiology, genetics, epidemiology and symptoms of Thin Basement membrane disease (Benign familial haematuria)?

**_Renal pathology:_** What are the differentials for Asymptomatic Haematuria and how are they differentiated?

**_Renal pathology:_** What should be done if an Asymptomatic Haematuria doesn’t have histological information?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is the aetiology of cause of Acute Tubular Injury (ATI) aka Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is /are the causes and histology findings of Acute Tubular Injury (ATI) aka Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology, symptoms and investigations for Acute Pyelonephritis?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is the aetiology of Chronic Pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology and symptoms Acute intestinal nephritis?

**_Renal pathology:_** What are the symptoms of Chronic interstitial nephritis / Analgesic nephropathy?

**_Renal pathology:_** What are the main causes of Thrombotic Microangiopathies and their characteristics?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is the pathophysiology of Thrombotic Microangiopathy?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is the definition of Acute Renal failure?

**_Renal pathology:_** What are the subtypes of Acute Renal failure?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is the definition of Chronic Renal failure?

**_Renal pathology:_** What are the commonest causes of Chronic Renal failure?

**_Renal pathology:_** What are the stages of Renal Failure related to GFR?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are the genetics and epidemiology of Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are the Pathological and clinical features of Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is the definition of Lupus Nephritis?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is the classification of Lupus Nephritis?

**_Renal pathology:_** What is/are the types, risk factors and clinical features of Renal Cell carcinoma?

**_Primary causes of Nephrotic syndrome:_** What is the epidemiology, light microscopy and electron microscopy of minimal change disease?

**_Primary causes of Nephrotic syndrome:_** What is the immunofluorescence, response to steroids, prognosis and anything miscellaneous about minimal change disease?

**_Primary causes of Nephrotic syndrome:_** What is the epidemiology, light microscopy and electron microscopy of Membranous glomerular disease?

**_Primary causes of Nephrotic syndrome:_** What is the immunofluorescence, response to steroids, prognosis and anything miscellaneous about Membranous glomerular disease?

**_Primary causes of Nephrotic syndrome:_** What is the epidemiology, light microscopy and electron microscopy of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)?

**_Primary causes of Nephrotic syndrome:_** What is the immunofluorescence, response to steroids, prognosis and anything miscellaneous about Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)?

**_Renal pathology (Diabetes and Amyloidosis):_** What is the histology and hints in a question for Diabetes?

**_Renal pathology (Diabetes and Amyloidosis):_** What is the histology of Amyloidosis?

**_Renal pathology (Diabetes and Amyloidosis):_** What are the hints in questions for Amyloidosis?

**_Types of Rapidly progressing GN:_** What are the Pathogenesis and causes of Type 1 Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis?

**_Types of Rapidly progressing GN:_** What are the light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and additional organ involvement in Type 1 Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis?

**_Types of Rapidly progressing GN:_** What are the Pathogenesis and causes of Type 2 Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis?

**_Types of Rapidly progressing GN:_** What are the light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and additional organ involvement in Type 2 Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis?

**_Types of Rapidly progressing GN:_** What are the Pathogenesis and causes of Type 3 Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis?

**_Types of Rapidly progressing GN:_** What are the light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and additional organ involvement in Type 3 Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis?

**_Thrombotic Microangiopathies:_** What is the epidemiology and pathophysiology of HUS?

**_Thrombotic Microangiopathies:_** What are the signs/symptoms of HUS?

**_Thrombotic Microangiopathies:_** What is the epidemiology and pathophysiology of TTP?

**_Thrombotic Microangiopathies:_** What are the signs/symptoms of TTP?

**_Thrombotic Microangiopathies:_** What is/are the investigations/daignosis for HUS/TTP?

**_Renal pathology:_** What are the causes of Nephritic syndrome?

1. Acite postinfections (Poststreptococcal) GN 2. IgA Nephropathy (Berger's Disease) 3. Rapidly progressive (Crescentic) GN 4. Hereditary Nephritis (Alport's Syndrome) 5. Thin basement memebrane disease (Benign familial haematuria)

**_Renal pathology:_** What are the types of tubulointerstitial Nephritis?

_A group of renal inflammatory disorders that involve the tubules and interstitium:_ 1. Acute pyelonephritis: 2. Chronic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy 3. Acute interstitial nephritis 4. Chronic interstitial nephritis / Analgesic nephropathy

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology and symptoms of Pelvic Inflammatory disease?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What are the complications of Pelvic Inflammatory disease?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is the definition and aetiology of Endometriosis?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What are the clinical, macroscopic and microscopic features of Endometriosis?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology and clinical features of Adenomyosis?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology, symptoms, macroscopic and microscopic findings Leiomyoma (fibroid)?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What are the clinical features of Leiomyoma (fibroid)?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology and classification of Endometrial carcinoma?

* Endometrioid * Non Endometrioid

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is/are the pathophysiology and risk factors of Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is/are the pathophysiology and risk factors of Non-Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is normal vulval histology?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology, grading and progression of Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is/are the usual and differentiated type of Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)?

**_Gynaecological Pathology:_** What is Vulval carcinoma?

**_Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN):_** What is normal cervical histology?

**_Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN):_** What is the transformation zone?

**_Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN):_** What is/are the definition and grading of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)?

**_Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN):_** What is/are the progression and risk factors of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)?

**_Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN):_** What is cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) and how is it treated?

**_Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN):_** What is/are the aetiology, and subclassification of Cervical carcinoma?

**_Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN):_** What is/are the clinical presentation and prognosis of Cervical carcinoma?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** What are the characteristics of Serous cystadenoma?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** What are the characteristics of Mucinous cystadenoma?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** What are the characteristics of Clear cell tumours?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** What are the characteristics of Dysgerminoma?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** What are the characteristics of Teratoma?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** What are the characteristics of Choriocarcinoma?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** What are the characteristics of Fibroma (from cells of ovarian stroma)?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** What are the characteristics of Granulosa-Theca cell tumour?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** What are the characteristics of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** What are the characteristics of Endometrioid?

**_Ovarian Carcinoma:_** Outline the classification of Ovarian Carcinoma:

1. **Epithelial (70%):** Derived from surface epithelium that covered the ovary. Can be benign, borderline or malignant. 1. Serous cystadenoma 2. Mucinous cystadenoma 3. ndometrioid 4. Clear cell 2. **Germ cell (20%):** Derived from germ cells, usually benign in adults and malignant in children 1. Dysgerminoma 2. Teratoma 3. Choriocarcinoma 3. **Sex cord/stromal (10%):** From sex cord or strome of gonad, can differentiate towards female (granulosa and theca cells) or male (Sertoli and Leydig cells) structures 1. Fibroma (from cells of the ovarian stroma) 2. Granulosa Theca cell tumour 3. Sertoli Leydig cell tumour (deepened voice, enlarged clitoris)

**_Breast pathology:_** What are the features of most breast lesions?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are aetiology, symptoms and treatment of Acute Mastitis?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the risk factors and histology findings of Periductal mastitis?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the epidemiology, symptoms and cytology finding of Mammary Duct ectasia?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology, symptoms and causes of Fat Necrosis?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is are the main Fibrocystic changes and their causes?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the definition of, indications and histology of Gynaecomastia?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the epidemiology, aetiology and symptoms of Fibroadenoma?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology, symptoms and investigations of Duct papilloma?

**_Breast pathology:_** What are the features of Radial scars?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is the classification of breast pathology?

1. **Inflammatory conditions** 1. Acute Mastitis 2. Periductal mastitis 3. Mammary Duct ectasia 4. Fat necrosis 2. **Benign Proliferative conditions** 1. Fibrocystic disease 2. Gynaecomastia 3. **Benign neoplastic conditions** 1. Fibroadenoma 2. Duct papilloma 3. Radial scar 4. **Malignant neoplastic conditions** 1. Breast carcinoma 2. Carcinoma in situ 3. Invasive breast carcinoma 4. Basal like carcinoma 5. Phyllodes tumour

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the epidemiology and risk factors of Breast Carcinoma?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the symptoms and screening on Breast Carcinoma?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology and epidemiology of Lobular Carcinoma in situ?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the presentation and complications of Ductal Carcinoma in situ?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are aetiology, epidemiology and symptoms of Invasive breast carcinoma and its subtypes?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is the triple assessment? How is histological subtype and grade assessed?

**_Breast pathology:_** What are the actions of Tamoxifen and Herceptin/trastuzumab

**_Breast pathology:_** What are the histological features of Basal-like carcinoma?

**_Breast pathology:_** What is/are the aetiology, epidemiology and management of Phyllodes tumour?

**_Breast pathology:_** What are the subtypes of Breast carcinoma?

1. Breast carcinoma 2. Carcinoma in situ 3. Invasive breast carcinoma 4. Basal like carcinoma 5. Phyllodes tumour

**_Breast pathology:_** What is the definition and epidemiology of Carcinoma in situ? What are its subtypes?

Subtyypes are Lobular and Ductal

**_Cerebral Pathology:_** What is the epidemiology and aetiology/risk factors of stroke?

**_Cerebral Pathology:_** What are the signs/symptoms and vascular territories commonly affected in stroke?

**_Cerebral Pathology:_** How do you investigate and manage stroke?

**_Cerebral Pathology:_** What is the epidemiology and aetiology/risk factors of TIA?

**_Cerebral Pathology:_** What are the signs/symptoms and vascular territories commonly affect in TIA?

**_Cerebral Pathology:_** How do you investigate and manage TIA?

**_Cerebral infection:_** What are the following CSF features in Pyogenic Meningitis: 1. Appearance 2. Predominant cell 3. Cell count 4. Glucose 5. Protein 6. Bacteria

**_Cerebral infection:_** What are the following CSF features in TB Meningitis: 1. Appearance 2. Predominant cell 3. Cell count 4. Glucose 5. Protein 6. Bacteria

**_Cerebral infection:_** What are the following CSF features in Viral Meningitis: 1. Appearance 2. Predominant cell 3. Cell count 4. Glucose 5. Protein 6. Bacteria

**_Cerebral infarction:_** What is the definition of infarction? What % of strokes dose infarction account for? What is the most common cause? What are important predictors for future stroke?

**_Cerebral infarction:_** What is/are the aetiology and epidemiology of Intraparenchymal haemorrhage?

**_Cerebral infarction:_** What is/are the aetiology and epidemiology of Subarachnoid haemorrhage?

**_Cerebral infarction:_** What is/are the aetiology Extradural haemorrhage?

**_Cerebral infarction:_** What is/are the aetiology Subdural haemorrhage?

**_Cerebral infarction:_** What are the types of Traumatic parenchymal injury?

**_Cerebral infarction:_** What is the aetiology of raised Intracranial Pressure (ICP)?

**_Cerebral infection:_** What are the symptoms of Bacterial Meningitis and what should be done if it is suspected?

**_Cerebral infection:_** What are the symptoms of Meningism?

**_Cerebral infection:_** What are the symptoms of Viral Meningitis?

**_Cerebral infection:_** What is/are the aetiology and symptoms of Viral Encephalitis?

**_Cerebral infection:_** What are the bacterial and viral causes of Meningitis in: 1. Neonates 2. 1 month to 6 years 3. Young adults 4. Elderly

**_Cerebral infection:_** Where are the features of secondary brain tumours?

**_Cerebral infection:_** What is the aetiology of primary brain tumours?

**_Cerebral infection:_** What are the buzzwords for primary brain tumours?

**_Cerebral infection:_** What are the symptoms and causative organisms of Viral Encephalitis?

**_Cerebral infarction:_** What is the classification of Cranial Haemorrhage?

1. **Non Traumatic** 1. Intraparenchymal haemorrhage 2. Subarachnoid haemorrhage 2. **Traumatic** 1. Extradural haemorrhage 2. Subdural haemorrhage 3. Increased ICP

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** What is the definition of Neurodegenerative disorders?

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** What is the definition of dementia?

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** Define: 1. Aphasia 2. Apraxia 3. Agnosia

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** What are the pathological proteins associated with: 1. Alzheimer’s disease 2. Dementia with Lewy bodies 3. Corticobasal degeneration 4. Frontotemporal dementia linked to Chr 17 Pick’s disease

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** What is/are the aetiology and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** What are the investigations and management of Alzheimer’s disease?

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** What is/are the symptoms of Dementia with Lewy bodies?

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** What is/are the aetiology symptoms and histology findings of Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease?

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** What is/are the definition, aetiology and symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** What is/are the classification, pathology and EMQ hints of Multiple Sclerosis?

**_Neurodegenerative Diseases:_** What is/are the definition and symptoms of Multiple System Atrophy?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What is the aetiology and disease features of Osteoporosis?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What are the symptoms and risk factors of Osteoporosis?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What are X-ray and histology findings and biochemistry for Osteoporosis?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What is the aetiology and disease features of Osteomalacia /rickets?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What are the symptoms and risk factors of Osteomalacia/rickets?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What are X-ray and histology findings and biochemistry for Osteomalacia/rickets?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What is the aetiology and disease features of Hyperparathyroidism (primary)?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What are the symptoms and risk factors of Hyperparathyroidism (primary)?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What are X-ray and histology findings and biochemistry for Hyperparathyroidism (primary)?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What is the aetiology and disease features of Paget’s disease?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What are the symptoms and risk factors of Paget’s disease?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What are X-ray and histology findings and biochemistry for Paget’s disease?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What is the aetiology and disease features of Renal Osteodystrophy?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What are the symptoms and risk factors of Renal Osteodystrophy?

**_Metabolic Bone Disease:_** What are X-ray and histology findings and biochemistry for Renal Osteodystrophy?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What is the epidemiology, aetiology and joints affected with Gout?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What are the clinical features and crystal type for Gout?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** How do you investigate and manage Gout?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What is the epidemiology, aetiology and joint affected with Pseudogout?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What are the clinical features and crystal type of Pseudogout?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** How do you investigate and manage Pseudogout?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What are the main types of fracture? How are bone fractures repaired? What factors have effects on the bone healing?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What is osteomyelitis and what are the most common causative organisms in Adults and Children?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What is/are the symptoms, X-Ray changes and rare causes of Osteomyelitis?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What is the definition of Osteoarthritis?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What are the clinical features of Rheumatoid arthritis?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What are the characteristic deformities of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

**_Non-neoplastic Bone Disease:_** What are the main Non-Neoplastic Bone Diseases?

1. Gout 2. Pseudogout 3. Trauma 4. Osteomyelitis 5. Osteoarthritis 6. Rheumatoid arthritis

**_Malignant bone tumours:_** What is/are the age and affected bones of Osteosarcoma?

**_Malignant bone tumours:_** What is/are the age and affected bones of Chondrosarcoma?

**_Malignant bone tumours:_** What is/are the age and affected bones of Ewing’s sarcoma?

**_Malignant bone tumours:_** What is/are the age and affected bones of Giant cell (borderline malignancy)?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What is the age, bone and special features of Osteoid Osteoma?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What are the histology and x-ray findings of Osteoid Osteoma?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What is the age, bone and special features of Osteoma?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What are the histology and x-ray findings of Osteoma?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What is the age, bone and special features of Enchondroma?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What are the histology and x-ray findings of Enchondroma?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What is the age, bone and special features of Osteochondroma (= exostosis)?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What are the histology and x-ray findings of Osteochondroma (= exostosis)?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What is the age, bone and special features of Fibrous dysplasia?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What are the histology and x-ray findings of Fibrous dysplasia?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What is the age, bone and special features of Simple bone cyst?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What are the histology and x-ray findings of simple bone cyst?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What is the age, bone and special features of Osteoblastoma?

**_Benign bone tumours:_** What are the histology and x-ray findings of Osteoblastoma?

**_Malignant bone tumours:_** What is the histology and x-ray appearance of Osteosarcoma?

**_Malignant bone tumours:_** What is the histology and x-ray appearance of Chondrosarcoma?

**_Malignant bone tumours:_** What is the histology and x-ray appearance of Ewing's sarcoma?

**_Malignant bone tumours:_** What is the histology and x-ray appearance of Giant cell (boarderline malignancy)?

**_Skin Pathology:_** Outline the layers of the skin

**_Skin Pathology:_** Define: 1. Hyperkeratosis 2. Parakeratosis 3. Acanthosis

**_Skin Pathology:_** Define: 1. Acantholysis 2. Spongiosis 3. Lentiginous

**_Skin Pathology:_** What is the difference between dermatitis and eczema?

**_Skin Pathology:_** What is/are the definition, most common subtype, symptoms and histology findings of Psoriasis?

**_Skin Pathology:_** What is/are the pathophysiology, subclasses and associated features of Psoriasis?

**_Skin Pathology:_** What is/are the symptoms, aetiology and histology findings of Lichen Planus?

**_Skin Pathology:_** What is/are the symptoms, causes and treatment of Erythema Multiforme?

**_Skin Pathology:_** What are the histology findings and most important prognostic factors of Melanoma/Melanocytic naevi?

**_Skin Pathology:_** What are the subtypes of Melanoma?

**_Skin Pathology:_** What is/are the definition and symptoms of Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS)?

**_Skin Pathology:_** What are the symptoms of Pityriasis Rosea?

**_Dermatitis/eczema:_** What are the histology and clinical features of Atopic dermatitis?

**_Dermatitis/eczema:_** What are the histology and clinical features of Contact dermatitis?

**_Dermatitis/eczema:_** What is the histology and clinical features of Seborrhoeic dermatitis?

**_Bullous Disease:_** What is the pathophysiology of dermatitis herpetiformis?

**_Bullous Disease:_** What are the clinical features of dermatitis herpetiformis?

**_Bullous Disease:_** What are the histology findings of dermatitis herpetiformis?

**_Bullous Disease:_** What is the pathophysiology of pemphigoid?

**_Bullous Disease:_** What are the clinical features of pemphigoid?

**_Bullous Disease:_** What are the histology findings of pemphigoid?

**_Bullous Disease:_** What is the pathophysiology of pemphigus?

**_Bullous Disease:_** What are the clinical features of pemphigus?

**_Bullous Disease:_** What are the histology findings of pemphigus?

**_Cutaneous Neoplasms:_** What are the characteristics and histology of Actinic (Solar/Senile) Keratosis?

**_Cutaneous Neoplasms:_** What are the characteristics and histology of Keratoacanthoma?

**_Cutaneous Neoplasms:_** What are the characteristics and histology of Bowen’s Disease?

**_Cutaneous Neoplasms:_** What are the characteristics and histology of Squamous cell carcinoma?

**_Cutaneous Neoplasms:_** What are the characteristics and histology of Basal cell carcinoma?

**_Cutaneous Neoplasms:_** What are the characteristics and histology of Seborrhoeic Keratosis?

**_Skin Pathology:_** What is/are the main subtypes of Melanocytic?

1. **Benign:** Melanocytic nevi (=moles). They can be junctional, compound or intradermal 2. **Malignant:** melanoma

**_Dermatitis/eczema:_** What is the classification of Dermatitis?

1. **Aptoic dermatitis** 2. **Contact dermatitis** 3. **Sebrrhoeic dermatitis** Histology: 1. **ACUTE:** 1. Spongiosis 2. Inflammatory infiltrate in dermis 3. Dilated dermal capillaries 2. **CHRONIC:** 1. Acanthosis 2. Crusting 3. Scaling

**_Cutaneous Neoplasms:_** What is the classification of Cutaneous Neoplasms?

1. **Benign** 1. Seborrhoeic Keratosis 2. **Premalignant** 1. Actinic (solar/Senile Keratosis) 2. Keratoacanthoma 3. Bowen’s Disease 3. **Malignant** 1. Squamous cell carcinoma 2. Basal cell carcinoma

**_Amyloidosis:_** What is the definition of Amyloidosis and its classification?

**_Amyloidosis:_** What is/are the aetiology and investigations of Primary Amyloidosis?

**_Amyloidosis:_** What is/are the aetiology and investigations of Secondary Amyloidosis?

**_Amyloidosis:_** What is the aetiology of Haemodialysis associated Amyloidosis?

**_Amyloidosis:_** What is/are the aetiology and subtypes of Familial Amyloidosis?

**_Amyloidosis:_** What are the clinical features of Amyloidosis?

**_Amyloidosis:_** What is the Pathology of Amyloidosis?

**_Sarcoidosis:_** What is the definition of Sarcoidosis?

**_Sarcoidosis:_** What are the histology findings of Sarcoidosis?

**_Sarcoidosis:_** What is/are the epidemiology, aetiology and typical presentation of Sarcoidosis?

**_Sarcoidosis:_** What are the extrapulmonary manifestations of Sarcoidosis?

**_Sarcoidosis:_** What are the investigations for Sarcoidosis?

**_Obstructive Lung Diseases:_** What is/are the site, pathology, aetiology, clinical features, histological features and complications of Chronic bronchitis?

**_Obstructive Lung Diseases:_** What is/are the site, pathology, aetiology, clinical features, histological features and complications of Bronchiectasis?

**_Obstructive Lung Diseases:_** What is/are the site, pathology, aetiology, clinical features, histological features and complications of Asthma?

**_Obstructive Lung Diseases:_** What is/are the site, pathology, aetiology, clinical features, histological features and complications of Emphysema?

**_Obstructive Lung Diseases:_** What is/are the site, pathology, aetiology, clinical features, histological features and complications of Small airway disease / Bronchiolitis?

**_Obstructive lung diseases:_** What are the Inflammatory causes of Bronchiectasis?

**_Obstructive lung diseases:_** What are the congenital causes of Bronchiectasis?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What are interstitial lung diseases?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** How much of respiratory practice is due to interstitial lung diseases? What features of interstitial lung diseases show on spirometry?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What do interstitial lung diseases typically present with? Why is it difficult to find the original causes in end stage disease?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What are the types of Fibrosing interstitial lung diseases?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What are the types of Granulomatous interstitial lung diseases?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What is/are the definition, M:F ratio, aetiology and histology of Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What is/are the symptoms and management of Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What is/are the symptoms and aetiology of Pneumoconiosis?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What is the definition of Granulomatous lung disease? What are examples of Granulomatous infections?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What are the following examples of and what are their histological findings? 1. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis 2. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 3. Cryptogenic organising pneumonia 4. Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP)

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What causes an acute presentation of: 1. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis 2. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 3. Cryptogenic organising pneumonia 4. Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP)

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What causes a chronic presentation of: 1. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis 2. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 3. Cryptogenic organising pneumonia 4. Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia (BOOP)

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What are the subtypes of Pneumonia?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What is/are the epidemiology, genetics, symptoms and histology of Squamous cell carcinoma?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What is/are cytology, subtypes and progression of Squamous cell carcinoma?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What is/are the epidemiology, aetiology, histology and cytology of Lung Adenocarcinoma?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What is/are the aetiology, epidemiology, genetics, and symptoms of Small Cell carcinoma?

**_Interstitial lung diseases:_** What are the features of Large Cell Carcinoma?

**_Paraneoplastic syndromes:_** What are the paraneoplastic syndromes caused by: 1. ADH 2. ACTH 3. PTH/PTHrP 4. Calcitonin 5. Serotonin 6. Bradykinin

**_Paraneoplastic syndromes:_** What are the molecular features of paraneoplastic syndrome?

**_Paraneoplastic syndromes:_** What is the staging of paraneoplastic syndromes?

**_Paraneoplastic syndromes:_** What is a mesothelioma?

**_Paraneoplastic syndromes:_** What is the staging of paraneoplastic syndromes?

**_Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:_** What is/are the aetiology and risk factors of Pulmonary Embolism?

**_Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:_** What are the subtypes of Pulmonary Embolism?

**_Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:_** What is/are the definition and subtypes of Pulmonary Hypertension?

**_Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:_** What is the pathophysiology of Pulmonary Hypertension?

**_Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:_** What are the complications of Pulmonary Hypertension?

**_Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:_** What is pulmonary oedema?

**_Diseases of the Pulmonary Vasculature:_** What is diffuse alveolar damage?