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Bacte semi finals 7_10 > Histopath module 1 > Flashcards

Histopath module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

may vary according to: the structural
and chemical components of the cells to be examined or studied, the
nature and amount of the tissue to be evaluated, and the need for an
immediate examination of a tissue structure.

A

FRESH TISSUE EXAMINATION

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2
Q

process whereby selected tissue specimen is immersed in a watch
glass containing isotonic salt solution, carefully dissected or
separated, and examined under the microscope. Either unstained by
phase contrast microscope or bright field microscope or stained with
differential dyes.

A

Teasing or dissociation

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3
Q

is a process whereby small pieces of tissue not more than one mm. in
diameter are placed in a slide and forcibly compressed with another
slide or with a cover glass

A

SQUASH PREPARATION

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4
Q

process of examining sections or sediments, whereby cellular
materials are spread lightly over a slide means of a wire loop. This
technique is especially usefully in cytological examinations,
particularly for a cancer diagnosis.

A

SMEAR PREPARATION

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5
Q

THREE WAYS OF SMEAR PREPARATION

A
  • STREAKING
  • SPREADING
  • PULL APART
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6
Q

with an applicator stick, the material is rapidly and gently applied in
direct or zigzag line throughout the slide

A

STREAKING

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7
Q

has the advantage of maintaining a cellular inter relationships of the
material to be examined. It is especially recommended for smear
preparations of fresh sputum and bronchial aspirates and also for
thick mucoid secretions.

A

SPREADING

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8
Q
  • useful for preparing smears of thick secretions such as serous fluids,
    concentrated sputum and blood smears.
A

PULL APART

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9
Q
  • for rapid diagnosis, especially recommended when lipids and nervous
    tissue elements are to be a demonstrated
A

FROZEN SECTIONS

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10
Q

COMMONLY USED METHOD IN FREEZING TISSUE

A

Liquid nitrogen
* Isopentane cooled by nitrogen
* Carbon dioxide gas
* Aerosol sprays

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11
Q

10 STEPS IN PROCESSING TISSUE

A
  • FIXATION
  • DEHYDRATION
  • CLEARING
  • INFILTRATION (IMPREGNATTION)
  • EMBEDDING
  • TRIMMING
  • SECTION-CUTTING
  • MOUNTING
  • STAINING
  • LABELLING
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12
Q

First and most critical step in histo technology involves fixing or
preserving fresh tissue for examination.

A

FIXATION

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13
Q

to preserve morphologic and chemical integrity of the
cell in as life like a manner as possible.

A

PRIMARY AIM

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14
Q

: harden and protect the tissue from the trauma of
further handling.

A

SECONDARY GOAL

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15
Q

It is also prevents degradation decompositions , putrefaction and
distortion of tissue after removal from the body.

A

SECONDARY GOAL

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16
Q

TWO BASIC MECHANISM INVOLVED IN FIXATION

A

ADDITIVE FIXATION? NON ADDITIVE

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17
Q

fixatives is taken in and becomes part of the tissue by forming cross- links or molecular complexes and gibing stability to the protein

A

. ADDITIVE FIXATION

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18
Q

whereby the fixing agent is not incorporated into the tissue, but
ALTERS the tissue composition and stabilizes the tissue by removing the
bound water attached to H-bonds of certain groups within protein
molecule

A

. NON ADDITIVE FIXATION

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19
Q

MAIN FACTORS INVOLVED IN FIXATION

A

Hydrogen Ion concentration
temperature
thickness of sectioN
osmolalitY
concentrations
duration of fixations

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20
Q

Hydrogen Ion concentration ph?

A

ph must be 6 -8

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21
Q

temperature
for surgical specimens?

A

room temp

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22
Q

For elctron microscopy and histochemsitry

A

0-4 deg cel

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23
Q

osmolality

A

should be slightly hypertonic solutions
400-459 mOsm. Isotonic are 340 mOsm

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24
Q

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF FIXATIONS

A

SPEED
PENETRATION
VOLUME
duration of fixation

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25
Q

-to prevent autolysis and putrefaction.

A

SPEED

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26
Q

10-25 X the volume of tissue. Maximum effective is 20x

A

VOLUME

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27
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIXATIVE

A
  1. Must be a cheap
  2. must be stable
    3.must be a safe to handle
  3. must kill the cell quickly thereby producing minimum distortion of
    cell constituents
  4. must inhibit bacterial decomposition and autolysis
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28
Q

TYPES OF FIXATIVES ACCORDING TO
COMPOSITION

A

SIMPLE FIXATIES
METALLIC FIXATIVE
COMPOUND FIXATIVE

29
Q

TYPES OF FIXATIVES ACCORDING TO
COMPOSITION
SIMPLE FIXATIES example: 1-2

A

A. formaldehyde
B. glutaraldehyde

30
Q

TYPES OF FIXATIVES ACCORDING TO
COMPOSITION
Mettalic Fixatives

A

A.mercuric chloride
B.chromate fixative
C. lead fixative
D. heat

31
Q

TYPES OF FIXATIVES ACCORDING TO
COMPOSITION
METALLIC FIXATIVES
Under B.chromate fixative 1-2

A
  • potassium dichromate
  • chromic acid
32
Q

TYPES OF FIXATIVES ACCORDING TO
COMPOSITION
Under ng C. lead fixative 1-5
METALLIC FIXATIVES

A

picirc acid
acetic acid
acetone
alcohol
osmium tetroxide

33
Q

TYPES OF FIXATIVES ACCORDING
TO ACTION

A

A. MICRONATOMICAL FIXATIVES
B. CYTOLOGICAL FIXATIVE

34
Q

TYPES OF FIXATIVES ACCORDING
TO ACTION
-Those permit the general microscopic study of tissue structures without
altering the structural pattern .

A

MICRONATOMICAL FIXATIVES

35
Q

ACCORDING TO ACTION
A. MICRONATOMICAL FIXATIVES EXAMPLE
1-8

A

10% formol saline
* 10% neutral buffered formalin
* heidanhain’s susa
* Formol sublimate
* zenker’s sol
* zenker- formol
* bouins sol
* Brasil’so

36
Q

ACCORDING TO ACTION
B. CYTOLOGICAL FIXATIVES
Nuclear fixatives example 1-5

A

Nuclear fixatives
1.1 flemming’s fluid
1.2Carnoy’s fluid
1.3Bouin’s fluid
1.4Heidenhain’s susA

37
Q

B. CYTOLOGICAL FIXATIVES
- they have ph of 4.6 or less

A

Nuclear fixatives

38
Q
  1. CYTOPLASMIC FIXATIVE
A

2.1 aCETIC ACID
2.2 flemmings fluid w/o acetic acid
2.3 kelly’s fluid
2.4 Formalin w/o post chroming
2.5 Orths Fluid2.1ACETIC ACID

39
Q

3.HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVE

A

3.1Formol saline 10%
3.2Absolute ethyl alcohol
3.3Acetone
3.4Newcomer’s fluid

40
Q

-fixes but does not precipitate cytoplasmic structures.
-preserves lipids and mitochondria

A

POTASSIUM DICHROMATE

41
Q
  • recommended for demonstration of golgi bodies.
  • Does not preserve fats
A

REGARD’S (MULLER’S) FLUID

42
Q
  • recommended for study early of degenerative processes and tissue
    necrosis.
  • Demonstrates rickettsiae and other bacteria.
A

ORTH’S FLUID

43
Q
  • recommended for acid mucopolysaccharides
  • Fix connective tissue mucin
A

LEAD FIXATIVE

44
Q
  • excellent fixative for glycogen demonstration.
  • yellow color may produced, it can be removed treatment with another
    dye (lithium carbonate)
A

PICRIC ACID

45
Q
  • recommended for fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies.
  • does not need washing out.
A

. BOUIN’S SOLUTION

46
Q
  • excellent fixative for glycogen.
A

BRASILS ALCOHOLIC PICROFORMOL FIXATIVE

47
Q
  • fixes and precipitates nucleoproteins
  • solidify at 17 deg cel
A

GLACIAL ACETIC ACID

48
Q
  • used as both fixative and dehydrating agent
A

ALCOHOL FIXATIVES

49
Q
  • excellent for fixing dry and wet smears, blood smear and bone
    marrow smear.
A

METHYL ALCOHOL

50
Q
  • recommended for fixing chromosomes, lymph glands and urgent
    biopsies.
  • most rapid fixative
A

CARNOY’S FLUID

51
Q
  • most common chrome osmium acetic acid fixative
  • recommended for nuclear preparation
A

FLEMMING’S SOL

52
Q

-RECOMMENDED FOR CYTOPASMIC STRUCTURE PATICULARY
MITOCHONDRIA

A

FLEMMING’S SOL WITHOUT ACETIC ACI

53
Q

-Use as weak decalcifying agen

A

TRICHLOROACETIC ACID

54
Q

recommended for the study of water diffusible enzymes esp.
phosphatase and lipase. fixing brains and Diagnosing rabies

A

ACETONE

55
Q
  • to facilitate and improve demonstration
  • to make special stain possible
A

SECONDARY FIXATION

56
Q

DECALCIFICA TION
* Calcium may be removed by the following

A

acid
Chelating agents
Ion exchange resins
electrical ionization

57
Q
  • Most common and the fastest decalcifying agent used so far. However
    it inhibits nuclear stain and destroying tissues especially in
    concentrated solutions.
A

NITRIC ACID

58
Q
  • Recommended for urgent biopsies and for needle and small biopsy
    specimens to permit rapid diagnosis within 24 hrs. or less.
A

Aqueous nitric add solution 10%

59
Q
  • Rapid acting; recommended for urgent biopsies
  • Produce yellow color; remedy: neutralizing tissue in 5% sodium
    sulfate and washing in running tap water for atleast 12 hrs. addition
    of 0.1% urea to pure concentrated nitric acid will also make
    discoloration disappear without affecting the efficiency of the
    decalcifying agent.
A

FORMOL-NITRIC ACID

60
Q
  • Recommended for routine purposes
  • Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining is good.
  • Maceration is avoided due to the presence of chromic acid and
    alcohol
  • Not recommended for urgent work.
  • Composed of chromic acid, ethyl alcohol and nitric ac
A

PERENYI’S FLUID

61
Q
  • Most rapid decalcifying agent
A

PHLOROGLUCIN NITRIC ACID

62
Q
  • Moderately rapid decalcifying agent.
    Does not require washing out
    before dehydration.
    Recommended for teeth and small pieces of bone
A

VON EBNER’S FLUID

63
Q
  • Process by which processed tissue, most commonly paraffin
    embedded tissue, is trimmed and cut into uniformly thin slices or
    sections to facilitate studies under he microscope. And that is
    microtomy.
A

MICROTOMY

64
Q

THREE ESSENTIAL PART

A
  • BLOCK HOLDER
  • KNIFE CARRIER AND KNIFE
  • PAWL, RATCHER FEED WHEEL AND ADJUSTMENT SCREWS
65
Q
  • For cutting serial sections of large blocks of paraffin embedded
    tissues.
  • It is invented by Paldwell Trefall in 1881.
  • It is considered as simplest type of microtome.
  • It is not recommended for serial sections since tissues are cut in
    slightly curved planes.
A

ROCKING (CAMBRIGE MICROTOME)

66
Q
  • for cutting paraffin embedded sections.
  • It is invented by Minot in 1885-1886.
  • This is the most common type used for both routine and research
    laboratories.
A

ROTARY (MINOT) MICROTOME

67
Q
  • Used for cutting celloidin embedded sections.
  • It was developed by Adams in1789.
A

SLIDING MICROTOME

68
Q
A
69
Q
A

Bacte semi finals 7_10 (2 decks)

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