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Histology S3 & S4 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells line the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

Ependymal cells

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2
Q

What connects one side of the spinal cord with the other?

A

Anterior white commissure

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3
Q

What type neurones are pyramidal in shape?

A

Motor neurones

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4
Q

Which cells are small and round, found in the spinal cord cross section?

A

Neuroglia

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5
Q

What connective tissue surrounds:
- An individual nerve fibre
- A fasicle (group of nerve fibres)
- A nerve

A
  • Endoneurium
  • Perineurium
  • Epineurium
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6
Q

What do sensory ganglia contain?

A

Nerve cell bodies of first order sensory neurones (unipolar)

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7
Q

Give some examples of sensory ganglia

A
  • Geniculate ganglion
  • Trigeminal ganglion
  • Superior and inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion
  • Superior and inferior vagal nerve
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8
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia found?

A

In the sympathetic chain (paravertebral ganglia) or anterior to it (prevertebral ganglia)

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9
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia found?

A

Close to, or within the walls of, the organs they innervate

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10
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with parasympathetic ganglia? Name their ganglia

A

Oculomotor (III): ciliary ganglion
Facial (VI): Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion
Glossopharyngeal (VIII): otic ganglion
Vagus (X): numerous / unnamed

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11
Q

What is the role of satellite cells?

A

Support nerve cell bodies

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12
Q

How does the arrangement of NCB’s in sensory ganglia differ to sympathetic?

A

Nerve cell bodies in sympathetic ganglia are smaller and are further apart (as they’re multipolar); less neat pattern
Sensory ganglia = larger and closer together; neat pattern

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13
Q

Where can you find parasympathetic ganglia?

A

Between outer longutdinal and inner circular layers of muscular externa

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14
Q

List the types of cells in cartilage

A

Chondrogenic cells: stem cells
Chondroblasts: immature cells
Chondrocytes: mature cells

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15
Q

How does cartilage get its nutrient supply?

A

Diffusion (as its avascular)

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16
Q

What surrounds most types of cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

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17
Q

How can cartilage grow? (2 types)

A

Appositional: beneath the perichondrium, chondrogenic cells -> chondroblasts, then as they are surrounded by a matrix = chondrocytes

Interstitial: within the tissue of the cartilage, occurs by mitosis of chondrocytes

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18
Q

Where might you find hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Articulating surfaces
  • Respiratory tract, i.e. nasal septum, larynx
  • Costal cartilages (ribs to sternum)
  • Epiphyseal plates of long bones
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19
Q

How does hyaline cartilage appear mitoscopically? Why?

A

Smooth and glassy, hard to see collagen type II fibres as it has similar refractive properties to the ground substance

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20
Q

Does hyaline cartilage posses a perichondrium?

A

Yes, unless it is covering articulating surfaces then it doesnt

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21
Q

What is the term for when chondrocytes cluster due to interstitial growth?

A

Isogenous groups

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of hyaline cartilage matrix seen histologically? Why are they different colours?

A

Territorial matrix = surrounding the chondrocytes, darker
Interterritorial matrix = further away from chondrocytes, lighter
As the chondrocytes is producing the matrix, it appears darker nearer to them as it is more dense

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23
Q

Where can you find chondroblasts and chondrogenic cells?

A

Near the perichondrium

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24
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Auricle, epiglottis, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages

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25
What fibres are present in elastic cartilage?
Type II collagen and elastic
26
Where are chondrocytes located?
Within lacunae
27
Does elastic cartilage have a perichondrium?
Yes
28
Histologically, what is the appearance of elastic cartilage?
"rough appearance" due to elastic fibres (lighter bits), can see the collagen fibres (darker areas) and chondrocytes are the white circled cells
29
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Where we need tensile strength and support, i.e. IV discs, menisci of joints, symphysis pubis, and the temperomandibular joint
30
What type fibres does fibrocartilage contain?
Type II collagen Large bundles of type I
31
How is the matrix of fibrocartilage arranged?
Parallel rows of hyaline cartilage interspersed with fibrocartilage, cells are small and arranged in rows
32
Does fibrocartilage have perichondrium?
No - growth is by interstitial growth
33
What are the two components within bone? Describe their properties
Organic component (osteoid): glycoprotein ground substance with type I collagen fibres. This is very strong but easily compressed. Inorganic: mineral salts, hard, relatively inflexible and quite brittle
34
Where are osteocytes and osteogenic stem cells found?
Osteocytes= within lacunae, between sheets of concentric lamallae Osteogenic stem cells= within periosteum and endosteum
35
What are the 2 types of bone tissue and where can they be found?
Compact - outside of bone Cancellous - deeper, in long bones it is found at the ends, in flat bones it is found in the middle
36
Describe the arrangement of compact bone
Has osteons, with a central canal (Haversian canal), which contains blood vessels. Around harvesian canals are sheets of concentric lamallae
37
how do osteocytes communicate?
Via canaliculi (channels)
38
Why are osteocytes aligned in the same direction?
Increases unidirectional strength
39
What are interstitial lamallae formed by?
Remnants of partially resorped systems
40
How do blood vessels enter from the periosteum?
Via Volkmann canals
41
How is cancellous boen arranged?
Has trabeculae of bone, arranged to form 'struts' Spaces btween trabeculae contain bone marrow
42
Where are ostoecytes found in cancellous bone?
Lie in lacunae near the surface of trabeculae
43
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Long, cylindrical cells Striated Multiple, peripherally located nuclei Innervation by somatic NS
44
What connective tissue surrounds: - An individual muscle fibre - A fasicle (group of muscle fibres) - A muscle
- Endomysium - Perimysium - Epimysium
45
Compare the colour histologically of type 1 and type 2 fibres
Type 1 = appear darker / usually red Type 2 = appear lighter
46
What is a motor unit?
a LMN and all the muscle fibres it innervates (either type 1 OR type 2 fibres)
47
Describe the arrangement of msucle spindles
Has nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres, which are encapsulated in an internal capsule (surrounds spindle cells). This floats within fluid which is then surrounded by an external capsule
48
What type secretion do the 3 salivary glands produce? Hence, which cell types are more present?
Parotid = serous, so more dark staining serous acinar cells Submandibular = seromucous, but mainly serous. Mix of dark staining serous acinar cells and pale mucous cells Sublingual= seromucous, but mainly mucous. Mainly light stained mucous cells
49
How is the salivary gland divided?
Has a capsule surrounding it which comes in and forms septa, which divides the gland into lobules.
50
How does H&E stain serous vs mucous cells?
Serous = dark Mucous = pale
51
What are the 5 excretory ducts present in the salivary glands? Give in size order
1: Intercalated ducts = small, tiny lumen 2: Striated ducts = formed by merging intercalated ducts 3: Intralobular ducts= formed by merging striated ducts, surrounded by connective tissue 4: Interlobular ducts 5: interlobar ducts= eventually convey saliva into oral cavity
52
What epithelium do intercalated ducts have?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
53
What epithelium do striated ducts have?
Simple columnar
54
What epithelium do intralobular ducts have?
Simple columnar
55
What epithelium do interlobular ducts have?
May be pseudostratified
56
What epithelium do interlobar ducts have?
Pseudostratified or stratified, may possess cilia
57
What type glands are salivary glands?
Compound tubuloacinar glands
58
How might serous acinar cells appear?
Triangular in shape, nuclei around the periphery.
59
Compare secretions of acinar and duct cells in the exocrine pancreas
Acinar cells- secretory, enzymes such as amylase and peptidases Duct cells- secrete bicarbonate fluid
60
What are the 4 types of duct cells in the exocrine pancreas? What are they lined by
1: Intercalated= simple cuboidal 2: Intralobular= may become columnar 3: interlobular= simple/stratified cuboidal/columnar 4: main pancreatic ducts= tall columnar, also has SM in the wall From 1-4 = get more connective tissue in the walls for structure
61
How much % is the endocrine pancreas?
1
62
How do the islets of langerhans appear on a histological slide?
Pale cluster of cells
63
Describe the acinar cells appearance
Dark stained, triangle shaped, nuclei round the base (periphery) with apex pointing towards middle
64
What covers the liver?
Glisson's capsule
65
What enters/exits at the porta hepatitis?
1) Hepatic arteries: blood rich in O2 2) Portal vein: blood rich in nutrients 3) Hepatic ducts: transport bile away (NOT hepatic veins)
66
What are the 3 types of surface that hepatocytes may possess?
1; Sinusoidal: between cells and blood sinusoids (70%) 2: canalicular: between cells and bile canaliculi (15%) 3: intercellular: between adjacent cells (15%)
67
What are blood sinusoids?
capillaries located in the liver that has a leaky basement membrane so large particules can cross
68
What is in a portal triad?
terminal branch of hepatic artery, terminal branch of portal vein, and a bile ductule.
69
How is the liver organised?
Liver lobules packed together - think of them as a hexagon. Have plates of hepatocytes radiating outwards, with sinusoids in between. the sinusoids lead to a central vein in the centre of the lobule. At each angle of the hexagon is a portal triad
70
What are the layers of the gall bladder wall?
- Mucosa = lined by simple columnar epithelium with microvilli, thick and highly vascularised lamina propria, but no muscularis interna/ submucosa - Muscularis layer = thin, fibres in all directions but cant tell them apart - Outer fibrous layer = either adventitia (against liver) or the remaining is serosa
71
What are some features of the mucosa of the gall bladder and their role?
- Microvilli for SA - increase absorption of fluid - rugae so it can expand - lots of BVs so water absorbed can enter the circulation
72
What cells are present in the lamina propria of the gall bladder mucosa?
Lymphocytes

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