Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Leila's Yr 5 Pathology (COPY) > Histopathology 7 - Respiratory pathology > Flashcards

Histopathology 7 - Respiratory pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Heart failure cells - also known as?

A

Iron laden macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Iron laden macrophages seen in…

A

Pulmonary oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is diffuse alveolar damage known as in adults and children?

A 
Adults = ARDS
Children = RDS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of ARDS

A 
Infection
Aspiration
Trauma
Inhaled irritants
Shock
Blood transfusion
DIC

ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Basic pathology in ARDS/RDS

A

Diffuse alveolar damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gross pathology in ARDS/RDS

A

Fluffy white infiltrates in lung fields
Plum coloured lungs
Heavy >1kg
lungs expanded/firm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Micro-pathology in ARDS/RDS

A
  1. Capillary congestion
  2. Exudative phase
  3. Hyaline membranes
  4. Organising phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chronic changes seen on pathology in asthma

A

Mucus plugging
Muscular hypertrophy
Airway narrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Eosinophils and goblet cell hyperplasia

A

Asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Definition of chronic bronchitis

A

Chronic cough productive of sputum; most days for >3 months >2 consecutive years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chronic bronchitis pathology

A

hypertrophy of mucous glands
goblet cell hyperplasia
Dilated airways + inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Complications of chronic bronchitis

A

Recurrent infection
Chronic respiratory failure –> pulm HTN + RHF
Increased risk of lung cancer independent of smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Definition of emphysema

A

permanent loss of alveolar parenchyma distal to the terminal bronchiole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of emphysema

A

Smoking
A1AT deficiency
IVDU
Marfan’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cause of centrilobular damage to the alveoli?

A

SMOKING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cause of panacinar (throughout the long) damage to the alveoli?

A

A1AT deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pathophysiology of emphysema

A

Neutrophils and macrophages are activated by cigarette smoke and they release proteases which degrade tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Complications of emphysema

A

Bullae formation –> pneumothorax
Resp failure
Cor pulmonale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Definition of bronchiectasis

A

Permanent abnormal dilatation of the terminal bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Congenital causes of bronchiectasis

A

CF, Ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener’s syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inflammatory causes of bronchiectasis

A

Post-infectious, asthma, obstruction, secondary to bronchiolar disease, interstitial fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 complications of bronchiectasis

A

Recurrent infection
Haemoptysis/amyloidosis
Cor pulmonale, pulm HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gene and chromosome involved in CF

A

Chromosome 7, CFTR gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Most common mutation in CF

A

Delta F508

25
GI tract + CF
Meconium ileus
26
Common bacterial infections in people with CF
S.aureus, P.aeruginosa, H.influenza, B.cepacia
27
Examples of organisms causing CAP
S.pneumonia H.influenza Mycoplasma
28
Examples of HAP organisms
Gram -ve e.g. Kleb, pseudomonas
29
2 main patterns of pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia | Lobar pneumonia
30
Bronchopneumonia vs lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia: elderly, low virulence organisms (strep, Haemophilus, staph) , infection around the airways, patchy bronchial and peribroncheal distribution) Lobar: Infection focused in a LOBE OF A LUNG, PNEUMOCOCCUS (S.pneumoniae)
31
StaGES of lobar pneumonia
1. Congestion (hyperaemia and intra-alveolar fluid) 2. Red hepatisation (neutrophils) 3. Grey hepatisation (fibrosis) 4. Resolution
32
Examples of atypical pneumonia organisms
Chlamydia, Coxiella, Mycoplasma and viruses e.g. CMV
33
Atypical pneumonia
Interstitial inflammation (pneumonitis) without without accumulation of intraalveolar inflammatory cells
34
what is a granuloma?
Collection of macrophages +/- giant multinucleate cells
35
What is your first differential when thinking of granulomatous lung disease?
TB
36
Fungal causes of granulomatous lung disease
Cryptococcus, aspergillum
37
Non infectious granulomatous lung disease causes
Occupational lung disease Sarcoidosis Inhaled foreign body IVDU
38
Preferential distribution of granulomas in sarcoidosis ?
Upper zones
39
What does RHF do to the appearance of the liver?
Get nutmeg liver
40
name 3 non small cell carcinomas of the lung
SCC, adenocarcinoma and large cell tumours
41
which 2 lung tumours are common in smokers?
SCC and small cell lung cancers
42
3 types of lung cancer in order of most to least common
Adenocarcinoma SCC Small cell lung cancer
43
features of squamous cell carcinoma
smokers, central, spread locally, late mets, PTHrP
44
Features of adenocarcinoma
Non smokers, peripheral, early mets
45
Features of small cell carcinoma
Smokers, central, SIADH, LEMS, ACTH
46
3 most common female cancers
Breast Lung bowel
47
3 most common male cancers
Prostate Lung Bowel
48
3 components of cigarette smoke --> cancer
``` Tumour initiators (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) Tumour promoters (nicotine) Carcinogens (nickel, arsenic) ```
49
Keratinisation and intracellular 'prickles'
SCC
50
Describe the general changes in cells during development of SCC
Normal epithelium --> hyperplasia --> squamous metaplasia --> dysplasia --> carcinoma in situ --> invasive carcinoma
51
Precursor lesion for adenocarcinoma
Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
52
MOLECULAR pathways in development of adenocarcinoma in non-smokers?
EGFR mutation
53
Molecular pathways in development of adenocarcinoma in smokers?
kRAS, DNA methylation and p53
54
Large cell carcinomas - what are they?
Large cells which are poorly differentiated, poor prognosis
55
Mutations in small cell carcinoma
p53 and Rb1
56
chemrsensitivity of small cell vs non small cel LCs
Small cell are chemosensitive but poor prognosis, non small cell are less chemosensitive and better prognosis
57
Mainstay of treatment for small cell
Chemotherapy, surgery often not performed as usually metastasised
58
Mesothelioma - what is it? - Epidem and time course? - Cause - Behaviour + prognosis - Sx?
``` Malignant tumour of the pleura 4-50 years post asbestos exposure More common in males Fatal diagnosis SOB + chest pain ```

Leila's Yr 5 Pathology (COPY) (100 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions