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Case 10: Urinary System > Embryology: Urinary System > Flashcards

Embryology: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

When does the development of the urinary system being

A

At week 4

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2
Q

From what structure is early development of the urinary system

A

From intermediate mesodermal on each side of embryo that condense to form urogenital ridges that is cylindrical structures

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3
Q

What is the 2 portions of the urogenital ridge & what they form

A
  1. Genital ridge forming gonads
  2. Nephrogenic cord urinary structures
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4
Q

What is the 3 structures that form from the nephrogenic cord

A
  1. Pronephro
  2. Mesonephro
  3. Metanephro
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5
Q

When & where does the pronephros form

A

Beginning of week4 arise from cervical region but also regress at end of week 4

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6
Q

What is the 2 structures of the pronephros & what they are

A
  1. Pronephric duct: tube that runs lengths of nephrogenic cord & give rise to mesonephric duct
  2. Nephrotomes: chucks of tissue that breaks off from nephrogenic cord
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7
Q

Where does the mesonephros form

A

In thoracic/upper lumbar region of nephrogenic cord

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8
Q

What are the 2 structures mesonephros consists of

A
  1. Mesonephric duct: develops from pronephric duct & extends to cloaca
  2. Mesonephric tubules: hollow, S-shaped tubules which connect to mesonephric duct on one & end form a cup (Bowman’s capsule) around a clump of capillaries (glomerulus) on the other end
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9
Q

When does the mesonephros regress & why

A

Week 10 as permanent kidneys take over

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10
Q

What does the glomerulus of the mesonephros do

A

Extract fluid from capillaries & flow down duct into cloaca forming urine

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11
Q

When & where does the metanephros form

A

Week 5 in pelvic region

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12
Q

What does the metanephros form & from what

A

The permanent kidneys
Intermediate mesoderm ear mesonephric duct

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13
Q

What is the metanephric blastema

A

Intermediate mesoderm that differentiate into metanephric mesoderm

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14
Q

What does the metanephric blastema induce

A

The mesonephric duct to sprout a ureteric bud that is connected to mesonephric duct via ureteric stalk

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15
Q

What does the ureteric secrete & what is the effect

A

As ureteric bud lengthens it secretes growth factor that cause metanephric mesoderm to grow
Ureteric bud grows into metanephric mesoderm surrounding ureteric bud

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16
Q

What does the ureteric stalk form & when

A

Ureter & at week 6

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17
Q

What does the ureteric bud form & when

A

Ureteric bud divides & form renal pelvis & division continue to form 2 major calyces, minor calyces & collecting tubules
Week 7 & 8

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18
Q

When does nephron form & from where

A

Week 8
Cells in collecting tubule signals adjacent metanephric mesoderm to form metanephric vesicles (round cells cluster)

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19
Q

What happens to the metanephric vesicles

A

Vesicle elongate & bend into S shape
DCT end connects to collecting tubule
PCT end form Bowman’s capsule & glomerulus
Portion between elongated to form Loop of Henle

20
Q

When does nephron start producing urine

A

Week 10

21
Q

What is the initial blood supply to the kidneys

A

Internal iliac arteries

22
Q

What is the blood supply for permanent kidneys

A

Renal arteries that develop form aorta

23
Q

When does the development of the bladder & urethra happen & form what

A

Week 4
Wall of tissue in cloaca forms the urorectal septum

24
Q

What does the urorectal septum do

A

Splits the cloaca into posterior anal canal & anterior urogenital sinus

25
Q

From where does the primitive bladder form

A

Top portion of urogenital sinus

26
Q

From what does the ureters develop & where does it enter to drain

A

Ureteric stalk & opens into mesonephric ducts draining into the bladder

27
Q

What happens to mesonephric ducts in week 5/6 & what does it form

A

Gets absorbed into the bladder
Forms the vesicular trigone (smooth part of the bladder)

28
Q

What does the middle portion of the urogenital sinus form in females & males

A

Females: urethra
Males: prostatic & membranous part of urethra

29
Q

What does the bottom portion of the urogenital sinus form in females & males

A

Grows towards tubercle
Females: clitoris
Males: penis

30
Q

What is renal agenesis

A

Failure of the kidneys to develop

31
Q

What is the 2 causes of renal agenesis

A
  1. Failure of nephrons to develop & failure of uttering by to branch
  2. Interaction between the metanephric mesoderm & ureteric bud fails
32
Q

When is survival w/ renal agenesis possible

A

Unilateral renal agenesis

33
Q

What happens when/ bilateral renal agenesis

A

Oligohydramnios & other anomalies due to pressure on foetus
Excretion does by placenta but will die shortly after birth

34
Q

What is ectopic kidneys

A

Failure of kidneys to ascend

35
Q

Where will kidneys be found w/ ectopic kidneys & what is the danger

A

Pelvis/lower abdomen & fully functional
Increased risk of injury as closer to surface

36
Q

What is horseshoe kidney

A

During development kidneys lie close to one another & can fuse at lower ends

37
Q

Where can you find horseshoe kidney & why

A

Anterior to aorta & lumbar spine in lower abdomen as they can not migrate upward because caught by inferior mesenteric artery

38
Q

What 2 congenital abnormalities can lead to injury

A
  1. Horseshoe kidney
  2. Ectopic kidneys
39
Q

What is the appearance of kidneys that cause hydronephrosis

A

Irregular bulging inflated bags w/ renal tissue spread over the surface & larger

40
Q

What causes hydronephrosis

A

Accessory renal artery obstructing ureter

41
Q

What is one complication of hydronephrosis

A

Recurrent UTI

42
Q

What is a complication of duplication of ureters

A

Obstruct urine drainage to bladder

43
Q

What forms the urachus

A

Allantois

44
Q

What is the adult remnant of the allantois

A

Midline ligament (medial umbilical ligament) which runs from bladder to umbilical

45
Q

What is a patent urachus

A

Allantois that does not completely disappear & tubular connection remain between bladder & umbilicus & can cause urine to leak from umbilical

46
Q

What remain as remnants for urachus

A

Small cysts

Case 10: Urinary System (8 decks)

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