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Case 10: Urinary System > Histology: Urinary System > Flashcards

Histology: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 3 principle functions of the urinary system

A
  1. Excretion: removal of waste products from bodily fluids
  2. Elimination: discharge of waste products from body via urine
  3. Homeostatic regulation: blood plasma volume & solute concentration
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2
Q

What is excretion of urine called & what organ is responsible for creating urine

A

Urination/micturition
Kidneys

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3
Q

What is the 4 homeostatic function of urinary system

A
  1. Regulate blood volume, blood pressure & plasma ion concentration (K, Na, Cl & Ca)
  2. Help stabilize blood pH
  3. Conserve valuable nutrients
  4. Assist liver to detoxify substances
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4
Q

What is a nephron

A

Basic structural & functional unit of the kidney

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5
Q

What is the 2 types of nephrons & their differences

A
  1. Cortical nephron: mostly in cortex w/ short Loop of Henle
  2. Juxtamedullary nephron: in cortex & medulla w/ long Loop of Henle
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6
Q

What is the blood flow in the kidney

A

Renal artery to interlobar artery to accurate artery to interlobular artery to interlobular vein to arcuate vein to interlobar vein & renal vein

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7
Q

What is the 2 capillary networks of renal system & where they arise from

A
  1. Glomerulus that arise from afferent arteriole
  2. Vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephron) & peritubullar capillaries (cortical nephron) from efferent arteriole
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8
Q

What is the blood supply for a glomerulus

A

Fed by afferent arteriole & drained by efferent arteriole

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9
Q

What is the function of peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

A

Reabsorption &s excretion between blood & inner lumen of nephron

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10
Q

Where do you find the medullary ray & what does it consist of

A

In the cortex
Aggregation of straight tubules (collecting duct, ascending & descending segments) in the middle of renal lobule

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11
Q

What does a renal corpuscle consist of

A

Glomerulus & glomerular capsule

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12
Q

Where do you find the renal corpuscle

A

Renal cortex

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13
Q

What is the 5 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  1. Macula dense
  2. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
  3. Juxtaglomerular cells
  4. Afferent arteriole
  5. Efferent arteriole
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14
Q

Where is the macula dense cells located

A

Faces the triangular region created by afferent & efferent arteriole & DCT

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15
Q

What is the innervation of the renal corpuscle & 2 effects

A

Sympathetic nerve fibers
Afferent constriction or renin secretion by juxtaglomerular cells

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16
Q

Where is the vascular- & urinary pole found

A

Vascular pole at afferent arteriole
Urinary pole at PCT where urine forms

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17
Q

What does the glomerular filtration contain

A

Fluid & solutes forced out of blood at glomerulus (size dependent)

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18
Q

What is the effect of blood pressure on GFR

A

Increase as the afferent arteriole is larger in diameter than efferent arteriole

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19
Q

What is the 3 components of the glomerular membrane

A
  1. Capillary endothelium fee started, highly permeable w/ glycoproteins to slow down filtration
  2. Glomerular basement membrane slow down filtration
  3. Filtration slits made by pedicles of podocytes that are very selective
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20
Q

What protein can be found at filtration slits & their action

A

Nephrin that acts as cell adhesion making it very selective

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21
Q

From what is mesangial cells formed from

A

Macrophages

22
Q

Where can you find mesangial cells

A

Between podocytes & glomerulus

23
Q

What is the 5 functions of mesangial cells

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Phagocytic
  3. Contractile
  4. Secretory
  5. Proliferative
24
Q

What 4 substances does mesangial cells secrete for structural support

A
  1. Collagen IV
  2. Laminin
  3. Fibronectin
  4. Perlecan
25
Q

What does mesangial cells phagocytoses

A

Basement membrane turnover & IgG that gets stuck

26
Q

What is the effect of mesangial cells being contractile

A

Regulate intraglomerular blood flow i response to angiotensin 2

27
Q

What 4 substances does mesangial cells secrete

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Mesangial matrix
  3. Cytokines causing inflammation & occlusion of capillaries
  4. Endothelin vasoconstriction of afferent & efferent arteriole
28
Q

What is the cell types of PCT

A

Large cuboidal cells w/ central nuclei & irregular lumen

29
Q

Describe the cell structure of PCT

A

Tall brush borders w/ undefined cell borders & leaky tight junctions

30
Q

What type of staining is present in PCT

A

Eosinophilic due to high mitochondria content

31
Q

What is the function of PCT

A

Reabsoprtion of water, ions & organic nutrients due to osmotic gradient created by glucose & NaCl reA

32
Q

Describe the thin & thick limb of the Loop of Henle & their functions

A
  1. Thin descending limb: thin simple squamous epithelium for water reabsorption
  2. Thin ascending limb: thin simple squamous epithelium for NaCl reabsorption & impermeable to water
  3. Thick ascending limb: low cuboidal epithelium for NaCl reabsorption w/ active reabsorption of Na due to NaKATPase in basolateral & Na-K-2Cl in apical
33
Q

Name two structural components that make Loop of Henle ideal for reabsoprtion

A
  1. Numerous mitochondria to provide energy
  2. Numerous interdigitations to increase surface ares for transporter
34
Q

What is the main function of the Loop of Henle

A

Create high osmolarity gradient of renal medullary interstitium for water & ion reabsorption

35
Q

What hormones secretion is controlled by Loop of Henle & what is the effect

A

ADH & increase permeability of DCT & collecting ducts for water reabsorption

36
Q

What is the cell types found in the DCT

A

Low cuboidal cells w/ central nucleus bulging into lumen w/ even & wider lumen

37
Q

What is the 4 ultra structural features of DCT & the meaning there of

A

Highly regulatory
1. Well developed tight junction preventing paracellular transport
2. Interdigitations increasing surface area of membrane for Na/KATPase
3. Numerous mitochondria
4. Few small microvilli

38
Q

What is the function of DCT

A

Reabsorption of water, Na & Ca
Secretion of ions, acids, drugs & toxins

39
Q

What is the 2 cells types found in the collecting ducts, their staining & function

A
  1. Principle cells pale staining cells sensitive to ADH & reabsorption of water & Na & K secretion
  2. Intercalated cells dark stain & secrete H/HCO3 for acid base balance
40
Q

What does the cells of the collecting duct look like

A

Cuboidal to columnar cells

41
Q

What is the function of collecting ducts

A

Reabsorption of water
Reabsorption or secretion of Na, K, H & HCO3

42
Q

What is the cell type of papillary duct

A

Columnar cells

43
Q

What is the function of papillary duct

A

Deliver urine to minor calyx

44
Q

What are the cell type found in renal calyces, pelvis, ureters & bladder

A

Transitional epithelium/urothelium

45
Q

How does urothelium appear when relaxed vs stretched

A

Relaxed 5-6 layers
Stretched 2-3 layers

46
Q

What is surface cells of urothelium called

A

Umbrella cells

47
Q

What is the 2 functions of umbrella cells

A
  1. Stretch
  2. Impermeable to urine
48
Q

What proteins makes the umbrella cells impermeable

A

Uroplakins

49
Q

What is the histology of the urinary bladder regarding the layers of mucosa, lamina propria & muscularis

A

Mucosa folded lined by urothelium
Lamina propria fibroelastic connective tissue
Muscularis bundles of smooth muscles arranged irregularly as outer & inner longitudinal & circular inner layer

50
Q

What is the histology of the ureter regarding the layers of mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis & adventitia

A

Mucosa lined by urothelium
Lamia propria fibroelastic layer
Muscularis 2-3 helical layers of smooth muscle
Adventitia loose connective tissue & adipose tissue

Case 10: Urinary System (9 decks)

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