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blood science Flashcards

1
Q

how to diagnose MI

A

the rise and fall in cardiac biomarkers
serial changes of an ecg
ischaemic type chest pain

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2
Q

group a+ patient can receive

A

group a+/- or group o+/-

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3
Q

group ab- can receive

A

group o- and group ab-

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4
Q

group o+ can receive

A

group o+/-

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5
Q

group b- can receive

A

group o- and group b-

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6
Q

test for coagulation

A

sodium citrate due to its sensitivity to anticoagulant contamination and works at a fixed rate

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7
Q

tunica intima

A

made of endothelial cells and acts as a negatively charged surface

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8
Q

tunica media

A

mainly collagen and smooth muscle important for its pro-coagulant surface

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9
Q

tunica adventitia

A

made of fibrocytes and collagen type 3. is packed with tissue factor and activates coagulation.

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10
Q

what are the 3 stages of vascular insult

A

spasm plug coagulation

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the spasm

A

spasm slows blood flow and is controlled by smooth muscle cells

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12
Q

what is the purpose of plugging

A

using platelets to form a wall and support the thrombus

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13
Q

what is the purpose of coagulation

A

using coagulation factors in order to reinforce the wall and catch any formed elements

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14
Q

what is a common vasoconstrictor

A

N02 + txa2 accelerates vasoconstriction and causes platelets to stick together

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15
Q

what is the intrinsic pathway

A

uses atp and forms on thrombus after being activated by trauma within vascular system.
requires FX11 FX1 FX FV111

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16
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway

A

occurs when external trauma is found. requires FV11 pulls in factor X and creates thrombin burst

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17
Q

what is the common factor

A

end point where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways meet, process creates a fibrin net to prevent leakage. Uses F11 FV FX

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18
Q

Where are coagulation factors made

A

liver

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19
Q

what are vitamin k dependant factors

A

2,7,9,10

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20
Q

what is haemophillia a

A

it is an x linked disorder that affects men and is the inability to produce factor 8

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21
Q

what is haemophillia b

A

it is an inability to produce factor 9. patient presents with bleeding.

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22
Q

what is the use of creatine kinase

A

use when no skeletal muscle damage is present. is specific to the heart. peaks within 8-10 hours

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23
Q

what is lactate dehydrogenase

A

not very specific for heart. peaks after 72 hours, persists for a long time

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24
Q

what is troponin i

A

peaks within 24-48 hours. best but most expensive. highly specific and sensitive

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25
what does prothrombin time do
PT test measure the intrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. measures time for clot to form
26
what does appt measure
the extrinsic pathway and common pathway. measures time for clot to form.
27
how to test for collagen binding factor v111 and pro-peptide level
use elisa on von williebrand factor
28
what is albumin
single polypeptide chain responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure within the blood
29
what is alpha-1 antitrypsin
a hormone that breaks down proteins such as neutrophils. has a link to oestrogen and lung disease.
30
what is beta-2 microglobulin proteinused for?
found on surface of human cells. if elevated assume renal dysfunction and malignancy
31
what is bile
A cholesterol-derived liquid produced by hepatocytes in the liver
32
what is hepatitis
inflammation of the liver due to fattening of hepatocytes. can lead to cirrhosis
33
what is cholestasis
a blockage of bile
34
3 stages of alcoholic liver disease
fatty liver disease- alcoholic hepatitis- alcoholic cirrhosis
35
what does the aminotransferase test do
measures enzyme activity. shows hepatocellular damage
36
what does alkaline phosphatase do
hydrolyses phosphate into alkaline solution. can indicate hepatitis or a tumour. is an enzyme however non-specific
37
what does billirubin do
tests for haemolysis. if concentration high assume jaundice may be present.
38
what does GGT do
used as a probe to tell if patient has drank works well with alkaline phosphatase
39
what does albumin do
most produced protein indicative of major damage.
40
what dies the alpha 1 antitrypsin test do
if deficient assume cirrhosis
41
what does Alpha-fetoprotein cause?
slightly raised in hepatitis. significantly raised in cancer in the liver
42
explain the process of erythropoiesis
take a totipotent stem cell introduce IL-3 and GM-CSF multipotent stem cell then gets hit with il-3 again BFU-E CFU-E introduce erythropoietin
43
name all important cytokines to erythropoiesis
il-1 6 for gm-csf stimulation il-3-4-6 for multipotent cell stimulation
44
whats a patient that has high white cell count
leukocytosis
45
patient with a low white cell count
leukopenia
46
whats a high neutrophil count called
neutrophilia
47
whats a low neutrophil count
neutropenia
48
what causes macrocytsosis
b12 and folate
49
what causes microcytosis
ida
50
what is the diagnostic triad for leukemia
leukocytosis. auer rods anaemia
51
what is the diagnostic triad for lymphoma
look for reed-sternberg cells hodgkins (owl face cells) solid lymph nodes
52
What is the diagnostic triad for leukemia
splenomegaly. hepatosplenomegaly. leukocytosis
53
diagnostic triad for myeloma
production of Bence Johnes paraproteins excessive removal of bone nervous damage due to excessive calcium
54
name a haemoglobinopathy
sickle cell anaemia
55
treatments of sickle cell anaemia
transfused blood
56
stage 1 of lymphoma and treatment
cancer has only manifested in one region. can be treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. shrink tumour
57
stage 2 of lymphoma and treatment
cancer has appeared in two nodes on the same side of the body. treat with chemotherapy and radiotherapy
58
stage 3 of lymphoma and treatment
indicates cancer has spread to the other side of the body. more advanced. treat with radiotherapy /and chemotherapy
59
stage 4 of lymphoma and treatment
cancer has metastasised outside the lymphatic system and made secondary cancers. often treat with chemotherapy alone
60
the best way of diagnosing leukaemia?
use cytochemistry after doing a bone marrow biopsy
61
best way of diagnosing non-hodgkins lymphoma
use a biopsy of excision skin (skin lesion)
62
best way of diagnosing hodgkins lymphoma
full blood count biopsy
63
how are eosinophils made
stem cell colony forming unit(GEMM) IL-3+GM-CSF CFU (monocyte eosinophil granulocyte) CFU-E IL-5
64
How are neutrophils made
stem cell colony forming unit(GEMM) IL-3+GM-CSF CFU (monocyte eosinophil granulocyte) CFU(granulocyte monocyte) g-CSF Colony Forming Unit-granulocyte
65
how are monocytes made
stem cell colony forming unit(GEMM) IL-3+GM-CSF CFU (monocyte eosinophil granulocyte) CFU(granulocyte monocyte) G-CSF Colony Forming Unit-Granulocyte
66
how to diagnose alcoholic cirrhosis
use ggt and alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferase and ultrasound
67
how to diagnose liver carcinoma
alkaline phosphatase (5x) and alphafertonin. use imaging techniques of biopsy for diagnosis
68
how to diagnose hepatitis
use billirubin and alkaline phosphatase to indicate liver function. use ultrasound to diagnose/ biopsy

biomed (7 decks)

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