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MBC > Fluid Compartments and Solutes > Flashcards

Fluid Compartments and Solutes Flashcards

1
Q

Which ion is most plentiful in the plasma?

A

Na+

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2
Q

Which ion is most plentiful inside the cells?

A

K+

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3
Q

How are the internally high concentrations neutralised?

A

By a variety of anions like proteins, nucleic acids and phosphorylated proteins

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4
Q

What is the main intracellular anion and why?

A

Organic phosphate which is a key metabolite in ATP production and cell signalling

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5
Q

Explain how proteins are anions?

A

Usually have a net negative charge and although they are found in low concentrations, they have a high net negative charge.

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6
Q

What is the osmolarity between the blood and the intracellular compartment?

A

Identical except the regions of the kidney

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7
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

The spontaneous movement of solute down a concentration gradient until the solute molecules reach an equilibrium.

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8
Q

What is an osmole?

A

The number of moles that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a solution

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9
Q

What is more reliable to determine the cells survival and state?

A

Tonicity not osmolarity

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10
Q

Why do cells not burst?

A

Because the Na+K+-ATPase maintains concentration of Na+ ions much lower inside the cell than outside

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11
Q

Explain the function of the ATP-ase

A

Makes membrane “effectively permeable” to Na+ because any Na+ diffusing down the concentration gradient is pumped out again => there is no net movement

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12
Q

Explain what can diffuse through the bilayer

A

Gases and hydrophobic molecules

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13
Q

How can you slow down ischaemic changes to organs?

A

Rapid cooling to 4 degrees C via perfusing tissues with cold solutions via arterial supply => reducing deterioration and allowing transport

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14
Q

Characteristics of Na+K+ATP-ase function

A

Stops functioning below 15 degrees C, compounded with the fact that there is little O2 without circulation => little ATP to fuel the pump

Therefore, unless precautions are taken, Na+ will enter the cell (along with Cl-) and water will also enter as K+ exits => cell will burst and this leads to cell death

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15
Q

What solution is used to prevent the damage to transplant organs?

A

University of Wisconsin solution (UW solution)

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16
Q

3 main factors that serve to reduce swelling in UW-infused tissues.

A
  1. Lack of Na+ or Cl- (therefore no influx is possible)
  2. Presence of extracellular impermeant solutes (lactobionate ions, raffinose)
  3. Presence of a macromolecular colloid (starch)
17
Q

What antioxidants are used to protect organs from reactive oxygen species?

A

alluprinol and glutathione

18
Q

What is the volume of blood plasma and how much leaks out every day?

A

Total volume = 3L

8L leak out every day

19
Q

How often must the blood plasma recirculate and where through?

A

Every 9 hours the entire plasma volume must pass through the interstitial space and back into blood circulation

20
Q

What is the difference between the blood brain barrier and the normal endothelium of capillaries?

A

The BBB is tightly sealed so there is no uncontrolled movement of small water soluble substances which squeeze through the fenestrations

21
Q

What is it called when higher concentration of plasma proteins generates an osmotic and hydrostatic pressure?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

22
Q

What is the movement of solute and fluid across a vessel wall determined by?

A

Balance between opposing pressures

23
Q

Relationship between COP and hydrostatic pressure

A

Although COP draws solute fluid in, high hydrostatic pressure pushes it back out therefore there is a net leakage

24
Q

What is the term used to describe accumulation of fluids in tissues?

A

Oedema

25
Q

What is oedema a result of?

A

Due to an imbalance in the normal cycle of fluid exchange in tissues => causing fluid to accumulate in the interstitial space

26
Q

What is a common cause of oedema?

A

An increase in the permeability of capillary walls

27
Q

What happens in leaky capillaries?

A

Increased pore size means proteins are lost which reduces the COP and so fluids are pushed out more easily

28
Q

Why is oedema caused in terms of lymphatics?

A

Leakage of plasma exceeds the capacity of the lymphatics to collect and return to circulation

29
Q

List the lymphokinetic motion and pressure gradient starting from high pressure

A

High pressure:
| Blood capillaries
| Interstitial fluid
| Lymph capillaries
| Lymph veins
| Lymph ducts
| Large circ. veins
Lowest pressure:

30
Q

What is one of the cardinal features of inflammation?

A

Oedema

31
Q

What happens if some lymphatic vessels are removed e.g. as part of breast cancer op., or blocked e.g. elephantitis?

A

There is insufficient drainage so oedema results

32
Q

What happens if a person has really high BP?

A

Hydrostatic oedema (esp in diabetic men)

MBC (3 decks)

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