A4- anatomy basics Flashcards
Where is the epitympanic recess?
Space above and around the ossicles, above the level of the tympanic membrane
What are the walls of the middle ear?
Roof: tegmental wall; tegmen tympani seperates it from dura mater (floor of middle cranial fossa)
Floor: jugular wall; jugular bulb, seperated from IJV by layer of bone
Medial: labyrinth wall; cochlear, oval and round windows
Lateral: membraneous; tympanic membrane
Anterior: carotid wall; carotid canal, Eustachian tube, canal for tensor tympani
Posterior: mastoid wall; aditus, canal for facial nerve
Where is the antrum found?
Look in epitympanic recess, can see the bumps = air cells (mastoid antrum)
Where is the nasopharynx?
From the nasal cavity to the soft palate
Where are the tubal tonsils found?
Around the Eustachian tube
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils found?
top of nasopharynx
Where is the oropharynx?
From the soft palate to the hyoid bone/ epiglottis
Where are the palatine tonsils?
Under arches of muscles in roof of mouth
Where are the lingual tonsils?
Under base of tongue
Where is the laryngopharynx?
From epiglottis to larynx
What innervates the pharyngeal muscles?
Vagus nerve, except the stylopharyngeus (by glossopharyngeal)
What is the pharyngeal raphe?
Long insertion down the posterior larynx where muscles insert
Where does the superior constrictor attach?
Origin: pterygoid hamulus
Insertion: one on pharyngeal tubercle (bottom of skull) and one on pharyngeal raphe, so brings these areas together
Give a circular and longitudinal pharyngeal muscle
Circular; Superior, middle or inferior constrictor
Longitudinal: stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus
Where do the vocal cords attach?
From the laryngeal prominence on the thyroid, to the vocal processes on the arytenoid cartilages
What level are the hyroid, thyroid and cricoid bones at?
Hyoid= C3
Thyroid= C4
Cricoid= C6
What muscle is responsible for lengthening the vocal cords (tension)? Give its attachments
Cricothyroid: from front of cricoid ring, then attaches onto side of the thyroid
What is the action of the cricothyroid? How does this affect voice?
Pulls the thyroid forwards and down
Increases tension in vocal cords= higher pitch of voice
What muscle is responsible for shortening the vocal cords (relaxation)? Give its attachments
Thyroarytenoids: attaches similar to where the vocal cords do, i.e. outside of laryngeal prominence and onto arytenoids
What is the action of the thyroarytenoids? How does this affect voice?
Pulls thyroids backwards
Lowers pitch of voice
What muscle is responsible for abducting the vocal cords ? Give its attachments
Posterior cricoarytenoids: from back of cricoid ring, up to muscular processes of arytenoids
What muscles are responsible for adducting the vocal cords?
Lateral cricoarytenoid: lateral aspect of cricoid ring to muscular processes of arytenoids
Transverse and oblique arytenoids: from arytenoid to arytenoid
How are the muscles controlling the vocal cords innervated?
All by the recurrent laryngeal, except the cricothyroid = superior laryngeal (external branch)
What vertebral level does the pharynx end?
C6
