histopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is atrophy

A

reduction in the size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

metaplasia

A

stable change to another cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pathological and physiological reason for hypertrophy

A

caused by myocardial infarction. or pregnancy within the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pathological cause for hyperplasia

A

prostate nodules forming, wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

causes of atrophy

A

ageing of the thymus or the menopause in the ovaries. coeliacs disease also causes this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

causes of metaplasia

A

puberty with the cervix and the vagina and smoking damaging the epithelial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the 3 elements of putrefaction

A

disfiguration discolouration and dissolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 11 traits a good fixative has

A

toxicity, cost, ease of use, doesnt cause any mutations, stops any further decomposition and autolysis of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ACE stands for

A

Alcohol Clearing Embedding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

step one of ihc

A

wax removal and rehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

step 2 of ihc

A

quenching of endogenous enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

step 3 of ihc

A

antigen retrieval via microwave and enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

step 4 of ihc

A

blocking with normal serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

step 5 of ihc

A

application of primary antibody

17
Q

step 6 of ihc

A

secondary antibodies

18
Q

step 7 of ihc

A

apply avidin-biotin solution

19
Q

step 8 of ihc

A

apply chromagen usually (DAB)

20
Q

step 9 of ihc

A

dehydration

21
Q

what is a polyclonal antibody

A

antibodies raised in animal cells that are non specific due to reacting with multiple antigens.

22
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody

A

produced in hybrid cells and are made to react with a specific antigen with one antibody. higher cost.

23
Q

early post mortem changes

A

anaerobic respiration, acidity of blood. coagulation and relaxation. autolysis and skin slippage also occur

24
Q

late post mortem changes

A

rigor mortis- rigidity of skeletal muscle
algor mortis- normal cooling as body equilibrates with the environment
livor mortis- gravitational pooling of blood

25
Q

what is rigor mortis

A

rigidity of skeletal muscle due to calcification

26
Q

what is alvor mortis

A

cooling of the body so its in equilibrium with the external environment

27
Q

what is livor mortis

A

this is when there is blood pooling due to gravitational force

28
Q

stage1 of bone burning

A

removal of water dye to moisture evaporation

29
Q

stage 2 of bone burning

A

decomposition- organic component is lost

30
Q

stage 3 of bone burning

A

changes of the inorganic mineral part of bone

31
Q

stage 4 of bone burning

A

fusion crystals begin to form due to minerals melting and fusing together

32
Q

what method is used to process bone

A

decalcification- acid based/ use of chelating agents

33
Q

acid based calcification summed up

A

strong acid- takes 24-48 hours, swells tissue making harder further analysis but is fastest
weak acid- takes longer and can be used alongside formalin in order to counteract damage caused

34
Q

chelating decalcifying agents summed up

A

binds to calcium ions. works better with alkaline. slowest process but removes calcium layer by layer talk about edta

35
Q

reasons why bone is hard to degrade

A

high pH due to relationship between osseous deterioation and acidity
soil temperature
collagen is resistant to microbrial attack

36
Q

alcohol step

A

removes the fixative and water from the tissue and replaces them with dehydrating fluid

37
Q

clearing

A

using histoclear to remove alcohol with both the dehydrating fluid and embedding media

38
Q

embedding step

A

replaces the clearing agent with embedding media mainly paraffin wax. this leads to block formation

39
Q

how are damaged proteins removed

A

tag by 26s proteosome
ubiquitin is transferred by the target protein via an atp dependant enzyme system