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MBC > Histopathology > Flashcards

Histopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What does a histopathologist do?

A

Deals with tissues

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2
Q

What does a cytopathologist do?

A

Deals with cells

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3
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

Small sections of tissue removed from patient.

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4
Q

Explain how a biopsy is prepared?

A

Typically placed in formalin solution which preserves tissue by cross-linking proteins

Sample is embedded in paraffin wax to allow v thin sections (2-3 micrometers thick) to be cut out by a MICROTOME

mounted on a glass slide and further prepped before analysis

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5
Q

List the stains, and what they stain, used in biopsy specimen

A

Haematoxylin & eosin (H&E):
- used to identify nuclei and cytoplasmic granules of leukocytes within tissues

Ziehl-Neesen:
- acid-fast bacteria (red), aiding diagnosis of TB infection

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6
Q

What is a resection specimen?

A

Taken from a tissue removed as part of a surgical procedure and can be processed as for a biopsy

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7
Q

What is resection used for primarily?

A

Looking at the stage of disease

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8
Q

What is the tissue from resections also used for?

A

Donated to biobanks and used to inform genomic studies of disease process

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9
Q

What is a frozen section?

A

it is taken during a surgical procedure and examined by the pathologists in real time while patient is being operated on

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10
Q

How is the frozen specimen produced?

A

Tissue is frozen in cryostat, cut and then mounted on a glass slide and stained as for biopsies

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11
Q

What does tissue for frozen sections have to be which differs from the others?

A

Fresh and free of preservatives - like formalin

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12
Q

Timings for each method

A

frozen section: 30 mins
biopsies: 2-3 days
resection specimen: 5-7 days

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13
Q

What is cytopathology?

A

Working with cells which are collected and then smeared onto a microscope

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14
Q

What are fine needle aspirates used for?

A

To get into a lesion and suck out (aspirate) the cells which can be analysed as for a smear

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15
Q

Why is a fine needle aspirate useful?

A

It can penetrate relatively inaccessible tissues (e.g. thyroid nodule) and assess the suspect mass without the need for surgery

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16
Q

What is the downside to a fine needle aspirate?

A

Cytopathologist is unable to comment on likely architecture of tissue

17
Q

What is Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

Rare cancer indicative of immunodeficiency (e.g. in AIDS)

Spindly looking cells penetrate collagen fibres

18
Q

What does an antibody have to recognize on an endothelial cell for it to be an endotehlial cell diagnosis?

A

CD31 marker

19
Q

What can be measured through antibody levels?

A

Degree of autoimmune response

20
Q

Name three autoimmune diseases

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Sjörgen’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis

21
Q

What are the 4 antibody conjugates?

A

Enzymes
Fluorescent probes
Magnetic beads
Drugs

22
Q

Give examples of enzyme conjugates.

A

Peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase (catalyse a reaction on specific receptors we want -> colourless dye to colour e.g. in CD31)

23
Q

Give examples of fluorescent probes.

A

These can allow the rapid measurement of the levels of molecules within a sample.

24
Q

Why are fluorescent probes so useful?

A

Multiplexing - several different antibodies with different fluoroprobes identify different cells which is important as some samples are incredibly precious

25
Q

What are magnetic beads conjugates used for?

A

The purification of cell types for example.

26
Q

Give examples of drug conjugates.

A

Kadcyla - an anti-HER2 antibody linked to cytotoxic chemical emtansine

27
Q

What are the conjugates attached to?

A

Fc region of the antibody

28
Q

What is the Fab?

A

Antigen binding fragment made up of one variable and one constant domain with one light and one heavy chain

29
Q

What is the Fc?

A

Fragment, crystallisable; composed of two heavy chains which contribute to two or three constant domains

By binding to specific proteins the Fc region ensures that the antibody generates an appropriate response to a given antigen

30
Q

Two ways in which antibodies can be used as a diagnostic tool

A

Direct detection

Indirect detection - (unmarked antibody binds to antigen and then antibody with antigen is made specific to the primary antibody)

31
Q

What are some of the uses of manufactured antibodies?

A

Blood group serology

Immunoassays e.g. detection of hormones circulating antibodies/antigens

Immunodiagnosis e.g. infectious disease, antibody levels (high circulating lvls of ab - myeloma, HIV), IgE (allergic phenotype)

32
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay

MBC (3 decks)

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